1.0 2010-04-08 22:05:50 UTC 2019-11-26 02:59:19 UTC FDB003516 Chromium Chromium (pronounced /?kro?mi?m/, KROH-mee-?m) is a chemical element which has the symbol Cr and atomic number 24, first element in Group 6. It is a steely-gray, lustrous, hard metal that takes a high polish and has a high melting point. It is also odourless, tasteless, and malleable. The name of the element is derived from the Greek word "chr?ma" (?????), meaning color, because many of its compounds are intensely colored. It was discovered by Louis Nicolas Vauquelin in the mineral crocoite (lead chromate) in 1797. Crocoite was used as a pigment, and after the discovery that the mineral chromite also contains chromium this latter mineral was used to produce pigments as well.; Chromium is a member of the transition metals, in group 6. Chromium(0) has an electronic configuration of 4s13d5, due to the lower energy of the high spin configuration. Chromium exhibits a wide range of possible oxidation states. The most common oxidation states of chromium are +2, +3, and +6, with +3 being the most stable. +1, +4 and +5 are rare.; Chromium is a naturally occurring heavy metal found in the environment commonly in trivalent, Cr(III), and hexavalent, Cr(VI), forms. The reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) results in the formation of reactive intermediates that contribute to the cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and carcinogenicity of Cr(VI)-containing compounds. The major non-occupational source of chromium for humans is food such as vegetables, meat, urban air, hip or knee prostheses and cigarettes. Cr(VI) is a widely used in industrial chemicals, extensively used in paints, metal finishes, steel including stainless steel manufacturing, alloy cast irons, chrome and wood treatment. On the contrary, Cr(III) salts such as chromium polynicotinate, chromium chloride and chromium picolinate (CrP) are used as micronutrients and nutritional supplements and have been demonstrated to exhibit a significant number of health benefits in animals and humans. Physiologically, it exists as an ion in the body.; Chromium enters the body through the lungs, gastro-intestinal tract and to a lesser extent through skin. Inhalation is the most important route for occupational exposure, whereas non-occupational exposure occurs via ingestion of chromium-containing food and water. Regardless of route of exposure Cr(III) is poorly absorbed whereas Cr(VI) is more readily absorbed. Further, absorption of Cr(VI) is poorer by oral route, it is thus not very toxic when introduced by the oral route. But chromium is very toxic by dermal and inhalation routes and causes lung cancer, nasal irritation, nasal ulcer, hypersensitivity reactions and contact dermatitis. All the ingested Cr(VI) is reduced to Cr(III) before entering in the blood stream. The main routes for the excretion of chromium are via kidney/urine and the bile/feces. Cr(III) is unable to enter into the cells but Cr(VI) enters through membrane anionic transporters. Intracellular Cr(VI) is metabolically reduced to Cr(III). Cr(VI) does not react with macromolecules such as DNA, RNA, proteins and lipids. However, both Cr(III) and the reductional intermediate Cr(V) are capable of co-ordinate, covalent interactions with macromolecules. Chromium is an essential nutrient required by the human body to promote the action of insulin for the utilization of sugars, proteins and fats. CrP has been used as nutritional supplement; Chromium is passivated by oxygen, forming a thin protective oxide surface layer. This layer is a spinel structure only a few atoms thick. It is very dense, preventing diffusion of oxygen into the underlying material. (In iron or plain carbon steels the oxygen migrates into the underlying material.) Chromium is usually plated on top of a nickel layer which may first have been copper plated. Chromium, unlike metals such as iron and nickel, does not suffer from hydrogen embrittlement. It does suffer from nitrogen embrittlement - chromium reacts with nitrogen from air and forms brittle nitrides at temperatures necessary to work the metal parts. The Pourbaix diagram can be seen above. It is important to understand that the diagram only displays the thermodynamic data and it does not display any details of the rates of reaction. The passivation can be increased by short contact with oxidizing acids like nitric acid. The passivated chromium is stable against acids. The contrary effect can be achieved if a strong reducing reactant destroys the oxide protection layer on the metal, a metal treated in this way readily dissolves in weak acids.; Chromium(VI) compounds in solution can be detected by adding acidic hydrogen peroxide solution. A dark blue unstable chromium(VI) peroxide (CrO5) is formed which can be stabilized as an ether adduct CrO5 ? OR2. Chromic acid has the hypothetical structure H2CrO4. Neither chromic nor dichromic acid is found in nature, but their anions are found in a variety of compounds, the chromates and dichromates. chromium(VI) oxide CrO3, the acid anhydride of chromic acid, is sold industrially as "chromic acid". The dark red chromium(VI) oxide can be produced by mixing sulfuric acid with dichromate, and is an extremely strong oxidizing agent.; In some parts of Russia, pentavalent chromium was reported as one of the causes of premature dementia.; Several chromium compounds are used as catalyst. For example the Phillips catalysts for the production polyethylene are mixtures of chromium and silicon dioxide or mixtures of chromium and titanium and aluminium oxide. Chromium(IV) oxide (CrO2) is a magnetic compound. Its ideal shape anisotropy, which imparted high coercivity and remanent magnetization, made it a compound superior to the ?