1.0 2011-09-21 00:21:08 UTC 2019-11-26 03:21:06 UTC FDB022886 Cobalamin Cobalamin participates in two enzymatic processes in mammalian cells. In the methionine synthase (EC 2.1.1.13) reaction, homocysteine (HCys) is converted to methionine allowing for the "recycling" of 5-methyl-tetrahydrofolate (THF) to N5,10 methylene-THF which is needed for the de novo synthesis of thymidylic acid and ultimately, for DNA formation. Since conversion of N5,10-methylene-THF to N5-methyl-THF is irreversible, cobalamin deficiency "traps" folic acid as N5-methyl-THF. Concurrently, HCys accumulates while methionine decreases, leading to a decrease in S-adenosylmethionine which further limits N5,10-methylene-THF formation by decreasing the synthesis of formyl-THF ("formate starvation"). Decreased methionine and S-adenosylmethionine may limit many methylation reactions including those involving DNA and myelin basic protein. In the methylmalonyl CoA mutase (EC 5.1.99.1) reaction, methylmalonyl CoA, derived from propionic acid synthesized by intestinal bacteria, is converted to succinyl CoA, a precursor for fatty acid and heme synthesis Thus, cobalamin deficiency results in methylmalonic acid (MMA) accumulation. Cobalamin deficiency causes megaloblastic anemia and neurocognitive abnormalities but effects on immune function and bone formation have also been described. Low serum cobalamin levels increase the risk of osteoporosis. Tests for cobalamin deficiency include measurements of 1) total cobalamin; 2) MMA and HCys, as indices of functional cobalamin deficiency; and 3) holotranscobalamin as a measure of the metabolically active fraction of circulating cobalamin. Each approach has significant limitations. Moreover, since the pathogenesis of neurologic dysfunction in cobalamin deficiency remains unclear, these tests may not be reliable markers of neurocognitive impairment. Subtle cobalamin deficiency, defined as elevated metabolite levels usually in asymptomatic patients with low or normal serum cobalamin values, is prevalent in the elderly and has been associated with food cobalamin malabsorption, a disorder characterized by the inability to release vitamin B12 from food or from its binding proteins. Malabsorption is often unrecognized or not investigated. However, because of the potential seriousness of the complications, particularly neuropsychiatric and hematological investigation of all patients who present with vitamin or nutritional deficiency is required. Classic disorders, such as pernicious anemia, are the cause of cobalamin deficiency in only a limited proportion of elderly patients. Epidemiological studies have shown a prevalence of cobalamin deficiency of around 20% in the elderly population of industrialized countries (between 50% and 60%, depending on the definition of cobalamin deficiency used in the study). New routes of cobalamin administration (oral and nasal) are currently being developed, especially the use of oral cobalamin therapy to treat food-cobalamin malabsorption. (PMID: 16814909, 17822656) [HMDB]. Cobalamin is found in many foods, some of which are yellow bell pepper, green zucchini, sunburst squash (pattypan squash), and yellow wax bean. 5,6-Dimethyl-1-a-D-ribofuranosyl-1H-benzimidazole 5,6-dimethyl-1-a-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole 5,6-Dimethyl-1-alpha-delta-ribofuranosyl-1H-benzimidazole 5,6-dimethyl-1-alpha-delta-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole Cob(III)alamin Cobalamin (III) Cobalamine Cobinamide ion(1+) dihydrogen ate (ester) inner salt 3'-ester Cobinamide ion(1+) dihydrogen ate (ester) inner salt 3'-ester with 5,6-dimethyl-1-alpha-delta-ribofuranosyl-1H-benzimidazole Cobinamide ion(1+) dihydrogen phosphate (ester) inner salt 3'-ester Cobinamide ion(1+) dihydrogen phosphate (ester) inner salt 3'-ester with 5,6-dimethyl-1-alpha-delta-ribofuranosyl-1H-benzimidazole Hydroxomin Rubivite Rubratope-57 Rubratope-60 Ruvite Vitamin B12 C62H88CoN13O14P 1329.3478 1328.564331295 cobalt(3+) ion 1-(3-hydroxy-4-{[hydroxy({1-[(1-hydroxy-3-{8,13,18-tris[2-(C-hydroxycarbonimidoyl)ethyl]-3,14,19-tris[(C-hydroxycarbonimidoyl)methyl]-1,4,6,9,9,14,16,19-octamethyl-20,21,22,23-tetraazapentacyclo[15.2.1.1^{2,5}.1^{7,10}.1^{12,15}]tricosa-5(23),6,10(22),11,15(21),16-hexaen-4-yl}propylidene)amino]propan-2-yl}oxy)phosphoryl]oxy}-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl)-5,6-dimethyl-3H-1lambda5,3-benzodiazol-1-ylium cobalt(3+) ion 1-(3-hydroxy-4-{[hydroxy({1-[(1-hydroxy-3-{8,13,18-tris[2-(C-hydroxycarbonimidoyl)ethyl]-3,14,19-tris(C-hydroxycarbonimidoylmethyl)-1,4,6,9,9,14,16,19-octamethyl-20,21,22,23-tetraazapentacyclo[15.2.1.1^{2,5}.1^{7,10}.1^{12,15}]tricosa-5(23),6,10(22),11,15(21),16-hexaen-4-yl}propylidene)amino]propan-2-yl}oxy)phosphoryl]oxy}-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl)-5,6-dimethyl-3H-1lambda5,3-benzodiazol-1-ylium 