1.0 2011-09-21 01:31:03 UTC 2015-07-21 06:59:15 UTC FDB027859 Galactosylceramide (d18:1/18:0) GGalactosylceramide (GalCer) is a non-acidic monoglycosphingolipid, i.e. a sphingolipid with one carbohydrate moiety attached to a ceramide unit. It is an intermediate in sphingolipid metabolism and is the second to last step in the synthesis of digalactosylceramidesulfate. GalCer is generated from ceramide via the enzyme UDP-galactose ceramide galactosyltransferase [EC:2.4.1.47]. It can be converted to digalactosylceramide via the enzyme glycosyltransferases [EC 2.4.1.-]. Galactosylceramide is the principal glycosphingolipid in brain tissue, hence the trivial name "cerebroside", which was first conferred on it in 1874. Galactosylceramides are found in all nervous tissues, but they can amount to 2% of the dry weight of grey matter and 12% of white matter. They are major constituents of oligodendrocytes. Synthesis of galactosylceramide takes place on the lumenal surface of the endoplasmic reticulum, although it has free access to the cytosolic surface by an energy-independent flip-flop process. GalCer sits in the extracellular leaflet of cell membranes in nanometer sized domains or rafts. The local clustering of GalCer within rafts is thought to facilitate the initial adhesion of certain viruses, including HIV-1 and bacteria to cells through multivalent interactions between receptor proteins and GalCer. A defect in the degradation of cerbrosides leads to a disorder called Krabbe disease. Krabbe disease (also known as globoid cell leukodystrophy or galactosylceramide lipidosis) is a rare, often fatal degenerative disorder that affects the myelin sheath of the nervous system. Krabbe disease is caused by mutations in the GALC gene, which causes a deficiency of galactosylceramidase. Infants with Krabbe disease are normal at birth. Symptoms begin between the ages of 3 and 6 months with irritability, fevers, limb stiffness, seizures, feeding difficulties, vomiting, and slowing of mental and motor development. There are also juvenile- and adult-onset cases of Krabbe disease, which have similar symptoms but slower progression. In infants, the disease is generally fatal before age 2. Patients with late-onset Krabbe disease tend to have a slower progression of the disease and live significantly longer. Cerebrosides are glycosphingolipids. There are four types of glycosphingolipids, the cerebrosides, sulfatides, globosides and gangliosides. Cerebrosides have a single sugar group linked to ceramide. The most common are galactocerebrosides (containing galactose), the least common are glucocerebrosides (containing glucose). Galactocerebrosides are found predominantly in neuronal cell membranes. In contrast glucocerebrosides are not normally found in membranes. Instead, they are typically intermediates in the synthesis or degradation of more complex glycosphingolipids. Galactocerebrosides are synthesized from ceramide and UDP-galactose. Excess lysosomal accumulation of glucocerebrosides is found in Gaucher disease. [HMDB] N-(octadecanoyl)-1-b-galactosyl-sphing-4-enine N-(octadecanoyl)-1-beta-galactosyl-sphing-4-enine C42H81NO8 728.0944 727.596218573 N-(3-hydroxy-1-{[(2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy}octadec-4-en-2-yl)octadecanamide N-(3-hydroxy-1-{[(2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy}octadec-4-en-2-yl)octadecanamide [H][C@]1(CO)O[C@@]([H])(OCC(NC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC)C(O)C=CCCCCCCCCCCCCC)[C@]([H])(O)[C@@]([H])(O)[C@@]1([H])O