1.02010-04-08 22:06:07 UTC2019-11-26 02:59:52 UTCFDB004181LithiumLithium (Li) is an alkali metal. First described as a mood stabilizer in 1949, it remains an efficacious treatment for bipolar disorders. Recent emerging evidence of its neuroprotective and neurogenic effects alludes to lithium's potential therapeutic use in stroke and neurodegenerative diseases. One intriguing clinical application is in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Ongoing clinical trials are evaluating lithium's abilities to lower tau and beta-amyloid levels in cerebrospinal fluid in Alzheimer's patients. Lithium reduces brain inositol levels by inhibiting the enzyme inositol monophosphatase. This suggests that inositol monophosphatase inhibition is a key mechanism of Li's therapeutic action and that design of new inositol monophosphatase inhibitors may be a practical strategy to create new compounds with Li-like therapeutic effects. Lithium reduces the severity of some behavioral complications of Alzheimer's disease (AD). And there are growing indications that Li may be of benefit to the underlying pathology of AD, as well as an array of other common CNS disorders, including stroke, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease. Physiologically, it exists as an ion in the body. Despite these demonstrated and prospective therapeutic benefits, Li's mechanism of action remains elusive, and opinions differ regarding the most relevant molecular targets. Lithium inhibits several enzymes; significant among these are inositol monophosphatase (IMPase), glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3), and the proteasome. Lithium has a narrow therapeutic range, and several well characterised adverse effects limit the potential usefulness of higher doses. Acute ingestion in Li-naive patients is generally associated with only short-lived exposure to high concentrations, due to extensive distribution of Li throughout the total body water compartment. Conversely, chronic toxicity and acute-on-therapeutic ingestion are associated with prolonged exposure to higher tissue concentrations and, therefore, greater toxicity. Lithium toxicity may be life threatening, or result in persistent cognitive and neurological impairment. Therefore, enhanced Li clearance has been explored as a means of minimizing exposure to high tissue concentrations. Although haemodialysis is highly effective in removing circulating Li, serum concentrations often rebound so repeated or prolonged treatment may be required. Continuous arteriovenous haemodiafiltration and continuous venovenous haemodiafiltration increase Li clearance, albeit to a lesser extent than haemodialysis, and are more widely accessible. Lithium reduces brain inositol levels by inhibiting IMPase, suggesting that IMPase's inhibition is a key mechanism of Li's therapeutic action and that design of new IMPase inhibitors may be a practical strategy to create new compounds with Li-like therapeutic effects. (PMID: 17688381, 17316163, 8110911, 17288494). Lithium is found in many foods, some of which are endive, yellow zucchini, romaine lettuce, and common bean.Apo-lithium carbonateApo-lithium carbonate SRCarbolith Cap 150mgCarbolith Cap 300mgCarbolith Capsules 600mgEskalithEskalith CRLILi(+)Li(+) cationLi(+) ionLi+LithaneLithium atomLithium benziocumLithium carbonateLithium carbonicumLithium cationLithium citrateLithium elementLithium ionLithium, ionLithium, ion (Li1+)lithium(+1) cationlithium(1+)lithium(1+) ionLithium(I) cationLithobidPal-lithium carbonatePHL-lithium carbonatePms-Lithium Carbonate - Cap 150mgPms-Lithium Carbonate - Cap 300mgPms-Lithium Carbonate - Cap 600mgPms-Lithium Citrate Syr 8mmo/5mlLi6.9417.016004049lithiumlithium7439-93-2[Li]InChI=1S/LiWHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N belongs to the class of inorganic compounds known as homogeneous alkali metal compounds. These are inorganic compounds containing only metal atoms,with the largest atom being a alkali metal atom.Homogeneous alkali metal compoundsInorganic compoundsHomogeneous metal compoundsHomogeneous alkali metal compoundsHomogeneous alkali metalalkali metal atomSolidmelting_point190 oClogp0iupaclithiumaverage_mass6.941mono_mass7.016004049smiles[Li]formulaLiinchiInChI=1S/LiinchikeyWHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-Npolar_surface_area0refractivity0polarizability1.78rotatable_bond_count0acceptor_count0donor_count0physiological_charge0formal_charge0Specdb::MsMs89790Specdb::MsMs89791Specdb::MsMs89792Specdb::MsMs152784Specdb::MsMs152785Specdb::MsMs152786HMDB0594930145LI#<Reference:0x00005556731f9d10>#<Reference:0x00005556731f9a90>#<Reference:0x00005556731f97e8>#<Reference:0x00005556731f8b90>#<Reference:0x00005556731f87a8>AnatidaeType 1specificAnatidae8830AppleType 1specificMalus pumila2832100.01080.01080.0108mg/100 gAsparagusType 1specificAsparagus officinalis46860.0480.0480.048mg/100 gBeefaloType 1specificBos taurus X Bison bison297284BisonType 1specificBison bison9901BroccoliType 1specificBrassica oleracea var. italica367740.0045990.0050489330.00414832mg/100 gBuffaloType 1specificBubalus bubalis89462CabbageType 1specificBrassica oleracea var. capitata37160.0840.0840.084mg/100 gCarrotType 1specificDaucus carota ssp. sativus792000.0210.04150.0005mg/100 gCattle (Beef, Veal)Type 1specificBos taurus9913ChickenType 