-Fe2O3. Chromium(IV) oxide is used to manufacture magnetic tape used in high performance audio tape and standard audio cassette. Chromates can prevent corrosion of steel under wet conditions, and therefore chromates are added to the drilling muds. The long known influence of chromium uptake on diabetes conditions suggested the positive influence of dietary supplement containing chromium(III) also on healthy persons. For this reason, dietary supplement or slimming aid usually contain chromium(III) chloride, chromium(III) picolinate, chromium(III) polynicotinate or amino acid chelate, such as chromium(III) D-phenylalanine. The benefit of those supplements is still under investigation and is questioned by some studies.; The mineral crocoite (lead chromate PbCrO4) was used as a yellow pigment shortly after its discovery. After a synthesis method became available starting from the more abundant chromite, Chrome yellow was, together with cadmium yellow, one of the most used yellow pigments. The pigment does not degrade in the light and has a strong color. The signaling effect of yellow was used for school buses in the United States and for Postal Service (for example Deutsche Post) in Europe. The use of chrome yellow declined due to environmental and safety concerns and was substituted by organic pigments or other lead-free alternatives. Other pigments based on chromium are, for example, the bright red pigment Chrome red, which is a basic lead chromate (PbCrO4?Pb(OH)2). Chrome green is a mixture of Prussian blue and chrome yellow, while the Chrome oxide green is Chromium(III) oxide.; Though native chromium deposits are rare, some native chromium metal has been discovered. The Udachnaya Pipe in Russia produces samples of the native metal. This mine is a kimberlite pipe rich in diamonds, and the reducing environment helped produce both elemental chromium and diamond.; World Health Organization recommended maximum allowable concentration in drinking water for chromium (VI) is 0.05 milligrams per liter. Hexavalent chromium is also one of the substances whose use is restricted by the European Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive.; it controls blood sugar in diabetes and may reduce cholesterol and blood pressure levels. Chromium increases insulin binding to cells, insulin receptor number and activates insulin receptor kinase leading to increased insulin sensitivity. ; But high doses of chromium and long term exposure of it can give rise to various, cytotoxic and genotoxic reactions that affect the immune system of the body. However, the mechanism of the Cr(VI)-induced cytotoxicity is not entirely understood. A series of in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that Cr(VI) induces oxidative stress through enhanced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) leading to genomic DNA damage and oxidative deterioration of lipids and proteins. A cascade of cellular events occur following Cr(VI)-induced oxidative stress including enhanced production of superoxide anion and hydroxyl radicals, increased lipid peroxidation and genomic DNA fragmentation, modulation of intracellular oxidized states, activation of protein kinase C, apoptotic cell death and altered gene expression. Some of the factors in determining the biological outcome of chromium exposure include the bioavailability, solubility of chromium compounds and chemical speciation, intracellular reduction and interaction with DNA. The chromium genotoxicity manifests as several types of DNA lesions, gene mutations and inhibition of macromolecular synthesis. Further, chromium exposure may lead to apoptosis, premature terminal growth arrest or neoplastic transformation. Chromium-induced tumor suppressor gene p53 and oxidative processes are some of the major factors that may determine the cellular outcome. Studies have utilized these approaches to understand the interrelationship between chromium-induced genotoxicity, apoptosis and effects on immune response. (PMID: 12208600). Action o g Chelated Chromium 200 Mcg Chelated Chromium 200mcg Chrom Chromar 500mcg Chrome Chrome Zme - Capsule - 200 Mcg Chromic acid and chromates Chromic ion Chromicum acidum Chromide(-I) chromide(1-) Chromium (III) ion Chromium 200mcg Chromium 400 Mcg Chromium anion Chromium Caps 0.2mg Chromium Chelate 500 Mcg Chromium citrate Chromium compounds Chromium Gtf 200 Cap Chromium Gtf 200 Mcg Chromium Gtf 200mcg Chromium Gtf 500mcg CHROMIUM ion Chromium kalisulfuricum Chromium metal Chromium metal [chromium and chromium compounds] Chromium, elemental Chromium, Isotope Of Mass 48 Chromium, metal Chromium, metal and chromium(III) compounds Chromium, metal and insol. salts CHROMIUM, POWDER, 325 MESH, 99.9% Chromium(II) compounds Chromium(III) Chromium(III) compounds CR CR(-) Cr(3+) Cromo GTF chromium Micro CR Nubody Nubody chromium amino acid chelate Omnilife d.v. Opti Chromium (Trivalent)Caplet 200mcg S.s. formula T-lemon TJ yellow Cr 51.9961 51.940511904 chromium chromium 7440-47-3 [Cr] InChI=1S/Cr VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N belongs to the