1.02010-04-08 22:05:41 UTC2019-11-26 02:58:36 UTCFDB003191TaurineEssential nutrient obtained from diet and by in vivo synthysis from methionine and cysteine. Present in meats, fish, legumes, human milk, molluscs and other foods. Dietary supplement, e.g. in Red Bull drink. Taurine is a sulfur amino acid like methionine, cystine, cysteine and homocysteine. It is a lesser-known amino acid because it is not incorporated into the structural building blocks of protein. Yet taurine is an essential amino acid in pre-term and newborn infants of humans and many other species. Adults can synthesize their own taurine, yet are probably dependent in part on dietary taurine. Taurine is abundant in the brain, heart, breast, gallbladder and kidney and has important roles in health and disease in these organs. Taurine has many diverse biological functions serving as a neurotransmitter in the brain, a stabilizer of cell membranes and a facilitator in the transport of ions such as sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium. Taurine is highly concentrated in animal and fish protein, which are good sources of dietary taurine. It can be synthesized by the body from cysteine when vitamin B6 is present. Deficiency of taurine occurs in premature infants and neonates fed formula milk, and in various disease states. Inborn errors of taurine metabolism have been described. OMIM 168605, an unusual neuropsychiatric disorder inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion through 3 generations of a family. Symptoms began late in the fifth decade in 6 affected persons and death occurred after 4 to 6 years. The earliest and most prominent symptom was mental depression not responsive to antidepressant drugs or electroconvulsive therapy. Sleep disturbances, exhaustion and marked weight loss were features. Parkinsonism developed later, and respiratory failure occurred terminally. OMIM 145350 describes congestive cardiomyopathy and markedly elevated urinary taurine levels (about 5 times normal). Other family members had late or holosystolic mitral valve prolapse and elevated urinary taurine values (about 2.5 times normal). In 2 with mitral valve prolapse, congestive cardiomyopathy eventually developed while the amounts of urinary taurine doubled. Taurine, after GABA, is the second most important inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. Its inhibitory effect is one source of taurine's anticonvulsant and antianxiety properties. It also lowers glutamic acid in the brain, and preliminary clinical trials suggest taurine may be useful in some forms of epilepsy. Taurine in the brain is usually associated with zinc or manganese. The amino acids alanine and glutamic acid, as well as pantothenic acid, inhibit taurine metabolism while vitamins A and B6, zinc and manganese help build taurine. Cysteine and B6 are the nutrients most directly involved in taurine synthesis. Taurine levels have been found to decrease significantly in many depressed patients. One reason that the findings are not entirely clear is because taurine is often elevated in the blood of epileptics who need it. It is often difficult to distinguish compensatory changes in human biochemistry from true metabolic or deficiency disease. Low levels of taurine are found in retinitis pigmentosa. Taurine deficiency in experimental animals produces degeneration of light-sensitive cells. Therapeutic applications of taurine to eye disease are likely to be forthcoming. Taurine has many important metabolic roles. Supplements can stimulate prolactin and insulin release. The parathyroid gland makes a peptide hormone called