1specificGallus gallus9031Columbidae (Dove, Pigeon)Type 1specificColumbidae8930Common beanType 1specificPhaseolus vulgaris38850.137550.14580.1293mg/100 gCommon grapeType 1specificVitis vinifera297600.01980.01980.0198mg/100 gCommon thymeType 1specificThymus vulgaris499920.40.40.4mg/100 gCornType 1specificZea mays45770.01340.01340.0134mg/100 gCow milk, pasteurized, vitamin A + D added, 0% fatType 2specificCow milk, pasteurized, vitamin A + D added, 1% fatType 2specificCow milk, pasteurized, vitamin A + D added, 2% fatType 2specificCow milk, pasteurized, vitamin D added, 3.25% fatType 2specificCucumberType 1specificCucumis sativus36590.0109760.03980.0012mg/100 gDeerType 1specificCervidae9850DillType 1specificAnethum graveolens409220.0070.00780.0062mg/100 gDomestic goatType 1specificCapra aegagrus hircus9925Domestic pigType 1specificSus scrofa domestica9825EggplantType 1specificSolanum melongena41110.015250.030.0005mg/100 gElkType 1specificCervus canadensis1574408EmuType 1specificDromaius novaehollandiae8790EndiveType 1specificCichorium endivia1142800.0880.0880.088mg/100 gEuropean plumType 1specificPrunus domestica37580.03840.03840.0384mg/100 gEuropean rabbitType 1specificOryctolagus9984FlaxseedType 1specificLinum usitatissimum4006Garden onionType 1specificAllium cepa46790.0094030.02380.002187559mg/100 gGarden tomatoType 1specificSolanum lycopersicum40810.00030.00030.0003mg/100 gGarden tomato (var.)Type 1specificSolanum lycopersicum var. lycopersicum3977550.0480.0480.048mg/100 gGarlicType 1specificAllium sativum46820.000850.00090.0008mg/100 gGreen bell pepperType 1specificCapsicum annuum40720.0147670.03420.0049mg/100 gGreen zucchiniType 1specificCucurbita pepo var. cylindrica0.000520.0005271330.000512489mg/100 gGreylag gooseType 1specificAnser anser8843Guinea henType 1specificNumida meleagris8996HorseType 1specificEquus caballus9796Italian sweet red pepperType 1specificCapsicum annuum40720.000950.0010.0009mg/100 gJapanese pumpkinType 1specificCucurbita maxima36610.000750.00090.0006mg/100 gLettuceType 1specificLactuca sativa42360.13350.13350.1335mg/100 gMallard duckType 1specificAnas platyrhynchos8839Milk (Cow)Type 2specific69.692941172.8863.0uMMountain hareType 1specificLepus timidus62621Mule deerType 1specificOdocoileus9871MuskmelonType 1specificCucumis melo36560.03940.03940.0394mg/100 gOrange bell pepperType 1specificCapsicum annuum40720.0125270.03420.001538996mg/100 gOstrichType 1specificStruthio camelus8801ParsleyType 1specificPetroselinum crispum40430.07760.07760.0776mg/100 gParsnipType 1specificPastinaca sativa40410.0010260.0010884350.000964182mg/100 gPeachType 1specificPrunus persica37600.0330.0330.033mg/100 gPearType 1specificPyrus communis232110.012250.012250.01225mg/100 gPepperType 1specificCapsicum annuum40720.03420.03420.0342mg/100 gPepper (C. frutescens)Type 1specificCapsicum annuum var. annuum40321PheasantType 1specificPhasianus colchicus9054PotatoType 1specificSolanum tuberosum41130.0072330.01920.001mg/100 gQuailType 1specificPhasianidae9005RabbitType 1specificLeporidae9979Red beetrootType 1specificBeta vulgaris var. rubra0.0301330.0480.0207mg/100 gRed bell pepperType 1specificCapsicum annuum40720.0124730.03420.001379091mg/100 gRock ptarmiganType 1specificLagopus muta64668Romaine lettuceType 1specificLactuca sativa L. var. longifolia0.0079530.0103671460.0037mg/100 gSheep (Mutton, Lamb)Type 1specificOvis aries9940SpinachType 1specificSpinacia oleracea35620.00910.00920.009mg/100 gSquabType 1specificColumba8931Sunburst squash (pattypan squash)Type 1specificCucurbita pepo var. clypeata0.0006480.0007635320.0005mg/100 gSweet orangeType 1specificCitrus sinensis27110.08240.08240.0824mg/100 gTurkeyType 1specificMeleagris gallopavo9103TurnipType 1specificBrassica rapa var. rapa513500.00120.00130.0011mg/100 gVelvet duckType 1specificMelanitta fusca371864White cabbageType 1specificBrassica oleracea L. var. capitata L. f. alba DC.0.0289330.0840.0011mg/100 gWild boarType 1specificSus scrofa9823Wild carrotType 1specificDaucus carota40390.04150.04150.0415mg/100 gYellow bell pepperType 1specificCapsicum annuum40720.0127640.03420.001893115mg/100 gYellow zucchiniType 1specificCucurbita pepo var. cylindrica0.000750.00080.0007mg/100 gCatenin beta-1P35222CTNNB1Glycogen synthase kinase-3 betaP49841GSK3Banti depressant223Any substance introduced into a living organism with therapeutic or diagnostic purpose.anti hyperthyroid353Any substance introduced into a living organism with therapeutic or diagnostic purpose.anti manic418anti premenstrual syndrome534Any substance introduced into a living organism with therapeutic or diagnostic purpose.anti psychotic564Antipsychotic drugs are agents that control agitated psychotic behaviour, alleviate acute psychotic states, reduce psychotic symptoms, and exert a quieting effect.anti schizophrenic594Any substance introduced into a living organism with therapeutic or diagnostic purpose.anti viral689A substance that destroys or inhibits replication of viruses.cholinergic804Any drug used for its actions on cholinergic systems. Included here are agonists and antagonists, drugs that affect the life cycle of acetylcholine, and drugs that affect the survival of cholinergic neurons.deliriant866natriuretic1140nephrotoxic1148A role played by a chemical compound exihibiting itself through the ability to induce damage to the kidney in animals.