class of inorganic compounds known as homogeneous transition metal compounds. These are inorganic compounds containing only metal atoms,with the largest atom being a transition metal atom. Homogeneous transition metal compounds Inorganic compounds Homogeneous metal compounds Homogeneous transition metal compounds Homogeneous transition metal chromium group element atom Solid logp -1.31 ALOGPS logs 1.08 ALOGPS solubility 0.00e+00 g/l ALOGPS melting_point 1900 oC logp -0.16 ChemAxon iupac chromium ChemAxon average_mass 51.9961 ChemAxon mono_mass 51.940511904 ChemAxon smiles [Cr] ChemAxon formula Cr ChemAxon inchi InChI=1S/Cr ChemAxon inchikey VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N ChemAxon polar_surface_area 0 ChemAxon refractivity 0 ChemAxon polarizability 1.78 ChemAxon rotatable_bond_count 0 ChemAxon acceptor_count 0 ChemAxon donor_count 0 ChemAxon physiological_charge 0 ChemAxon formal_charge 0 ChemAxon Specdb::MsMs 108888 Specdb::MsMs 108889 Specdb::MsMs 108890 Specdb::MsMs 176208 Specdb::MsMs 176209 Specdb::MsMs 176210 HMDB00599 28073 CR #<Reference:0x000055ce3197bc38> #<Reference:0x000055ce3197ba80> #<Reference:0x000055ce3197b8c8> #<Reference:0x000055ce3197b710> #<Reference:0x000055ce3197b558> #<Reference:0x000055ce3197b3a0> #<Reference:0x000055ce3197b1e8> #<Reference:0x000055ce3197b030> #<Reference:0x000055ce3197ae78> #<Reference:0x000055ce3197acc0> #<Reference:0x000055ce3197ab08> #<Reference:0x000055ce3197a950> #<Reference:0x000055ce3197a798> #<Reference:0x000055ce3197a5e0> #<Reference:0x000055ce3197a428> #<Reference:0x000055ce3197a270> #<Reference:0x000055ce3197a0b8> #<Reference:0x000055ce31979f00> #<Reference:0x000055ce31979d48> #<Reference:0x000055ce31979b90> #<Reference:0x000055ce319799d8> Adzuki bean Type 1 specific Vigna angularis 3914 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Agar Type 1 specific Eucheuma 31444 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Alfalfa Type 1 specific Medicago sativa 3879 0.00455 0.0091 0.0 mg/100 g Allium Type 1 specific Allium 4678 0.000175 0.0007 0.0 mg/100 g Allspice Type 1 specific Pimenta dioica 375272 0.5 0.5 0.5 mg/100 g Almond Type 1 specific Prunus dulcis 3755 0.038 0.09 0.012 mg/100 g American cranberry Type 1 specific Vaccinium macrocarpon 13750 0.0045 0.0045 0.0045 mg/100 g Anatidae Type 1 specific Anatidae 8830 0.000254 0.0011 0.0 mg/100 g Anchovy Type 1 specific Engraulidae 43062 0.002 0.002 0.002 mg/100 g Anguilliformes Type 1 specific Anguilliformes 7933 0.0012 0.0012 0.0012 mg/100 g Apple Type 1 specific Malus pumila 283210 0.001979 0.01525 0.0 mg/100 g Apricot Type 1 specific Prunus armeniaca 36596 0.030667 0.08 0.0 mg/100 g Arabica coffee Type 1 specific Coffea arabica 13443 0.005538 0.023 0.0 mg/100 g Asparagus Type 1 specific Asparagus officinalis 4686 0.005528 0.04175 0.0 mg/100 g Atlantic halibut Type 1 specific Hippoglossus hippoglossus 8267 0.001 0.001 0.001 mg/100 g Atlantic wolffish Type 1 specific Anarhichas lupus 8204 0.001 0.001 0.001 mg/100 g Avocado Type 1 specific Persea americana 3435 0.0007 0.0007 0.0007 mg/100 g Baby food Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Bamboo shoots Type 1 specific Phyllostachys edulis 38705 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Banana Type 1 specific Musa acuminata 4641 0.00017 0.00017 0.00017 mg/100 g Barley Type 1 specific Hordeum vulgare 4513 0.62132 3.1 0.0013 mg/100 g Beer Type 2 specific 0.000714 0.001 0.0 mg/100 g Bilberry Type 1 specific Vaccinium myrtillus 180763 0.002167 0.0045 0.001 mg/100 g Biscuit Type 2 specific 0.0043 0.024 0.0 mg/100 g Black salsify Type 1 specific Scorzonera hispanica 114289 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Black tea Type 1 0.167616 0.335 0.000231 mg/100 g Black walnut Type 1 specific Juglans nigra 16719 0.333733 0.9 0.0012 mg/100 g Black-eyed pea Type 1 specific Vigna unguiculata ssp. unguiculata 3920 Blackcurrant Type 1 specific Ribes nigrum 78511 0.001964 0.014 0.0 mg/100 g Blue whiting Type 1 specific Micromesistius poutassou 81636 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Brazil nut Type 1 specific Bertholletia excelsa 3645 0.02 0.06 0.0 mg/100 g Breakfast cereal Type 2 specific 0.001973 0.0044 0.0 mg/100 g Broccoli Type 1 specific Brassica oleracea var. italica 36774 0.00635 0.0283 0.0 mg/100 g Brussel sprouts Type 1 specific Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera 178616 0.0001 0.0004 0.0 mg/100 g Burbot Type 1 specific Lota lota 69944 0.0071 0.0071 0.0071 mg/100 g Burdock Type 1 specific Arctium lappa 4217 2.0 2.0 2.0 mg/100 g Butter Type 2 specific 0.006 0.006 0.006 mg/100 g Buttermilk Type 2 specific 0.000052 0.000052 0.000052 mg/100 g Butternut Type 1 specific Juglans cinerea 91214 0.14 0.14 0.14 mg/100 g Cabbage Type 1 specific Brassica oleracea var. capitata 3716 0.43505 0.43505 0.43505 mg/100 g Caraway Type 1 specific Carum carvi 48032 1.55 1.55 1.55 mg/100 g Cardamom Type 1 specific Elettaria cardamomum 105181 2.5 2.5 2.5 mg/100 g Carp bream Type 1 specific Abramis brama 38527 0.0056 0.0056 0.0056 mg/100 g Carrot Type 1 specific Daucus carota ssp. sativus 79200 0.006943 0.07525 0.0 mg/100 g Casein Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Cashew nut Type 1 specific Anacardium occidentale 171929 0.006 0.03 0.0 mg/100 g Cassava Type 1 specific Manihot esculenta 3983 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Catfish Type 1 specific Siluriformes 7995 