13408-78-1 [Co+3].CC(CNC(=O)CCC1(C)C(CC(N)=O)C2[N-]\C1=C(C)/C1=N/C(=C\C3=N\C(=C(C)/C4=NC2(C)C(C)(CC(N)=O)C4CCC(N)=O)\C(C)(CC(N)=O)C3CCC(N)=O)/C(C)(C)C1CCC(N)=O)OP([O-])(=O)OC1C(CO)OC(C1O)N1C=NC2=C1C=C(C)C(C)=C2 InChI=1S/C62H90N13O14P.Co/c1-29-20-39-40(21-30(29)2)75(28-70-39)57-52(84)53(41(27-76)87-57)89-90(85,86)88-31(3)26-69-49(83)18-19-59(8)37(22-46(66)80)56-62(11)61(10,25-48(68)82)36(14-17-45(65)79)51(74-62)33(5)55-60(9,24-47(67)81)34(12-15-43(63)77)38(71-55)23-42-58(6,7)35(13-16-44(64)78)50(72-42)32(4)54(59)73-56;/h20-21,23,28,31,34-37,41,52-53,56-57,76,84H,12-19,22,24-27H2,1-11H3,(H15,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,71,72,73,74,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,85,86);/q;+3/p-2 NSLAUEAQDBERRV-UHFFFAOYSA-L belongs to the class of organic compounds known as cobalamin derivatives. These are organic compounds containing a corrin ring, a cobalt atom, an a nucleotide moiety. Cobalamin Derivatives are actually derived from vitamin B12. Cobalamin derivatives Organic compounds Organoheterocyclic compounds Tetrapyrroles and derivatives Corrinoids Aromatic heteropolycyclic compounds Azacyclic compounds Benzenoids Benzimidazole ribonucleosides and ribonucleotides Benzimidazoles Carbene-type 1,3-dipolar compounds Carbonyl compounds Dialkyl phosphates Fatty amides Glycosylamines Heteroaromatic compounds Hydrocarbon derivatives Ketimines Metallotetrapyrroles Monosaccharide phosphates N-substituted imidazoles Organic cations Organic cobalt salts Organic oxides Organopnictogen compounds Oxacyclic compounds Pentose phosphates Phosphoethanolamines Primary alcohols Primary carboxylic acid amides Pyrrolidines Pyrrolines Secondary alcohols Secondary carboxylic acid amides Tetrahydrofurans 1-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole Alcohol Alkyl phosphate Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound Azacycle Azole Benzenoid Benzimidazole Carbene-type 1,3-dipolar compound Carbonyl group Carboxamide group Carboxylic acid derivative Cobalamin Dialkyl phosphate Fatty acyl Fatty amide Glycosyl compound Heteroaromatic compound Hydrocarbon derivative Imidazole Imine Ketimine Metallotetrapyrrole skeleton Monosaccharide Monosaccharide phosphate N-glycosyl compound N-substituted imidazole Organic cation Organic cobalt salt Organic nitrogen compound Organic oxide Organic oxygen compound Organic phosphoric acid derivative Organic salt Organic transition metal salt Organonitrogen compound Organooxygen compound Organopnictogen compound Oxacycle Pentose monosaccharide Pentose phosphate Phosphoethanolamine Phosphoric acid ester Primary alcohol Primary carboxylic acid amide Pyrrolidine Pyrroline Secondary alcohol Secondary carboxylic acid amide Tetrahydrofuran a vitamin B₁₂ an organometallic compound Solid logp 2.93 ALOGPS logs -4.71 ALOGPS solubility 2.90e-02 g/l ALOGPS logp 1.11 ChemAxon pka_strongest_acidic 1.81 ChemAxon iupac cobalt(3+) ion 1-(3-hydroxy-4-{[hydroxy({1-[(1-hydroxy-3-{8,13,18-tris[2-(C-hydroxycarbonimidoyl)ethyl]-3,14,19-tris[(C-hydroxycarbonimidoyl)methyl]-1,4,6,9,9,14,16,19-octamethyl-20,21,22,23-tetraazapentacyclo[15.2.1.1^{2,5}.1^{7,10}.1^{12,15}]tricosa-5(23),6,10(22),11,15(21),16-hexaen-4-yl}propylidene)amino]propan-2-yl}oxy)phosphoryl]oxy}-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl)-5,6-dimethyl-3H-1lambda5,3-benzodiazol-1-ylium ChemAxon average_mass 1329.3478 ChemAxon mono_mass 1328.564331295 ChemAxon smiles [Co+3].CC(CNC(=O)CCC1(C)C(CC(N)=O)C2[N-]\C1=C(C)/C1=N/C(=C\C3=N\C(=C(C)/C4=NC2(C)C(C)(CC(N)=O)C4CCC(N)=O)\C(C)(CC(N)=O)C3CCC(N)=O)/C(C)(C)C1CCC(N)=O)OP([O-])(=O)OC1C(CO)OC(C1O)N1C=NC2=C1C=C(C)C(C)=C2 ChemAxon formula C62H88CoN13O14P ChemAxon inchi InChI=1S/C62H90N13O14P.Co/c1-29-20-39-40(21-30(29)2)75(28-70-39)57-52(84)53(41(27-76)87-57)89-90(85,86)88-31(3)26-69-49(83)18-19-59(8)37(22-46(66)80)56-62(11)61(10,25-48(68)82)36(14-17-45(65)79)51(74-62)33(5)55-60(9,24-47(67)81)34(12-15-43(63)77)38(71-55)23-42-58(6,7)35(13-16-44(64)78)50(72-42)32(4)54(59)73-56;/h20-21,23,28,31,34-37,41,52-53,56-57,76,84H,12-19,22,24-27H2,1-11H3,(H15,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,71,72,73,74,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,85,86);/q;+3/p-2 ChemAxon inchikey NSLAUEAQDBERRV-UHFFFAOYSA-L ChemAxon polar_surface_area 479.79 ChemAxon refractivity 430.84 ChemAxon polarizability 134.49 ChemAxon rotatable_bond_count 26 ChemAxon acceptor_count 23 ChemAxon donor_count 15 ChemAxon physiological_charge 2 ChemAxon formal_charge 1 ChemAxon Specdb::MsMs 302392 Specdb::MsMs 302393 Specdb::MsMs 302394 Specdb::NmrOneD 297215 Specdb::NmrOneD 297216 Specdb::NmrOneD 297217 Specdb::NmrOneD 297218 Specdb::NmrOneD 297219 Specdb::NmrOneD 297220 Specdb::NmrOneD 297221 