Showing Compound Pyridoxine (FDB000574)

Record Information

Version

1.0

Creation date

2010-04-08 22:04:37 UTC

Update date

2020-09-17 15:41:38 UTC

Primary ID

FDB000574

Secondary Accession Numbers

Not Available

Chemical Information

FooDB Name

Pyridoxine

Description

Pyridoxine, also known as pyridoxol or vitamin B6, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyridoxines. These are pyridoxal derivatives in which the carbaldehyde group at position 2 of the pyridoxal moiety is replaced by a hydroxymethyl group. Pyridoxine is a very strong basic compound (based on its pKa). Pyridoxine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. Within humans, pyridoxine participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, pyridoxine can be converted into pyridoxal; which is catalyzed by the enzyme pyridoxine-5'-phosphate oxidase. In addition, pyridoxine can be converted into pyridoxine 5'-phosphate through its interaction with the enzyme pyridoxal kinase. In humans, pyridoxine is involved in vitamin B6 metabolism. Outside of the human body, Pyridoxine is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as common sages, tarragons, and summer savories and in a lower concentration in hushpuppies, alaska pollocks, and clupeinae (herring, sardine, sprat). Pyridoxine has also been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as ucuhuba, pikeperchs, whiskies, fruit gums, and ginsengs. This could make pyridoxine a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Pyridoxine is a potentially toxic compound.

CAS Number

65-23-6

Structure

MOL SDF PDB SMILES InChI

Synonyms

Synonym	Source
2-Methyl-3-hydroxy-4,5-dihydroxymethylpyridine	ChEBI
3-Hydroxy-4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridine	ChEBI
3-Hydroxy-4,5-dimethylol-alpha-picoline	ChEBI
5-Hydroxy-6-methyl-3,4-pyridinedimethanol	ChEBI
Pyridoxol	ChEBI
Vitamin b6	ChEBI
3-Hydroxy-4,5-dimethylol-a-picoline	Generator
3-Hydroxy-4,5-dimethylol-α-picoline	Generator
2-Methyl-3-hydroxy-4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)pyridine	HMDB
2-Methyl-3-hydroxy-4,5-di(hydroxymethyl)pyridine	HMDB
2-Methyl-4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-3-hydroxypyridine	HMDB
3-Hydroxy-2-picoline-4,5-dimethanol	HMDB
Adermine	HMDB
Gravidox	HMDB
Hydoxin	HMDB
Piridossina	HMDB
Piridoxina	HMDB
Pyridoxin	HMDB
Pyridoxinum	HMDB
Pyridoxolum	HMDB
Pyridoxol hydrochloride	HMDB
Rodex	HMDB
Pyridoxine hydrochloride	HMDB
2-methyl-3-hydroxy-4,5-dihydroxymethylpyridine	biospider
2-methyl-4,5-dimethylol-pyridin-3-ol	biospider
2-Picoline-4,5-dimethanol, 3-hydroxy-	biospider
3-hydroxy-2-Picoline-4,5-dimethanol	biospider
3,4-Pyridinedimethanol, 5-hydroxy-6-methyl-	biospider
4,5-Bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl-3-pyridinol	biospider
4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridine-3-ol	biospider
5-Hydroxy-6-methyl-3,4-pyridinedimethanol, 9CI	db_source
Aderoxine	biospider
Bezatin	biospider
Hexabetalin	biospider
Hexabion	biospider
Pirivitol	biospider
Pridoxine	biospider
Vitamin B6	manual
Vitamin B6, 8CI	db_source

Predicted Properties

Property	Value	Source
Water Solubility	16.1 g/L	ALOGPS
logP	-0.57	ALOGPS
logP	-0.95	ChemAxon
logS	-1	ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)	9.4	ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)	5.58	ChemAxon
Physiological Charge	0	ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count	4	ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count	3	ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area	73.58 Å²	ChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count	2	ChemAxon
Refractivity	44.11 m³·mol⁻¹	ChemAxon
Polarizability	17.11 Å³	ChemAxon
Number of Rings	1	ChemAxon
Bioavailability	Yes	ChemAxon
Rule of Five	Yes	ChemAxon
Ghose Filter	No	ChemAxon
Veber's Rule	No	ChemAxon
MDDR-like Rule	No	ChemAxon