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Cattle (Beef, Veal) Type 1 specific Bos taurus 9913 0.004079 0.0232 0.0 mg/100 g Cauliflower Type 1 specific Brassica oleracea var. botrytis 3715 0.000978 0.003 0.0 mg/100 g Celeriac Type 1 specific Apium graveolens var. rapaceum 278110 0.0024 0.0024 0.0024 mg/100 g Celery leaves Type 1 specific Apium graveolens var. secalinum 941588 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Cetacea (Dolphin, Porpoise, Whale) Type 1 specific Cetacea 9721 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Ceylon cinnamon Type 1 specific Cinnamomum verum 128608 1.02 1.44 0.6 mg/100 g Chanterelle Type 1 specific Cantharellus cibarius 36066 0.004 0.004 0.004 mg/100 g Charr Type 1 specific Salvelinus 8033 0.00065 0.0013 0.0 mg/100 g Chayote Type 1 specific Sechium edule 184140 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Cheese Type 2 specific 0.000246 0.0004 0.000052 mg/100 g Cherimoya Type 1 specific Annona cherimola 49314 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Chervil Type 1 specific Anthriscus cerefolium 40888 0.0093 0.0093 0.0093 mg/100 g Chestnut Type 1 specific Castanea 21019 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Chewing gum Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Chicken Type 1 specific Gallus gallus 9031 0.001079 0.0038 0.0 mg/100 g Chickpea Type 1 specific Cicer arietinum 3827 0.0076 0.0076 0.0076 mg/100 g Chicory Type 1 specific Cichorium intybus 13427 0.0005 0.001 0.0 mg/100 g Chinese cabbage Type 1 specific Brassica rapa 3711 0.094133 0.28 0.0012 mg/100 g Chinese cinnamon Type 1 specific Cinnamomum aromaticum 119260 0.1 0.1 0.1 mg/100 g Chives Type 1 specific Allium schoenoprasum 74900 0.007 0.007 0.007 mg/100 g Chocolate Type 2 specific 0.0062 0.007 0.006 mg/100 g Chocolate spread Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Cinnamon Type 1 specific Cinnamomum 13428 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Clawed lobster Type 1 specific Nephropidae 6704 0.00206 0.00206 0.00206 mg/100 g Cloudberry Type 1 specific Rubus chamaemorus 57936 0.0195 0.0195 0.0195 mg/100 g Cloves Type 1 specific Syzygium aromaticum 219868 0.4 0.4 0.4 mg/100 g Clupeinae (Herring, Sardine, Sprat) Type 1 specific Clupeinae 7948 0.001205 0.004 0.0 mg/100 g Cocoa butter Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Cocoa powder Type 2 specific 0.088333 0.173 0.014 mg/100 g Coconut Type 1 specific Cocos nucifera 13894 0.003822 0.02 0.0 mg/100 g Coffee Type 1 generic Coffea 13442 0.005538 0.023 0.0 mg/100 g Cold cut Type 2 specific 0.004875 0.016 0.0 mg/100 g Columbidae (Dove, Pigeon) Type 1 specific Columbidae 8930 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Common bean Type 1 specific Phaseolus vulgaris 3885 0.019558 0.24755 0.0 mg/100 g Common buckwheat Type 1 specific Fagopyrum esculentum 3617 0.000767 0.0018 0.0 mg/100 g Common cabbage Type 1 specific Brassica oleracea 3712 0.001882 0.0083 0.0 mg/100 g Common dab Type 1 specific Limanda limanda 27771 0.00106 0.00106 0.00106 mg/100 g Common grape Type 1 specific Vitis vinifera 29760 0.45975 0.9 0.0195 mg/100 g Common hazelnut Type 1 specific Corylus avellana 13451 0.039 0.039 0.039 mg/100 g Common ling Type 1 specific Molva molva 163112 0.0008 0.0008 0.0008 mg/100 g Common mushroom Type 1 specific Agaricus bisporus 5341 0.00555 0.009 0.0021 mg/100 g Common octopus Type 1 specific Octopus vulgaris 6645 0.002 0.002 0.002 mg/100 g Common pea Type 1 specific Pisum sativum 3888 0.005475 0.0188 0.0 mg/100 g Common persimmon Type 1 specific Diospyros virginiana 13493 0.0925 0.135 0.05 mg/100 g Common sage Type 1 specific Salvia officinalis 38868 0.3 0.3 0.3 mg/100 g Common thyme Type 1 specific Thymus vulgaris 49992 2.0 2.0 2.0 mg/100 g Coriander Type 1 specific Coriandrum sativum 4047 0.411429 2.88 0.0 mg/100 g Corn Type 1 specific Zea mays 4577 0.071565 1.3 0.0 mg/100 g Cottonseed Type 1 specific Gossypium 3633 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Cow milk, pasteurized, vitamin A + D added, 0% fat Type 2 specific Cow milk, pasteurized, vitamin A + D added, 1% fat Type 2 specific Cow milk, pasteurized, vitamin A + D added, 2% fat Type 2 specific Cow milk, pasteurized, vitamin D added, 3.25% fat Type 2 specific Crab Type 1 specific Brachyura 6752 0.003493 0.0056 0.0 mg/100 g Cracker Type 2 specific 0.008 0.008 0.008 mg/100 g Crayfish Type 1 specific Astacidea 6712 0.0011 0.0011 0.0011 mg/100 g Cream Type 2 specific 0.000052 0.000052 0.000052 mg/100 g Crisp bread Type 2 specific 0.0044 0.0071 0.0 mg/100 g Cucumber Type 1 specific Cucumis sativus 3659 0.00523 0.0491 0.0 mg/100 g Cucurbita Type 1 specific Cucurbita 3660 0.001675 0.003 0.0 mg/100 g Cumin Type 1 specific Cuminum cyminum 52462 0.84 0.84 0.84 mg/100 g Curry powder Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Daikon radish Type 1 specific Raphanus sativus var. longipinnatus 41679 0.0005 0.001 0.0 mg/100 g Dandelion Type 1 specific Taraxacum officinale 50225 0.9875 3.05 0.0 mg/100 g Date Type 1 specific Phoenix dactylifera 42345 0.08 0.08 0.08 mg/100 g Dill Type 1 specific Anethum graveolens 40922 0.0123 0.0203 0.0 mg/100 g Domestic pig Type 1 specific Sus scrofa domestica 9825 0.005336 0.04 0.0 mg/100 g Dragée Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Dried milk Type 2 specific 0.002 0.002 0.002 mg/100 g Dumpling Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Eggplant Type 1 specific Solanum melongena 4111 0.004267 