Specdb::NmrOneD 297222 Specdb::NmrOneD 297223 Specdb::NmrOneD 297224 Specdb::NmrOneD 297225 Specdb::NmrOneD 297226 Specdb::NmrOneD 297227 Specdb::NmrOneD 297228 Specdb::NmrOneD 297229 Specdb::NmrOneD 297230 Specdb::NmrOneD 297231 Specdb::NmrOneD 297232 Specdb::NmrOneD 297233 Specdb::NmrOneD 297234 HMDB02174 28911 #<Reference:0x000055ce31c2c068> #<Reference:0x000055ce31c2be60> #<Reference:0x000055ce31c2bca8> #<Reference:0x000055ce31c2baf0> #<Reference:0x000055ce31c2b938> #<Reference:0x000055ce31c2b780> #<Reference:0x000055ce31c2b5c8> #<Reference:0x000055ce31c2b410> #<Reference:0x000055ce31c2b258> #<Reference:0x000055ce31c2b0a0> #<Reference:0x000055ce31c2aee8> #<Reference:0x000055ce31c2ad30> #<Reference:0x000055ce31c2ab78> Adzuki bean Type 1 specific Vigna angularis 3914 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Agar Type 1 specific Eucheuma 31444 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Alfalfa Type 1 specific Medicago sativa 3879 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Allium Type 1 specific Allium 4678 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Almond Type 1 specific Prunus dulcis 3755 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Anatidae Type 1 specific Anatidae 8830 0.015749 0.054 0.00025 mg/100 g Anchovy Type 1 specific Engraulidae 43062 0.0035 0.0035 0.0035 mg/100 g Anguilliformes Type 1 specific Anguilliformes 7933 0.0051 0.0058 0.0044 mg/100 g Apple Type 1 specific Malus pumila 283210 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Apricot Type 1 specific Prunus armeniaca 36596 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Arabica coffee Type 1 specific Coffea arabica 13443 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Asparagus Type 1 specific Asparagus officinalis 4686 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Atlantic halibut Type 1 specific Hippoglossus hippoglossus 8267 0.000805 0.00096 0.00065 mg/100 g Atlantic wolffish Type 1 specific Anarhichas lupus 8204 0.0022 0.0022 0.0022 mg/100 g Avocado Type 1 specific Persea americana 3435 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Baby food Type 2 specific 0.00095 0.00095 0.00095 mg/100 g Bamboo shoots Type 1 specific Phyllostachys edulis 38705 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Barley Type 1 specific Hordeum vulgare 4513 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Beer Type 2 specific 0.002535 0.02 0.0 mg/100 g Bilberry Type 1 specific Vaccinium myrtillus 180763 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Biscuit Type 2 specific 0.000017 0.0001 0.0 mg/100 g Black salsify Type 1 specific Scorzonera hispanica 114289 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Black tea Type 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Black walnut Type 1 specific Juglans nigra 16719 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Blackcurrant Type 1 specific Ribes nigrum 78511 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Blue whiting Type 1 specific Micromesistius poutassou 81636 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Brazil nut Type 1 specific Bertholletia excelsa 3645 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Breakfast cereal Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Broccoli Type 1 specific Brassica oleracea var. italica 36774 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Brussel sprouts Type 1 specific Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera 178616 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Burbot Type 1 specific Lota lota 69944 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Butter Type 2 specific 0.000085 0.00017 0.0 mg/100 g Buttermilk Type 2 specific 0.000295 0.00034 0.00025 mg/100 g Carp bream Type 1 specific Abramis brama 38527 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Carrot Type 1 specific Daucus carota ssp. sativus 79200 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Casein Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Cashew nut Type 1 specific Anacardium occidentale 171929 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Cassava Type 1 specific Manihot esculenta 3983 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Catfish Type 1 specific Siluriformes 7995 0.0022 0.0022 0.0022 mg/100 g Cattle (Beef, Veal) Type 1 specific Bos taurus 9913 0.006659 0.11 0.0 mg/100 g Cauliflower Type 1 specific Brassica oleracea var. botrytis 3715 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Celeriac Type 1 specific Apium graveolens var. rapaceum 278110 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Celery leaves Type 1 specific Apium graveolens var. secalinum 941588 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Cetacea (Dolphin, Porpoise, Whale) Type 1 specific Cetacea 9721 