Chemical Formula

C8H11NO3

IUPAC name

4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol

InChI Identifier

InChI=1S/C8H11NO3/c1-5-8(12)7(4-11)6(3-10)2-9-5/h2,10-12H,3-4H2,1H3

InChI Key

LXNHXLLTXMVWPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Isomeric SMILES

CC1=C(O)C(CO)=C(CO)C=N1

Average Molecular Weight

169.1778

Monoisotopic Molecular Weight

169.073893223

Classification

Description

Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyridoxines. These are pyridoxal derivatives in which the carbaldehyde group at position 2 of the pyridoxal moiety is replaced by a hydroxymethyl group.

Kingdom

Organic compounds

Super Class

Organoheterocyclic compounds

Class

Pyridines and derivatives

Sub Class

Pyridoxines

Direct Parent

Pyridoxines

Alternative Parents

Substituents

Pyridoxine
Methylpyridine
Hydroxypyridine
Heteroaromatic compound
Azacycle
Organic nitrogen compound
Organic oxygen compound
Organopnictogen compound
Hydrocarbon derivative
Aromatic alcohol
Primary alcohol
Organooxygen compound
Organonitrogen compound
Alcohol
Aromatic heteromonocyclic compound

Molecular Framework

Aromatic heteromonocyclic compounds

External Descriptors

monohydroxypyridine (CHEBI:16709 )
methylpyridines (CHEBI:16709 )
vitamin B6 (CHEBI:16709 )
hydroxymethylpyridine (CHEBI:16709 )
Water-soluble vitamins (C00314 )
a vitamin B6 (PYRIDOXINE )

Ontology

Physiological effect

Health effect:

Health condition:

Homozygous sickle cell disease

Gastrointestinal disorders:

Diarrhea

Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders:

Muscle weakness

Intramuscular

Source:

Synthetic:

Personal care product

Biological:

Animal

Plant:

Biological location:

Organ and components:

Liver

Cell and elements:

Extracellular

Biofluid and excreta:

Role

Industrial application:

Pharmaceutical industry:

Pharmaceutical

Physico-Chemical Properties

Physico-Chemical Properties - Experimental

Property	Value	Reference
Physical state	Solid
Physical Description	Not Available
Mass Composition	C 56.80%; H 6.55%; N 8.28%; O 28.37%	DFC
Melting Point	Mp 160°	DFC
Boiling Point	Not Available
Experimental Water Solubility	Not Available
Experimental logP	-0.77	SANGSTER (1993)
Experimental pKa	pKa2 8.96 (25°, 0.15M NaCl)	DFC
Isoelectric point	Not Available
Charge	0
Optical Rotation	Not Available
Spectroscopic UV Data	Not Available
Density	Not Available
Refractive Index	Not Available