0.011 0.0 mg/100 g Eggs Unknown generic 0.00019 0.002 0.0 mg/100 g Elderberry Type 1 specific Sambucus 4201 0.001367 0.0041 0.0 mg/100 g Endive Type 1 specific Cichorium endivia 114280 0.0078 0.039 0.0 mg/100 g European plum Type 1 specific Prunus domestica 3758 0.01219 0.05975 0.0003 mg/100 g Fennel Type 1 specific Foeniculum vulgare 48038 0.0904 0.45 0.0 mg/100 g Fenugreek Type 1 specific Trigonella foenum-graecum 78534 0.4 0.4 0.4 mg/100 g Fig Type 1 specific Ficus carica 3494 0.013423 0.0402 0.0 mg/100 g Fish oil Type 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Flatfish Type 1 specific Pleuronectiformes 8252 0.000821 0.000821 0.000821 mg/100 g Flaxseed Type 1 specific Linum usitatissimum 4006 0.00115 0.0023 0.0 mg/100 g French plantain Type 1 specific Musa X paradisiaca 89151 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Fruit gum Type 2 specific 0.004 0.004 0.004 mg/100 g Fruit juice Type 2 specific 0.0003 0.0006 0.0 mg/100 g Fruit preserve Type 2 specific 0.003 0.003 0.003 mg/100 g Gadiformes Type 1 specific Gadiformes 8043 0.00105 0.00105 0.00105 mg/100 g Gadus (Common cod) Type 1 specific Gadus 8048 0.003104 0.0209 0.0 mg/100 g Garden cress Type 1 specific Lepidium sativum 33125 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Garden onion Type 1 specific Allium cepa 4679 0.178662 0.48 0.010962048 mg/100 g Garden rhubarb Type 1 specific Rheum rhabarbarum 3621 0.00153 0.00525 0.0006 mg/100 g Garden tomato Type 1 specific Solanum lycopersicum 4081 0.00255 0.0067 0.0 mg/100 g Garden tomato (var.) Type 1 specific Solanum lycopersicum var. lycopersicum 397755 0.15 0.15 0.15 mg/100 g Garfish Type 1 specific Belone belone 129037 0.00047 0.00047 0.00047 mg/100 g Garlic Type 1 specific Allium sativum 4682 0.013283 0.0446 0.0 mg/100 g Gelatin Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Gelatin dessert Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Giant butterbur Type 1 specific Petasites japonicus 186965 2.15 2.15 2.15 mg/100 g Gin Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Ginger Type 1 specific Zingiber officinale 94328 0.433333 1.3 0.0 mg/100 g Ginkgo nuts Type 1 specific Ginkgo biloba 3311 Globe artichoke Type 1 specific Cynara scolymus 59895 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Gooseberry Type 1 specific Ribes uva-crispa 135518 0.001567 0.0041 0.0003 mg/100 g Grape Type 1 specific Vitis 3603 0.003068 0.0088 0.0 mg/100 g Grape wine Type 2 specific 0.0026 0.004 0.0 mg/100 g Grapefruit Type 1 specific Citrus X paradisi 37656 0.00035 0.0006 0.0001 mg/100 g Green bean Type 1 specific Phaseolus vulgaris 3885 0.000733 0.0012 0.0 mg/100 g Green bell pepper Type 1 specific Capsicum annuum 4072 0.0096 0.0273 0.0 mg/100 g Green tea Type 1 0.167616 0.335 0.000231 mg/100 g Green zucchini Type 1 specific Cucurbita pepo var. cylindrica 0.00375 0.006928214 0.0 mg/100 g Greenland halibut/turbot Type 1 specific Reinhardtius hippoglossoides 111784 0.001287 0.0028 0.0 mg/100 g Groundcherry Type 1 specific Physalis 24663 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Guava Type 1 specific Psidium guajava 120290 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Haddock Type 1 specific Melanogrammus aeglefinus 8056 0.000654 0.0019 0.0 mg/100 g Hard wheat Type 1 specific Triticum durum 4567 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Hazelnut Type 1 specific Corylus 13450 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 mg/100 g Herbal tea Type 1 0.167616 0.335 0.000231 mg/100 g Honey Type 2 specific 0.005 0.005 0.005 mg/100 g Horseradish Type 1 specific Armoracia rusticana 3704 0.003875 0.0085 0.001 mg/100 g Hot chocolate Type 2 specific 0.000052 0.000052 0.000052 mg/100 g Ice cream Type 2 specific 0.001333 0.002 0.0 mg/100 g Irish moss Type 1 specific Chondrus crispus 2769 1.2 1.2 1.2 mg/100 g Italian sweet red pepper Type 1 specific Capsicum annuum 4072 0.0071 0.0102 0.001 mg/100 g Japanese pumpkin Type 1 specific Cucurbita maxima 3661 0.007233 0.0122 0.0 mg/100 g Jerusalem artichoke Type 1 specific Helianthus tuberosus 4233 0.0064 0.0064 0.0064 mg/100 g Kale Type 1 specific Brassica napus var. pabularia 0.00166 0.0083 0.0 mg/100 g Kefir Type 2 specific 0.000052 0.000052 0.000052 mg/100 g Ketchup Type 2 specific 0.0025 0.005 0.0 mg/100 g Kiwi Type 1 specific Actinidia chinensis 3625 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Kohlrabi Type 1 specific Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes 109379 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Kombu Type 1 specific Saccharina japonica 88149 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Kumquat Type 1 specific Fortunella 2706 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Lake trout Type 1 specific Salvelinus namaycush 8040 0.012 0.012 0.012 mg/100 g Lard Type 2 specific 0.0104 0.0155 0.0053 mg/100 g Leavening agent Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Leek Type 1 specific Allium porrum 0.0008 0.0008 0.0008 mg/100 g Lemon Type 1 specific Citrus limon 2708 0.000133 0.0002 0.0 mg/100 g Lemon grass Type 1 specific Cymbopogon citratus 66014 3.7 3.7 3.7 mg/100 g Lemon sole Type 1 specific Microstomus kitt 106175 0.001367 0.0018 0.0005 mg/100 g Lentils Type 1 generic Lens culinaris 3864 0.004367 0.0131 0.0 mg/100 g Lettuce Type 1 specific Lactuca sativa 4236 0.111583 1.00025 0.0 mg/100 g Lichee Type 1 specific Litchi chinensis 151069 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Lima