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Chanterelle Type 1 specific Cantharellus cibarius 36066 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Charr Type 1 specific Salvelinus 8033 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Chayote Type 1 specific Sechium edule 184140 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Cheese Type 2 specific 0.001231 0.00165 0.0 mg/100 g Cherimoya Type 1 specific Annona cherimola 49314 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Chervil Type 1 specific Anthriscus cerefolium 40888 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Chestnut Type 1 specific Castanea 21019 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Chewing gum Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Chicken Type 1 specific Gallus gallus 9031 0.002484 0.023 0.00028 mg/100 g Chickpea Type 1 specific Cicer arietinum 3827 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Chicory Type 1 specific Cichorium intybus 13427 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Chinese cabbage Type 1 specific Brassica rapa 3711 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Chives Type 1 specific Allium schoenoprasum 74900 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Chocolate Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Chocolate spread Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Cinnamon Type 1 specific Cinnamomum 13428 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Clawed lobster Type 1 specific Nephropidae 6704 0.002433 0.0063 0.0005 mg/100 g Clupeinae (Herring, Sardine, Sprat) Type 1 specific Clupeinae 7948 0.005036 0.0115 0.0 mg/100 g Cocoa butter Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Cocoa powder Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Coconut Type 1 specific Cocos nucifera 13894 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Coffee Type 1 generic Coffea 13442 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Cold cut Type 2 specific 0.001388 0.002 0.00095 mg/100 g Columbidae (Dove, Pigeon) Type 1 specific Columbidae 8930 0.000435 0.00047 0.0004 mg/100 g Common bean Type 1 specific Phaseolus vulgaris 3885 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Common buckwheat Type 1 specific Fagopyrum esculentum 3617 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Common cabbage Type 1 specific Brassica oleracea 3712 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Common dab Type 1 specific Limanda limanda 27771 0.0015 0.0015 0.0015 mg/100 g Common ling Type 1 specific Molva molva 163112 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Common mushroom Type 1 specific Agaricus bisporus 5341 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Common octopus Type 1 specific Octopus vulgaris 6645 0.01 0.01 0.01 mg/100 g Common pea Type 1 specific Pisum sativum 3888 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Coriander Type 1 specific Coriandrum sativum 4047 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Corn Type 1 specific Zea mays 4577 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Cottonseed Type 1 specific Gossypium 3633 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Cow milk, pasteurized, vitamin A + D added, 0% fat Type 2 specific Cow milk, pasteurized, vitamin A + D added, 1% fat Type 2 specific Cow milk, pasteurized, vitamin A + D added, 2% fat Type 2 specific Cow milk, pasteurized, vitamin D added, 3.25% fat Type 2 specific Crab Type 1 specific Brachyura 6752 0.012333 0.0135 0.01 mg/100 g Cracker Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Crayfish Type 1 specific Astacidea 6712 0.0027 0.0027 0.0027 mg/100 g Cream Type 2 specific 0.000304 0.00044 0.00018 mg/100 g Crisp bread Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Cucumber Type 1 specific Cucumis sativus 3659 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Cucurbita Type 1 specific Cucurbita 3660 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Curry powder Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Daikon radish Type 1 specific Raphanus sativus var. longipinnatus 41679 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Dandelion Type 1 specific Taraxacum officinale 50225 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Date Type 1 specific Phoenix dactylifera 42345 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Dill Type 1 specific Anethum graveolens 40922 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Domestic pig Type 1 specific Sus scrofa domestica 9825 0.001624 0.04 0.0 mg/100 g Dragée Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Dried milk Type 2 specific 0.00364 0.00403 0.00325 mg/100 g Dumpling Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Eggplant Type 1 specific Solanum melongena 4111 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Eggs Unknown generic 