glutataurine (glutamic acid-taurine), which further demonstrates taurine's role in endocrinology. Taurine increases bilirubin and cholesterol excretion in bile, critical to normal gallbladder function. It seems to inhibit the effect of morphine and potentiates the effects of opiate antagonists. Low plasma taurine levels have been found in a variety of conditions, i.e., depression, hypertension, hypothyroidism, gout, institutionalized patients, infertility, obesity, kidney failure and others. (http://www.dcnutrition.com/AminoAcids/); Taurine is an essential dietary requirement for feline health, since cats cannot synthesize the compound. The absence of taurine causes a cat's retina to slowly degenerate, causing eye problems and (eventually) irreversible blindness ? a condition known as central retinal degeneration (CRD), as well as hair loss and tooth decay. It was discovered in 1987 that taurine deficiency can also cause feline dilated cardiomyopathy. Unlike CRD, the condition is reversible with supplementation. Taurine is now a requirement of the Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO) and any dry or wet food product labeled approved by the AAFCO should have a minimum of 0.1% taurine in dry food and 0.2% in wet food.; Taurine, or 2-aminoethanesulfonic acid, is an organic acid. It is also a major constituent of bile and can be found in the lower intestine and in small amounts in the tissues of many animals, including humans. Taurine is a derivative of the sulfur-containing (sulfhydryl) amino acid, cysteine. Taurine is one of the few known naturally occurring sulfonic acids.β-aminoethylsulfonic acid1-Aminoethane-2-sulfonate1-Aminoethane-2-sulfonic acid2-Aminoethanesulfonate2-Aminoethanesulfonic acid2-Aminoethanesulphonate2-Aminoethanesulphonic acid2-aminoethyl sulfonate2-Aminoethyl sulfonic acid2-Aminoethyl sulphonate2-Aminoethyl sulphonic acid2-Aminoethylsulfonate2-Aminoethylsulfonic acid2-SulfoethylamineAminoethanesulfonic acidAminoethylsulfonateAminoethylsulfonic acidAminoethylsulfonic acid (jan)AminoethylsulphonateAminoethylsulphonic acidAminoetylsulphonic acidB-aminoethylsulfonateB-aminoethylsulfonic acidb-Aminoethylsulphonateb-Aminoethylsulphonic acidBeta-aminoethylsulfonateBeta-aminoethylsulfonic acidbeta-Aminoethylsulphonatebeta-Aminoethylsulphonic acidEthanesulfonic acid, 2-amino-Ethanesulfonic acid, 2-amino- (9CI)Ethylaminesulfonic acidEthylaminesulphonic acidFEMA 3813L-taurineO-dueTAUTaufonTaukardTauphonTaurineTaurine (8CI)Taurine (JP15/USP/INN)Taurine (TN)Taurine [inn]Taurine, 8CI, INNβ-aminoethylsulfonateβ-aminoethylsulfonic acidβ-aminoethylsulphonateβ-aminoethylsulphonic acidC2H7NO3S125.147125.0146637852-aminoethane-1-sulfonic acidtaurine107-35-7NCCS(O)(=O)=OInChI=1S/C2H7NO3S/c3-1-2-7(4,5)6/h1-3H2,(H,4,5,6)XOAAWQZATWQOTB-UHFFFAOYSA-N belongs to the class of organic compounds known as organosulfonic acids. Organosulfonic acids are compounds containing the sulfonic acid group, which has the general structure RS(=O)2OH (R is not a hydrogen atom).Organosulfonic acidsOrganic compoundsOrganic acids and derivativesOrganic sulfonic acids and derivativesOrganosulfonic acids and derivativesAliphatic acyclic compoundsAlkanesulfonic acidsHydrocarbon derivativesMonoalkylaminesOrganic oxidesOrganopnictogen compoundsSulfonylsAliphatic acyclic compoundAlkanesulfonic acidAmineHydrocarbon derivativeOrganic nitrogen compoundOrganic oxideOrganic oxygen compoundOrganonitrogen compoundOrganopnictogen compoundOrganosulfonic acidOrganosulfur compoundPrimary aliphatic aminePrimary amineSulfonylamino sulfonic acidSolidlogp-2.19logs-0.08solubility1.05e+02 g/lmelting_pointMp 