Spectra

EI-MS/GC-MS

Type	Description	Splash Key	View
EI-MS	Mass Spectrum (Electron Ionization)	splash10-1003-6900000000-1237eaf82dfadfd54d4b	2014-09-20	View Spectrum
GC-MS	Pyridoxine, 3 TMS, GC-MS Spectrum	splash10-000t-0940000000-30b4702623a6d8fcb4bb	Spectrum
GC-MS	Pyridoxine, non-derivatized, GC-MS Spectrum	splash10-001j-0690000000-0581e2b42fa48c1ea498	Spectrum
GC-MS	Pyridoxine, 3 TMS, GC-MS Spectrum	splash10-00di-9330000000-32929ff06762b9f5887f	Spectrum
GC-MS	Pyridoxine, 3 TMS, GC-MS Spectrum	splash10-001i-0490000000-34a09ddbbb462aeb02a6	Spectrum
GC-MS	Pyridoxine, non-derivatized, GC-MS Spectrum	splash10-0f6x-9400000000-486db54a30b61c2eb9d4	Spectrum
GC-MS	Pyridoxine, non-derivatized, GC-MS Spectrum	splash10-000t-0940000000-30b4702623a6d8fcb4bb	Spectrum
GC-MS	Pyridoxine, non-derivatized, GC-MS Spectrum	splash10-001j-0690000000-0581e2b42fa48c1ea498	Spectrum
GC-MS	Pyridoxine, non-derivatized, GC-MS Spectrum	splash10-00di-9330000000-32929ff06762b9f5887f	Spectrum
GC-MS	Pyridoxine, non-derivatized, GC-MS Spectrum	splash10-001i-0490000000-34a09ddbbb462aeb02a6	Spectrum
GC-MS	Pyridoxine, non-derivatized, GC-MS Spectrum	splash10-001j-0790000000-6f8f6e679e03f9119a65	Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Pyridoxine, non-derivatized, Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - 70eV, Positive	splash10-0f79-0900000000-0f727b3e23c2481951e8	Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Pyridoxine, 3 TMS, Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - 70eV, Positive	splash10-00di-7079000000-2f143e187cb8c078f936	Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Pyridoxine, non-derivatized, Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Pyridoxine, non-derivatized, Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Pyridoxine, TMS_1_1, Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Pyridoxine, TMS_1_2, Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Pyridoxine, TMS_1_3, Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Pyridoxine, TMS_2_1, Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Pyridoxine, TMS_2_2, Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Pyridoxine, TMS_2_3, Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Pyridoxine, TBDMS_1_1, Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Pyridoxine, TBDMS_1_2, Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Pyridoxine, TBDMS_1_3, Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Pyridoxine, TBDMS_2_1, Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Pyridoxine, TBDMS_2_2, Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	Spectrum

MS/MS

Type	Description	Splash Key	View
MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 10V, Positive (Annotated)	splash10-0vi0-0900000000-bd0de86c072765a5caad	2012-07-24	View Spectrum
MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 25V, Positive (Annotated)	splash10-001i-3900000000-2018b406a3c75213b733	2012-07-24	View Spectrum
MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 40V, Positive (Annotated)	splash10-0059-9200000000-e69bb531deb2a103a476	2012-07-24	View Spectrum
MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - EI-B (HITACHI M-80) , Positive	splash10-0f6x-9400000000-77c43a946c4ae1abf3b9	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 10V, Negative	splash10-014i-0900000000-479d4492cc8d634fa366	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 20V, Negative	splash10-0udi-0900000000-486d6a4e5e1a731b7c54	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 30V, Negative	splash10-05fr-0900000000-4ef09ce9c04561a1085e	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 40V, Negative	splash10-0ab9-1900000000-3298adf6db36689d5d43	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 50V, Negative	splash10-0a6r-7900000000-6711954ee96f08344434	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 10V, Positive	splash10-00di-0900000000-234e90d43a7febd7a098	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 20V, Positive	splash10-0udi-0900000000-137080765c0035b45258	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 30V, Positive	splash10-001i-0900000000-882ee900a8bba08e2c7c	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 40V, Positive	splash10-003r-8900000000-e0e11797b63cea991d81	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 50V, Positive	splash10-0059-9100000000-c25384179219411af02c	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF (UPLC Q-Tof Premier, Waters) , Positive	splash10-0ue9-0900000000-c0e149ce890192397b7f	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF (UPLC Q-Tof Premier, Waters) , Negative	splash10-0v4i-0900000000-f9f378af3d47ab006806	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , negative	splash10-014i-0900000000-479d4492cc8d634fa366	2017-09-14	View Spectrum
MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , negative	splash10-0udi-0900000000-486d6a4e5e1a731b7c54	2017-09-14	View Spectrum
MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , negative	splash10-05fr-0900000000-4ef09ce9c04561a1085e	2017-09-14	View Spectrum
Predicted MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive	splash10-0uk9-0900000000-eab5b3411261744df750	2015-05-26	View Spectrum
Predicted MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive	splash10-0ue9-0900000000-cc4dc8719602182ef1eb	2015-05-26	View Spectrum
Predicted MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive	splash10-001i-5900000000-1c2637733578fcdd7c6a	2015-05-26	View Spectrum
Predicted MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative	splash10-014i-0900000000-e89cc69d8b21012ff982	2015-05-27	View Spectrum
Predicted MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative	splash10-059i-0900000000-0ad8d09e042015cb2e33	2015-05-27	View Spectrum
Predicted MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative	splash10-0a4i-9500000000-577a3d87899ca47d539f	2015-05-27	View Spectrum