0.002571 0.0054 0.0 mg/100 g Elderberry Type 1 specific Sambucus 4201 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Endive Type 1 specific Cichorium endivia 114280 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g European plum Type 1 specific Prunus domestica 3758 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Fennel Type 1 specific Foeniculum vulgare 48038 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Fig Type 1 specific Ficus carica 3494 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Fish oil Type 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Flatfish Type 1 specific Pleuronectiformes 8252 0.003 0.003 0.003 mg/100 g Flaxseed Type 1 specific Linum usitatissimum 4006 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g French plantain Type 1 specific Musa X paradisiaca 89151 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Fruit gum Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Fruit juice Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Fruit preserve Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Gadiformes Type 1 specific Gadiformes 8043 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Gadus (Common cod) Type 1 specific Gadus 8048 0.005519 0.022 0.0 mg/100 g Garden cress Type 1 specific Lepidium sativum 33125 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Garden rhubarb Type 1 specific Rheum rhabarbarum 3621 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Garden tomato Type 1 specific Solanum lycopersicum 4081 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Garfish Type 1 specific Belone belone 129037 0.0027 0.0027 0.0027 mg/100 g Garlic Type 1 specific Allium sativum 4682 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Gelatin Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Gelatin dessert Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Ginger Type 1 specific Zingiber officinale 94328 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Globe artichoke Type 1 specific Cynara scolymus 59895 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Gooseberry Type 1 specific Ribes uva-crispa 135518 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Grape Type 1 specific Vitis 3603 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Grape wine Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Grapefruit Type 1 specific Citrus X paradisi 37656 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Green bean Type 1 specific Phaseolus vulgaris 3885 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Green bell pepper Type 1 specific Capsicum annuum 4072 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Green tea Type 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Green zucchini Type 1 specific Cucurbita pepo var. cylindrica 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Greenland halibut/turbot Type 1 specific Reinhardtius hippoglossoides 111784 0.000867 0.001 0.0006 mg/100 g Groundcherry Type 1 specific Physalis 24663 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Guava Type 1 specific Psidium guajava 120290 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Haddock Type 1 specific Melanogrammus aeglefinus 8056 0.000333 0.001 0.0 mg/100 g Hard wheat Type 1 specific Triticum durum 4567 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Hazelnut Type 1 specific Corylus 13450 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Herbal tea Type 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Horseradish Type 1 specific Armoracia rusticana 3704 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Hot chocolate Type 2 specific 0.00007 0.00008 0.00005 mg/100 g Ice cream Type 2 specific 0.000177 0.00047 0.0 mg/100 g Italian sweet red pepper Type 1 specific Capsicum annuum 4072 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Jerusalem artichoke Type 1 specific Helianthus tuberosus 4233 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Kale Type 1 specific Brassica napus var. pabularia 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Kefir Type 2 specific 0.00018 0.00018 0.00018 mg/100 g Ketchup Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Kiwi Type 1 specific Actinidia chinensis 3625 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Kohlrabi Type 1 specific Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes 109379 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Kombu Type 1 specific Saccharina japonica 88149 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Kumquat Type 1 specific Fortunella 2706 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Lake trout Type 1 specific Salvelinus namaycush 8040 0.0047 0.0047 0.0047 mg/100 g Lard Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Leavening agent Type 2 specific 0.000125 0.0005 0.0 mg/100 g Leek Type 1 specific Allium