bean Type 1 specific Phaseolus lunatus 3884 0.25 0.25 0.25 mg/100 g Lime Type 1 specific Citrus aurantiifolia 159033 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Lingonberry Type 1 specific Vaccinium vitis-idaea 180772 0.0015 0.002 0.001 mg/100 g Liquor Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Liquorice Type 2 specific 0.01475 0.043 0.0 mg/100 g Loganberry Type 1 specific Rubus loganobaccus 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Loquat Type 1 specific Eriobotrya japonica 32224 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Lumpsucker Type 1 specific Cyclopteridae 8101 0.0006 0.0012 0.0 mg/100 g Madeira wine Type 2 specific 0.004 0.004 0.004 mg/100 g Malus (Crab apple) Type 1 specific Malus 3749 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Mandarin orange (Clementine, Tangerine) Type 1 specific Citrus reticulata 85571 0.00098 0.0045 0.0001 mg/100 g Mango Type 1 specific Mangifera indica 29780 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Margarine Type 2 specific 0.009367 0.0094 0.0092 mg/100 g Margarine-like spread Type 2 specific 0.00449 0.00449 0.00449 mg/100 g Marine mussel Type 1 specific Mytilidae 6547 0.0276 0.0316 0.0256 mg/100 g Marshmallow Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Marzipan Type 2 specific 0.004 0.008 0.0 mg/100 g Meat bouillon Type 2 specific 0.01 0.05 0.0 mg/100 g Meatball Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Meringue Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Milk (Cow) Type 2 specific 0.304505 2.1155 0.00005 mg/100 g Milk (Human) Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Milk (Other mammals) Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Millet Type 1 specific Panicum miliaceum 4540 0.002 0.0032 0.0008 mg/100 g Miso Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Mountain hare Type 1 specific Lepus timidus 62621 0.002 0.002 0.002 mg/100 g Mugwort Type 1 specific Artemisia vulgaris 4220 1.65 1.65 1.65 mg/100 g Mung bean Type 1 specific Vigna radiata 157791 0.0044 0.0088 0.0 mg/100 g Muskmelon Type 1 specific Cucumis melo 3656 0.002469 0.01475 0.0 mg/100 g Mustard Type 2 specific 0.017 0.017 0.017 mg/100 g Nectarine Type 1 specific Prunus persica var. nucipersica 323851 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Northern pike Type 1 specific Esox lucius 8010 0.00513 0.00513 0.00513 mg/100 g Norway haddock Type 1 specific Sebastes viviparus 394708 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Norway lobster Type 1 specific Nephrops norvegicus 6829 0.0027 0.0027 0.0027 mg/100 g Norway pout Type 1 specific Trisopterus esmarkii 80723 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Nougat Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Nutmeg Type 1 specific Myristica fragrans 51089 0.74 1.64 0.0 mg/100 g Oat Type 1 specific Avena sativa 4498 0.489375 3.9 0.0 mg/100 g Oil palm Type 1 specific Elaeis 51952 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Okra Type 1 specific Abelmoschus esculentus 455045 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Olive Type 1 specific Olea europaea 4146 0.0017 0.0068 0.0 mg/100 g Opium poppy Type 1 specific Papaver somniferum 3469 1.34 1.34 1.34 mg/100 g Orange bell pepper Type 1 specific Capsicum annuum 4072 0.019602 0.0273 0.014249302 mg/100 g Other alcoholic beverage Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Other animal fat Type 2 specific 0.00265 0.0053 0.0 mg/100 g Other bread Type 2 specific 0.003811 0.0072 0.0 mg/100 g Other bread product Type 2 specific 0.0031 0.0062 0.0 mg/100 g Other candy Type 2 specific 0.00075 0.003 0.0 mg/100 g Other dish Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Other fermented milk Type 2 specific 0.000052 0.000052 0.000052 mg/100 g Other fish product Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Other frozen dessert Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Other fruit product Type 2 specific 0.0257 0.0257 0.0257 mg/100 g Other snack food Type 2 specific 0.017667 0.025 0.01 mg/100 g Oyster mushroom Type 1 specific Pleurotus ostreatus 5322 0.0123 0.0123 0.0123 mg/100 g Pacific ocean perch Type 1 specific Sebastes alutus 72055 0.0012 0.0012 0.0012 mg/100 g Pak choy Type 1 specific Brassica rapa var. chinensis 93385 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Papaya Type 1 specific Carica papaya 3649 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Parsley Type 1 specific Petroselinum crispum 4043 0.01152 0.038 0.0028 mg/100 g Parsnip Type 1 specific Pastinaca sativa 4041 6.842384 41.0 0.001 mg/100 g Passion fruit Type 1 specific Passiflora edulis 78168 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Pasta Type 2 specific 0.0024 0.004 0.0014 mg/100 g Pastry Type 2 specific 0.000432 0.008 0.0 mg/100 g Pate Type 2 specific 0.0025 0.0025 0.0025 mg/100 g Peach Type 1 specific Prunus persica 3760 0.451775 3.5 0.0 mg/100 g Peanut Type 1 specific Arachis hypogaea 3818 0.005556 0.008 0.0 mg/100 g Pear Type 1 specific Pyrus communis 23211 0.00701 0.02785 0.0018 mg/100 g Pecan nut Type 1 specific Carya illinoinensis 32201 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Pepper Type 1 specific Capsicum annuum 4072 0.002319 0.0273 0.0 mg/100 g Pepper (C. frutescens) Type 1 specific Capsicum annuum var. annuum 40321 0.325 0.325 0.325 mg/100 g Pepper (Spice) Type 1 specific Piper nigrum 13216 0.108333 0.325 0.0 mg/100 g Peppermint Type 1 specific Mentha X piperita 34256 