InChI=1S/C42H81NO8/c1-3-5-7-9-11-13-15-17-18-20-22-24-26-28-30-32-38(46)43-35(34-50-42-41(49)40(48)39(47)37(33-44)51-42)36(45)31-29-27-25-23-21-19-16-14-12-10-8-6-4-2/h29,31,35-37,39-42,44-45,47-49H,3-28,30,32-34H2,1-2H3,(H,43,46)/t35?,36?,37-,39+,40+,41-,42-/m1/s1 YMYQEDCYNANIPI-DLQUMWEOSA-N belongs to the class of organic compounds known as glycosyl-n-acylsphingosines. Glycosyl-N-acylsphingosines are compounds containing a sphingosine linked to a simple glucosyl moiety. Glycosyl-N-acylsphingosines Organic compounds Lipids and lipid-like molecules Sphingolipids Glycosphingolipids Aliphatic heteromonocyclic compounds Acetals Alkyl glycosides Carbonyl compounds Fatty acyl glycosides of mono- and disaccharides Hexoses Hydrocarbon derivatives N-acyl amines O-glycosyl compounds Organic oxides Organonitrogen compounds Organopnictogen compounds Oxacyclic compounds Oxanes Polyols Primary alcohols Secondary alcohols Secondary carboxylic acid amides Acetal Alcohol Aliphatic heteromonocyclic compound Alkyl glycoside Carbonyl group Carboxamide group Carboxylic acid derivative Fatty acyl Fatty acyl glycoside Fatty acyl glycoside of mono- or disaccharide Fatty amide Glycosyl compound Glycosyl-n-acylsphingosine Hexose monosaccharide Hydrocarbon derivative Monosaccharide N-acyl-amine O-glycosyl compound Organic nitrogen compound Organic oxide Organic oxygen compound Organoheterocyclic compound Organonitrogen compound Organooxygen compound Organopnictogen compound Oxacycle Oxane Polyol Primary alcohol Secondary alcohol Secondary carboxylic acid amide Solid logp 8.13 ALOGPS logs -6.00 ALOGPS solubility 7.23e-04 g/l ALOGPS logp 9.98 ChemAxon pka_strongest_acidic 12.18 ChemAxon pka_strongest_basic 0.019 ChemAxon iupac N-(3-hydroxy-1-{[(2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy}octadec-4-en-2-yl)octadecanamide ChemAxon average_mass 728.0944 ChemAxon mono_mass 727.596218573 ChemAxon smiles [H][C@]1(CO)O[C@@]([H])(OCC(NC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC)C(O)C=CCCCCCCCCCCCCC)[C@]([H])(O)[C@@]([H])(O)[C@@]1([H])O ChemAxon formula C42H81NO8 ChemAxon inchi InChI=1S/C42H81NO8/c1-3-5-7-9-11-13-15-17-18-20-22-24-26-28-30-32-38(46)43-35(34-50-42-41(49)40(48)39(47)37(33-44)51-42)36(45)31-29-27-25-23-21-19-16-14-12-10-8-6-4-2/h29,31,35-37,39-42,44-45,47-49H,3-28,30,32-34H2,1-2H3,(H,43,46)/t35?,36?,37-,39+,40+,41-,42-/m1/s1 ChemAxon inchikey YMYQEDCYNANIPI-DLQUMWEOSA-N ChemAxon polar_surface_area 148.71 ChemAxon refractivity 207.39 ChemAxon polarizability 92.8 ChemAxon rotatable_bond_count 35 ChemAxon acceptor_count 8 ChemAxon donor_count 6 ChemAxon physiological_charge 0 ChemAxon formal_charge 0 ChemAxon HMDB10709 #<Reference:0x000055ce30ddad70> #<Reference:0x000055ce30ddab40> #<Reference:0x000055ce30dda988> #<Reference:0x000055ce30dda780> #<Reference:0x000055ce30dda578> #<Reference:0x000055ce30dda398> #<Reference:0x000055ce30dda1e0> #<Reference:0x000055ce30dda000> #<Reference:0x000055ce30dd9dd0> #<Reference:0x000055ce30dd9bc8> #<Reference:0x000055ce30dd9a10> #<Reference:0x000055ce30dd9560> #<Reference:0x000055ce30dd8fc0> #<Reference:0x000055ce30dd8e08> Anatidae Type 1 specific Anatidae 8830 Beefalo Type 1 specific Bos taurus X Bison bison 297284 Bison Type 1 specific Bison bison 9901 Buffalo Type 1 specific Bubalus bubalis 89462 Cattle (Beef, Veal) Type 1 specific Bos taurus 9913 Chicken Type 1 specific Gallus gallus 9031 Columbidae (Dove, Pigeon) Type 1 specific Columbidae 8930 Deer Type 1 