porrum 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Lemon Type 1 specific Citrus limon 2708 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Lemon sole Type 1 specific Microstomus kitt 106175 0.0009 0.001 0.0008 mg/100 g Lentils Type 1 generic Lens culinaris 3864 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Lettuce Type 1 specific Lactuca sativa 4236 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Lichee Type 1 specific Litchi chinensis 151069 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Lime Type 1 specific Citrus aurantiifolia 159033 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Lingonberry Type 1 specific Vaccinium vitis-idaea 180772 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Liquor Type 2 specific 0.00001 0.00008 0.0 mg/100 g Liquorice Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Loganberry Type 1 specific Rubus loganobaccus 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Loquat Type 1 specific Eriobotrya japonica 32224 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Lumpsucker Type 1 specific Cyclopteridae 8101 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Malus (Crab apple) Type 1 specific Malus 3749 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Mandarin orange (Clementine, Tangerine) Type 1 specific Citrus reticulata 85571 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Mango Type 1 specific Mangifera indica 29780 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Margarine Type 2 specific 0.000073 0.0001 0.0 mg/100 g Margarine-like spread Type 2 specific 0.000092 0.000092 0.000092 mg/100 g Marine mussel Type 1 specific Mytilidae 6547 0.0102 0.0102 0.0102 mg/100 g Marshmallow Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Marzipan Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Meat bouillon Type 2 specific 0.00168 0.0067 0.0 mg/100 g Meatball Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Meringue Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Milk (Cow) Type 2 specific 0.00103 0.00867 0.00005 mg/100 g Milk (Human) Type 2 specific 0.000033 0.0001 0.0 mg/100 g Milk (Other mammals) Type 2 specific 0.00007 0.00007 0.00007 mg/100 g Millet Type 1 specific Panicum miliaceum 4540 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Miso Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Mountain hare Type 1 specific Lepus timidus 62621 0.001 0.001 0.001 mg/100 g Mung bean Type 1 specific Vigna radiata 157791 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Muskmelon Type 1 specific Cucumis melo 3656 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Mustard Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Nectarine Type 1 specific Prunus persica var. nucipersica 323851 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Northern pike Type 1 specific Esox lucius 8010 0.024 0.024 0.024 mg/100 g Norway haddock Type 1 specific Sebastes viviparus 394708 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Norway lobster Type 1 specific Nephrops norvegicus 6829 0.0009 0.0009 0.0009 mg/100 g Norway pout Type 1 specific Trisopterus esmarkii 80723 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Nutmeg Type 1 specific Myristica fragrans 51089 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Oat Type 1 specific Avena sativa 4498 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Oil palm Type 1 specific Elaeis 51952 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Okra Type 1 specific Abelmoschus esculentus 455045 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Olive Type 1 specific Olea europaea 4146 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Other alcoholic beverage Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Other animal fat Type 2 specific 0.00035 0.0007 0.0 mg/100 g Other bread Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Other bread product Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Other candy Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Other dish Type 2 specific 0.000533 0.0007 0.00038 mg/100 g Other fermented milk Type 2 specific 0.000165 0.00018 0.00015 mg/100 g Other fish product Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Other frozen dessert Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Other fruit product Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Other snack food Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Oyster mushroom Type 1 specific Pleurotus ostreatus 5322 0.0172 0.0172 0.0172 mg/100 g Pacific ocean perch Type 1 specific Sebastes alutus 72055 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Pak choy Type 1 specific Brassica rapa var. chinensis 93385 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Papaya Type 1 specific Carica papaya 3649 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Parsley