Perciformes Type 1 specific Perciformes 8111 0.0086 0.0086 0.0086 mg/100 g Persimmon Type 1 specific Diospyros 13492 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Pikeperch Type 1 specific Sander lucioperca 283035 0.0054 0.0054 0.0054 mg/100 g Pine nut Type 1 specific Pinus 3337 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Pineapple Type 1 specific Ananas comosus 4615 0.006843 0.011 0.0007 mg/100 g Pistachio Type 1 specific Pistacia vera 55513 0.01752 0.06 0.0069 mg/100 g Pizza Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Pleuronectidae (Dab, Halibut, Plaice) Type 1 specific Pleuronectidae 8256 0.000537 0.00161 0.0 mg/100 g Pollock Type 1 specific Pollachius 8059 0.00062 0.00093 0.0 mg/100 g Pomegranate Type 1 specific Punica granatum 22663 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Poppy Type 1 specific Papaver 3468 0.0752 0.0752 0.0752 mg/100 g Port wine Type 2 specific 0.003 0.003 0.003 mg/100 g Potato Type 1 specific Solanum tuberosum 4113 0.007704 0.0701 0.0 mg/100 g Prickly pear Type 1 specific Opuntia 106975 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Prunus (Cherry, Plum) Type 1 specific Prunus 3754 0.000075 0.0003 0.0 mg/100 g Quince Type 1 specific Cydonia oblonga 36610 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Rabbit Type 1 specific Leporidae 9979 0.002 0.002 0.002 mg/100 g Radish Type 1 specific Raphanus sativus 3726 0.00425 0.0075 0.001 mg/100 g Rainbow trout Type 1 specific Oncorhynchus mykiss 8022 0.006973 0.02 0.00046 mg/100 g Rape Type 1 specific Brassica napus var. napus 138011 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Red algae Type 1 specific Rhodophyta 2763 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Red beetroot Type 1 specific Beta vulgaris var. rubra 2.006955 20.0 0.0027 mg/100 g Red bell pepper Type 1 specific Capsicum annuum 4072 0.010933 0.0273 0.0 mg/100 g Red raspberry Type 1 specific Rubus idaeus 32247 1.3 1.3 1.3 mg/100 g Red tea Type 1 0.167616 0.335 0.000231 mg/100 g Redcurrant Type 1 specific Ribes rubrum 175228 0.000794 0.00675 0.0 mg/100 g Remoulade Type 2 specific 0.0035 0.007 0.0 mg/100 g Rice Type 1 specific Oryza sativa 4530 0.00112 0.0042 0.0 mg/100 g Robusta coffee Type 1 specific Coffea canephora 49390 0.005538 0.023 0.0 mg/100 g Rock ptarmigan Type 1 specific Lagopus muta 64668 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Romaine lettuce Type 1 specific Lactuca sativa L. var. longifolia 5.603842 28.0 0.0 mg/100 g Roman camomile Type 1 specific Chamaemelum nobile 99037 0.6 0.6 0.6 mg/100 g Rose hip Type 1 specific Rosa 3764 0.003 0.006 0.0 mg/100 g Roselle Type 1 specific Hibiscus sabdariffa 183260 5.4 5.4 5.4 mg/100 g Rubus (Blackberry, Raspberry) Type 1 specific Rubus 23216 0.0008 0.003 0.0 mg/100 g Rum Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Rye Type 1 specific Secale cereale 4550 0.001425 0.004 0.0 mg/100 g Rye bread Type 2 specific 0.005218 0.0101 0.0 mg/100 g Safflower Type 1 specific Carthamus tinctorius 4222 0.62 3.1 0.0 mg/100 g Salad dressing Type 2 specific 0.000261 0.003 0.0 mg/100 g Salmonidae (Salmon, Trout) Type 1 specific Salmonidae 8015 0.004189 0.02 0.0 mg/100 g Salt Type 2 specific 0.005 0.01 0.0 mg/100 g Sauce Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Sausage Type 2 specific 0.004653 0.012 0.0 mg/100 g Savoy cabbage Type 1 specific Brassica oleracea var. sabauda 1216010 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Scarlet bean Type 1 specific Phaseolus coccineus 3886 0.022 0.022 0.022 mg/100 g Scombridae (Bonito, Mackerel, Tuna) Type 1 specific Scombridae 8224 0.000684 0.000684 0.000684 mg/100 g Semolina Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Sesame Type 1 specific Sesamum orientale 4182 0.027371 0.14 0.0 mg/100 g Sheep (Mutton, Lamb) Type 1 specific Ovis aries 9940 0.006647 0.0081 0.001 mg/100 g Sherry Type 2 specific 0.003 0.003 0.003 mg/100 g Shrimp Type 1 specific Caridea 6694 0.00192 0.0021 0.00156 mg/100 g Snail Type 1 specific Gastropoda 6448 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Soft drink Type 2 specific 0.0013 0.0033 0.0003 mg/100 g Soft-necked garlic Type 1 specific Allium sativum L. var. sativum 4682 0.875 0.875 0.875 mg/100 g Sorrel Type 1 specific Rumex acetosa 41241 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Soup Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Soy bean Type 1 specific Glycine max 3847 0.008582 0.023 0.0 mg/100 g Soy milk Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Soy sauce Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Spinach Type 1 specific Spinacia oleracea 3562 0.015029 0.0306 0.005 mg/100 g Spiny dogfish Type 1 specific Squalus acanthias 7797 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 mg/100 g Spirit Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Spirulina Type 1 specific Spirulina 551299 Star fruit Type 1 specific Averrhoa carambola 28974 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Strawberry Type 1 specific Fragaria X ananassa 3747 0.000663 0.003 0.0 mg/100 g Sturgeon Type 1 specific Acipenseridae 7900 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Sugar Type 2 specific 0.000714 0.002 0.0 mg/100 g Sugar substitute Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Sunburst squash (pattypan squash) Type 1 specific Cucurbita pepo var. clypeata 0.00628 0.010515246 0.0 mg/100 g Sunflower Type 1 specific Helianthus annuus 4232 0.0032 0.0038 0.0026 mg/100 g