328° (320-325° dec.)logp-2.6pka_strongest_acidic-1.5pka_strongest_basic9.34iupac2-aminoethane-1-sulfonic acidaverage_mass125.147mono_mass125.014663785smilesNCCS(O)(=O)=OformulaC2H7NO3SinchiInChI=1S/C2H7NO3S/c3-1-2-7(4,5)6/h1-3H2,(H,4,5,6)inchikeyXOAAWQZATWQOTB-UHFFFAOYSA-Npolar_surface_area80.39refractivity24.61polarizability10.82rotatable_bond_count2acceptor_count4donor_count2physiological_charge0formal_charge0Bile Acid BiosynthesisSMP00035map00120Taurine and Hypotaurine MetabolismSMP00021map00430Specdb::EiMs1313Specdb::MsIr352Specdb::MsIr353Specdb::MsIr354Specdb::CMs487Specdb::CMs488Specdb::CMs489Specdb::CMs2519Specdb::CMs30234Specdb::CMs30698Specdb::CMs30763Specdb::CMs32381Specdb::CMs32383Specdb::CMs166328Specdb::NmrTwoD1007Specdb::NmrTwoD1238Specdb::MsMs3750Specdb::MsMs3751Specdb::MsMs3752Specdb::MsMs3753Specdb::MsMs3754Specdb::MsMs3755Specdb::MsMs3756Specdb::MsMs3757Specdb::MsMs3758Specdb::MsMs3759Specdb::MsMs3760Specdb::MsMs3761Specdb::MsMs3762Specdb::MsMs438486Specdb::MsMs438487Specdb::MsMs438488Specdb::MsMs438489Specdb::MsMs438490Specdb::MsMs438753Specdb::MsMs438754Specdb::MsMs438755Specdb::MsMs438838Specdb::MsMs438839Specdb::MsMs438840Specdb::MsMs440022Specdb::NmrOneD1218Specdb::NmrOneD1277Specdb::NmrOneD2107Specdb::NmrOneD4964Specdb::NmrOneD6272Specdb::NmrOneD6273Specdb::NmrOneD6274Specdb::NmrOneD6275Specdb::NmrOneD6276Specdb::NmrOneD6277Specdb::NmrOneD6278Specdb::NmrOneD6279Specdb::NmrOneD6280Specdb::NmrOneD6281Specdb::NmrOneD6282Specdb::NmrOneD6283Specdb::NmrOneD6284Specdb::NmrOneD6285Specdb::NmrOneD6286Specdb::NmrOneD6287Specdb::NmrOneD6288Specdb::NmrOneD6289Specdb::NmrOneD6290Specdb::NmrOneD6291Specdb::NmrOneD166456HMDB0025115891TAU#<Reference:0x0000555675a0f8e0>#<Reference:0x0000555675a0f728>#<Reference:0x0000555675a0f570>#<Reference:0x0000555675a0f3b8>#<Reference:0x0000555675a0f200>#<Reference:0x0000555675a0f048>#<Reference:0x0000555675a0ee90>#<Reference:0x0000555675a0ecb0>#<Reference:0x0000555675a0eaf8>#<Reference:0x0000555675a0e940>#<Reference:0x0000555675a0e788>#<Reference:0x0000555675a0e5d0>#<Reference:0x0000555675a0e418>#<Reference:0x0000555675a0e260>#<Reference:0x0000555675a0e0a8>#<Reference:0x0000555675a0def0>#<Reference:0x0000555675a0dd38>#<Reference:0x0000555675a0db80>#<Reference:0x0000555675a0d9c8>#<Reference:0x0000555675a0d810>#<Reference:0x0000555675a0d658>AnatidaeType 1specificAnatidae8830BarleyType 1specificHordeum vulgare45139.3094559.319.308910112mg/100 gBeefaloType 1specificBos taurus X Bison bison297284BisonType 1specificBison bison9901BroccoliType 1specificBrassica oleracea var. italica367740.230.230.23mg/100 gBuffaloType 1specificBubalus bubalis89462CarrotType 1specificDaucus carota ssp. sativus792000.920.920.92mg/100 gCattle (Beef, Veal)Type 1specificBos taurus9913ChickenType 1specificGallus gallus9031Columbidae (Dove, Pigeon)Type 1specificColumbidae8930Cow milk, pasteurized, vitamin A + D added, 0% fatType 2specificCow milk, pasteurized, vitamin A + D added, 1% fatType 2specificCow milk, pasteurized, vitamin A + D added, 2% fatType 2specificCow milk, pasteurized, vitamin D added, 3.25% fatType 2specificCucumberType 1specificCucumis sativus36590.030.030.03mg/100 gDeerType 1specificCervidae9850DillType 1specificAnethum graveolens409220.310.310.31mg/100 gDomestic goatType 1specificCapra aegagrus hircus9925Domestic pigType 1specificSus scrofa domestica9825EggplantType 1specificSolanum melongena41110.630.630.63mg/100 gElkType 1specificCervus canadensis1574408EmuType 1specificDromaius novaehollandiae8790European rabbitType 1specificOryctolagus9984Garden onionType 1specificAllium cepa46790.10.10.1mg/100 gGreen beanType 1specificPhaseolus