specific Cervidae 9850 Domestic goat Type 1 specific Capra aegagrus hircus 9925 Domestic pig Type 1 specific Sus scrofa domestica 9825 Elk Type 1 specific Cervus canadensis 1574408 Emu Type 1 specific Dromaius novaehollandiae 8790 European rabbit Type 1 specific Oryctolagus 9984 Greylag goose Type 1 specific Anser anser 8843 Guinea hen Type 1 specific Numida meleagris 8996 Horse Type 1 specific Equus caballus 9796 Mallard duck Type 1 specific Anas platyrhynchos 8839 Mountain hare Type 1 specific Lepus timidus 62621 Mule deer Type 1 specific Odocoileus 9871 Ostrich Type 1 specific Struthio camelus 8801 Pheasant Type 1 specific Phasianus colchicus 9054 Quail Type 1 specific Phasianidae 9005 Rabbit Type 1 specific Leporidae 9979 Rock ptarmigan Type 1 specific Lagopus muta 64668 Sheep (Mutton, Lamb) Type 1 specific Ovis aries 9940 Squab Type 1 specific Columba 8931 Turkey Type 1 specific Meleagris gallopavo 9103 Velvet duck Type 1 specific Melanitta fusca 371864 Wild boar Type 1 specific Sus scrofa 9823 2-hydroxyacylsphingosine 1-beta-galactosyltransferase Q16880 UGT8 Acid ceramidase Q13510 ASAH1 Alkaline ceramidase 1 Q8TDN7 ACER1 Alkaline ceramidase 2 Q5QJU3 ACER2 Alpha-galactosidase A P06280 GLA Antigen-presenting glycoprotein CD1d P15813 CD1D Beta-1,3-galactosyltransferase 5 Q9Y2C3 B3GALT5 Ceramide glucosyltransferase Q16739 UGCG Ceramide synthase 1 P27544 CERS1 Collagen type IV alpha-3-binding protein Q9Y5P4 COL4A3BP Epididymal secretory protein E1 P61916 NPC2 Galactocerebrosidase P54803 GALC Galactosylceramide sulfotransferase Q99999 GAL3ST1 Ganglioside GM2 activator P17900 GM2A Glucosylceramidase P04062 GBA GPI ethanolamine phosphate transferase 1 O95427 PIGN GPI ethanolamine phosphate transferase 2 Q5H8A4 PIGG GPI ethanolamine phosphate transferase 3 Q8TEQ8 PIGO GPI mannosyltransferase 1 Q9H3S5 PIGM GPI mannosyltransferase 2 Q9NUD9 PIGV GPI mannosyltransferase 3 Q92521 PIGB GPI mannosyltransferase 4 Q86VD9 PIGZ GPI transamidase component PIG-S Q96S52 PIGS GPI transamidase component PIG-T Q969N2 PIGT GPI-anchor transamidase Q92643 PIGK Lactosylceramide 1,3-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyltransferase Q9BYG0 B3GNT5 Lactosylceramide 4-alpha-galactosyltransferase Q9NPC4 A4GALT N-acetylglucosaminyl-phosphatidylinositol de-N-acetylase Q9Y2B2 PIGL Neutral ceramidase Q9NR71 ASAH2 Non-lysosomal glucosylceramidase Q9HCG7 GBA2 Phosphatidylinositol glycan anchor biosynthesis class U protein Q9H490 PIGU Phosphatidylinositol N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase subunit A P37287 PIGA Phosphatidylinositol N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase subunit C Q92535 PIGC Phosphatidylinositol N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase subunit H Q14442 PIGH Phosphatidylinositol N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase subunit P P57054 PIGP Phosphatidylinositol N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase subunit Q Q9BRB3 PIGQ Phosphatidylinositol N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase subunit Y Q3MUY2 PIGY Phosphatidylinositol-glycan biosynthesis class F protein Q07326 PIGF Phosphatidylinositol-glycan biosynthesis class W protein Q7Z7B1 PIGW Phosphatidylinositol-glycan biosynthesis class X protein Q8TBF5 PIGX Putative neutral ceramidase C P0C7U2 ASAH2C Sialidase-2 Q9Y3R4 NEU2 Sialidase-4 Q8WWR8 NEU4 Sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase P17405 SMPD1 T-cell surface glycoprotein CD1e, membrane-associated P15812 CD1E