Type 1 specific Petroselinum crispum 4043 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Parsnip Type 1 specific Pastinaca sativa 4041 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Passion fruit Type 1 specific Passiflora edulis 78168 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Pasta Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Pastry Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Pate Type 2 specific 0.0099 0.0099 0.0099 mg/100 g Peach Type 1 specific Prunus persica 3760 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Peanut Type 1 specific Arachis hypogaea 3818 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Pear Type 1 specific Pyrus communis 23211 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Pecan nut Type 1 specific Carya illinoinensis 32201 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Pepper Type 1 specific Capsicum annuum 4072 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Pepper (Spice) Type 1 specific Piper nigrum 13216 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Perciformes Type 1 specific Perciformes 8111 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Persimmon Type 1 specific Diospyros 13492 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Pikeperch Type 1 specific Sander lucioperca 283035 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Pine nut Type 1 specific Pinus 3337 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Pineapple Type 1 specific Ananas comosus 4615 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Pistachio Type 1 specific Pistacia vera 55513 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Pizza Type 2 specific 0.00029 0.00029 0.00029 mg/100 g Pleuronectidae (Dab, Halibut, Plaice) Type 1 specific Pleuronectidae 8256 0.00053 0.00159 0.0 mg/100 g Pollock Type 1 specific Pollachius 8059 0.000767 0.0013 0.0 mg/100 g Pomegranate Type 1 specific Punica granatum 22663 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Poppy Type 1 specific Papaver 3468 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Potato Type 1 specific Solanum tuberosum 4113 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Prickly pear Type 1 specific Opuntia 106975 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Prunus (Cherry, Plum) Type 1 specific Prunus 3754 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Quince Type 1 specific Cydonia oblonga 36610 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Rabbit Type 1 specific Leporidae 9979 0.01 0.01 0.01 mg/100 g Rainbow trout Type 1 specific Oncorhynchus mykiss 8022 0.004 0.005 0.003 mg/100 g Rape Type 1 specific Brassica napus var. napus 138011 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Red beetroot Type 1 specific Beta vulgaris var. rubra 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Red bell pepper Type 1 specific Capsicum annuum 4072 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Red tea Type 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Redcurrant Type 1 specific Ribes rubrum 175228 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Remoulade Type 2 specific 0.0011 0.0011 0.0011 mg/100 g Rice Type 1 specific Oryza sativa 4530 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Robusta coffee Type 1 specific Coffea canephora 49390 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Rock ptarmigan Type 1 specific Lagopus muta 64668 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Rose hip Type 1 specific Rosa 3764 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Rubus (Blackberry, Raspberry) Type 1 specific Rubus 23216 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Rye Type 1 specific Secale cereale 4550 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Rye bread Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Safflower Type 1 specific Carthamus tinctorius 4222 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Salad dressing Type 2 specific 0.000129 0.001 0.0 mg/100 g Salmonidae (Salmon, Trout) Type 1 specific Salmonidae 8015 0.00286 0.0062 0.0 mg/100 g Salt Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Sauce Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Sausage Type 2 specific 0.001413 0.011 0.0 mg/100 g Savoy cabbage Type 1 specific Brassica oleracea var. sabauda 1216010 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Scombridae (Bonito, Mackerel, Tuna) Type 1 specific Scombridae 8224 0.007998 0.00991 0.00598 mg/100 g Semolina Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Sesame Type 1 specific Sesamum orientale 4182 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Sheep (Mutton, Lamb) Type 1 specific Ovis aries 9940 0.0014 0.0032 0.001 mg/100 g Sherry Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Shrimp Type 1 specific Caridea 6694 0.001733 0.0025 0.001 