vulgaris38850.280.280.28mg/100 gGreen bell pepperType 1specificCapsicum annuum40720.20.20.2mg/100 gGreen zucchiniType 1specificCucurbita pepo var. cylindrica0.210.210.21mg/100 gGreylag gooseType 1specificAnser anser8843Guinea henType 1specificNumida meleagris8996HorseType 1specificEquus caballus9796Irish mossType 1specificChondrus crispus2769Japanese pumpkinType 1specificCucurbita maxima36610.280.280.28mg/100 gMallard duckType 1specificAnas platyrhynchos8839Milk (Cow)Type 2specific107.833333474.020.0uMMountain hareType 1specificLepus timidus62621Mule deerType 1specificOdocoileus9871Nanking cherryType 1specificPrunus tomentosa1056670.40.40.4mg/100 gOatType 1specificAvena sativa449818.2218.2218.22mg/100 gOrange bell pepperType 1specificCapsicum annuum40721.131.131.13mg/100 gOstrichType 1specificStruthio camelus8801ParsleyType 1specificPetroselinum crispum4043ParsnipType 1specificPastinaca sativa40410.2817190.283438310.28mg/100 gPheasantType 1specificPhasianus colchicus9054PotatoType 1specificSolanum tuberosum41130.20.20.2mg/100 gQuailType 1specificPhasianidae9005RabbitType 1specificLeporidae9979Red beetrootType 1specificBeta vulgaris var. rubra0.30.30.3mg/100 gRed bell pepperType 1specificCapsicum annuum40720.5378650.540.535729825mg/100 gRock ptarmiganType 1specificLagopus muta64668Romaine lettuceType 1specificLactuca sativa L. var. longifolia0.10.10.1mg/100 gRyeType 1specificSecale cereale455016.6923.579.81mg/100 gSaskatoon berryType 1specificAmelanchier alnifolia322190.40.40.4mg/100 gSheep (Mutton, Lamb)Type 1specificOvis aries9940ShiitakeType 1specificLentinus edodes5353Soft-necked garlicType 1specificAllium sativum L. var. sativum4682SpinachType 1specificSpinacia oleracea35620.110.110.11mg/100 gSquabType 1specificColumba8931Sunburst squash (pattypan squash)Type 1specificCucurbita pepo var. clypeata0.080.080.08mg/100 gSwiss chardType 1specificBeta vulgaris ssp. cicla15272002.3319592.3339174362.33mg/100 gTurkeyType 1specificMeleagris gallopavo9103TurnipType 1specificBrassica rapa var. rapa513500.030.030.03mg/100 gVelvet duckType 1specificMelanitta fusca371864WheatType 1specificTriticum456417.11092817.1118557717.11mg/100 gWhite cabbageType 1specificBrassica oleracea L. var. capitata L. f. alba DC.0.090.090.09mg/100 gWild boarType 1specificSus scrofa9823Yellow bell pepperType 1specificCapsicum annuum40720.530.530.53mg/100 gYellow wax beanType 1specificPhaseolus vulgaris38850.60.60.6mg/100 gYellow zucchiniType 1specificCucurbita pepo var. cylindrica0.180.180.18mg/100 gbitterblandBile acid-CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferaseQ14032BAATCysteine sulfinic acid decarboxylaseQ9Y600CSADGamma-glutamyltransferase 5P36269GGT5Gamma-glutamyltransferase 6Q6P531GGT6Gamma-glutamyltransferase 7Q9UJ14GGT7Gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase 1P19440GGT1Glutamate decarboxylase 1Q99259GAD1Glutamate decarboxylase 2Q05329GAD2anti corneitic205anti hemolytic319Drug that acts on blood and blood-forming organs and those that affect the hemostatic system.antioxidant502A substance that opposes oxidation or inhibits reactions brought about by dioxygen or peroxides. In European countries, E-numbers for permitted antioxidant food additives are from E 300 to E 324.cancer preventive754A substance that inhibits or prevents the proliferation of neoplasms.cardiac764A drug used for the treatment or prevention of cardiac arrhythmias. Anti-arrhythmia drugs may affect the polarisation-repolarisation phase of the action potential, its excitability or refractoriness, or impulse conduction or membrane responsiveness within cardiac fibres.hypocholesterolemic1016