Swede Type 1 specific Brassica napus 3708 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 mg/100 g Sweet orange Type 1 specific Citrus sinensis 2711 0.003814 0.0195 0.0002 mg/100 g Sweet potato Type 1 specific Ipomoea batatas 4120 0.00015 0.0006 0.0 mg/100 g Swiss chard Type 1 specific Beta vulgaris ssp. cicla 1527200 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Syrup Type 2 specific 0.005 0.005 0.005 mg/100 g Tallow Type 2 specific 0.001285 0.0039 0.0 mg/100 g Tamarind Type 1 specific Tamarindus indica 58860 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Tea Type 1 specific Camellia sinensis 4442 0.134092 0.335 0.0 mg/100 g Thistle Type 1 specific Cirsium 41549 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Thunnus Type 1 specific Thunnus 8234 0.007013 0.009 0.00105 mg/100 g Toffee Type 2 specific 0.0085 0.017 0.0 mg/100 g Tofu Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g True frog Type 1 specific Ranidae 8397 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g True oyster Type 1 specific Ostreidae 6563 0.0123 0.0123 0.0123 mg/100 g True seal Type 1 specific Phocidae 9709 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g True sole Type 1 specific Soleidae 30948 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 mg/100 g Turbot Type 1 specific Scophthalmus maximus 52904 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Turkey Type 1 specific Meleagris gallopavo 9103 0.004875 0.016 0.0 mg/100 g Turmeric Type 1 specific Curcuma longa 136217 0.6 0.6 0.6 mg/100 g Turnip Type 1 specific Brassica rapa var. rapa 51350 56.20592 281.0 0.0005 mg/100 g Unclassified food or beverage Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Vaccinium (Blueberry, Cranberry, Huckleberry) Type 1 specific Vaccinium 13749 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Vegetable juice Type 2 specific 0.00218 0.00218 0.00218 mg/100 g Vermouth Type 2 specific 0.003 0.003 0.003 mg/100 g Vinegar Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Vodka Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Walnut Type 1 specific Juglans 16718 0.0004 0.0012 0.0 mg/100 g Water Type 2 specific 0.000175 0.0003 0.00005 mg/100 g Watercress Type 1 specific Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum 135518 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Watermelon Type 1 specific Citrullus lanatus 3654 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Wheat Type 1 specific Triticum 4564 0.001063 0.0044 0.0 mg/100 g Wheat bread Type 2 specific 0.004643 0.0093 0.0 mg/100 g Whey Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Whisky Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g White bread Type 1 0.0027 0.0027 0.0027 mg/100 g White cabbage Type 1 specific Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata L. f. alba DC. 0.112438 0.43505 0.0017 mg/100 g White mustard Type 1 specific Sinapis alba 3728 1.86 1.86 1.86 mg/100 g Whitefish Type 1 specific Coregonus 27772 0.0021 0.0021 0.0021 mg/100 g Whiting Type 1 specific Merlangius merlangus 8058 0.0061 0.0061 0.0061 mg/100 g Wild carrot Type 1 specific Daucus carota 4039 0.07525 0.07525 0.07525 mg/100 g Wild celery Type 1 specific Apium graveolens 4045 0.00185 0.00235 0.0016 mg/100 g Yam Type 1 specific Dioscorea 4672 0.866667 2.6 0.0 mg/100 g Yellow bell pepper Type 1 specific Capsicum annuum 4072 0.014838 0.0273 0.0 mg/100 g Yellow zucchini Type 1 specific Cucurbita pepo var. cylindrica 0.0046 0.0085 0.0 mg/100 g Ymer Type 2 specific 0.000052 0.000052 0.000052 mg/100 g Yogurt Type 2 specific 0.000399 0.003 0.000052 mg/100 g Amphiglycemic 52 Anti advanced glycation end products 93 Any substance introduced into a living organism with therapeutic or diagnostic purpose. Anti CFS 174 Anti corneotic 206 Anti glycosuric 305 Anti syndrome-X 638 Any substance introduced into a living organism with therapeutic or diagnostic purpose. Anti triglyceride 668 A substance that diminishes the rate of a chemical reaction. Anti-acne 78 A drug used to treat or prevent skin disorders or for the routine care of skin. Anti-aging 95 Any substance introduced into a living organism with therapeutic or diagnostic purpose. Anti-atherosclerotic 138 A drug used for the treatment or prevention of cardiac arrhythmias. Anti-arrhythmia drugs may affect the polarisation-repolarisation phase of the action potential, its excitability or refractoriness, or impulse conduction or membrane responsiveness within cardiac fibres. Anti-diabetic 228 Any substance introduced into a living organism with therapeutic or diagnostic purpose. Anti-fatigue 274 Any substance introduced into a living organism with therapeutic or diagnostic purpose. Anti-obesity 486 Any substance introduced into a living organism with therapeutic or diagnostic purpose. Antidote 236 Any protective agent counteracting or neutralizing the action of poisons. Cardioprotective 769 A drug used for the treatment or prevention of cardiac arrhythmias. Anti-arrhythmia drugs may affect the polarisation-repolarisation phase of the action potential, its excitability or refractoriness, or impulse conduction or membrane responsiveness within cardiac fibres. Energizer 905 Hypocholesterolemic 1016 Hypoglycemic 1017 A drug which lowers the blood glucose level. Hypotensive 1021 Immunomodulator 1031 Biologically active substance whose activity affects or plays a role in the functioning of the immune system. Insulinogenic 1046 Memorigenic 1097