mg/100 g Snail Type 1 specific Gastropoda 6448 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Soft drink Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Sorrel Type 1 specific Rumex acetosa 41241 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Soup Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Soy bean Type 1 specific Glycine max 3847 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Soy milk Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Soy sauce Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Spinach Type 1 specific Spinacia oleracea 3562 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Spiny dogfish Type 1 specific Squalus acanthias 7797 0.0018 0.0018 0.0018 mg/100 g Spirit Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Star fruit Type 1 specific Averrhoa carambola 28974 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Strawberry Type 1 specific Fragaria X ananassa 3747 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Sturgeon Type 1 specific Acipenseridae 7900 0.00885 0.0177 0.0 mg/100 g Sugar Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Sugar substitute Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Sunburst squash (pattypan squash) Type 1 specific Cucurbita pepo var. clypeata 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Sunflower Type 1 specific Helianthus annuus 4232 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Swede Type 1 specific Brassica napus 3708 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Sweet orange Type 1 specific Citrus sinensis 2711 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Sweet potato Type 1 specific Ipomoea batatas 4120 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Swiss chard Type 1 specific Beta vulgaris ssp. cicla 1527200 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Syrup Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Tallow Type 2 specific 0.002667 0.005 0.0 mg/100 g Tamarind Type 1 specific Tamarindus indica 58860 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Tea Type 1 specific Camellia sinensis 4442 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Thistle Type 1 specific Cirsium 41549 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Thunnus Type 1 specific Thunnus 8234 0.003005 0.0048 0.0022 mg/100 g Toffee Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Tofu Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g True frog Type 1 specific Ranidae 8397 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g True seal Type 1 specific Phocidae 9709 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Turbot Type 1 specific Scophthalmus maximus 52904 0.0008 0.0008 0.0008 mg/100 g Turkey Type 1 specific Meleagris gallopavo 9103 0.001388 0.002 0.00095 mg/100 g Turnip Type 1 specific Brassica rapa var. rapa 51350 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Unclassified food or beverage Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Vaccinium (Blueberry, Cranberry, Huckleberry) Type 1 specific Vaccinium 13749 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Vegetable juice Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Vermouth Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Walnut Type 1 specific Juglans 16718 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Water Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Watercress Type 1 specific Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum 135518 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Watermelon Type 1 specific Citrullus lanatus 3654 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Wheat Type 1 specific Triticum 4564 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Wheat bread Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Whey Type 2 specific 0.001007 0.00237 0.00028 mg/100 g Whisky Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g White bread Type 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Whitefish Type 1 specific Coregonus 27772 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Whiting Type 1 specific Merlangius merlangus 8058 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Wild celery Type 1 specific Apium graveolens 4045 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Yam Type 1 specific Dioscorea 4672 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Yellow bell pepper Type 1 specific Capsicum annuum 4072 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Yellow wax bean Type 1 specific Phaseolus vulgaris 3885 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Ymer Type 2 specific 0.000635 0.00069 0.00058 mg/100 g Yogurt Type 2 specific 0.000147 0.0003 0.0 mg/100 g Methylmalonic aciduria type A protein, mitochondrial Q8IVH4 MMAA Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase, mitochondrial P22033 MUT