NMR

Type	Description	View
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, H₂O, experimental)	Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, D₂O, experimental)	Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, D₂O, experimental)	Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, D₂O, predicted)	Spectrum
2D NMR	[¹H, ¹H]-TOCSY. Unexported temporarily by An Chi on Oct 15, 2021 until json or nmrML file is generated. 2D NMR Spectrum (experimental)	Spectrum
2D NMR	[¹H, ¹³C]-HSQC NMR Spectrum (2D, 600 MHz, H₂O, experimental)	Spectrum

External Links

ChemSpider ID

ChEMBL ID

KEGG Compound ID

Pubchem Compound ID

Pubchem Substance ID

Not Available

ChEBI ID

16709

Phenol-Explorer ID

Not Available

DrugBank ID

DB00165

HMDB ID

HMDB00239

CRC / DFC (Dictionary of Food Compounds) ID

BDV40-Q:BDV40-Q

EAFUS ID

3262

Dr. Duke ID

VITAMIN-B-6|VIT-B-6|PYRIDOXINE

BIGG ID

34590

KNApSAcK ID

Not Available

HET ID

Not Available

Food Biomarker Ontology

Not Available

VMH ID

Not Available

Flavornet ID

Not Available

GoodScent ID

Not Available

SuperScent ID

Not Available

Wikipedia ID

Pyridoxine

Phenol-Explorer Metabolite ID

Not Available

Duplicate IDS

Not Available

Old DFC IDS

Not Available

Associated Foods

Food	Content Range	Average	Reference
Food			Reference

Biological Effects and Interactions

Health Effects / Bioactivities

Descriptor	ID	Definition	Reference
Analgesic	35480	An agent that relieves pain by reducing or blocking pain signals in the brain, commonly used to manage acute or chronic pain, inflammation, and fever, with therapeutic applications in surgery, injury, and disease treatment.	DUKE
Anti-acne	50177	An agent that reduces acne symptoms, commonly used in managing acne vulgaris by minimizing oil production, preventing clogged pores, and decreasing bacterial growth, thereby reducing inflammation and promoting healthy skin.	DUKE
Anti-aggregant		An agent that prevents platelet aggregation, reducing blood clot formation. Its biological role is to inhibit platelet activation, and its therapeutic applications include preventing thrombosis and stroke. Key medical uses include treating cardiovascular diseases, such as myocardial infarction and atrial fibrillation, and managing conditions that increase the risk of blood clots.	DUKE
Anti-anemic	52217	An agent that treats or prevents anemia by increasing red blood cell production or enhancing iron utilization, commonly used to manage iron-deficiency anemia, vitamin deficiency anemia, and other blood disorders, promoting healthy oxygen delivery to tissues and organs.	DUKE
Anti-asthmatic	49167	An agent that relieves bronchospasm and inflammation, commonly used to manage asthma symptoms, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and other respiratory disorders, improving lung function and overall respiratory health.	DUKE
Anti-atherosclerotic	38070	An agent that prevents or slows the formation of atherosclerosis, a condition characterized by plaque buildup in arteries. It reduces inflammation, improves lipid profiles, and inhibits platelet aggregation, commonly used to manage cardiovascular diseases, such as coronary artery disease, and prevent heart attacks and strokes.	DUKE
Anti-autistic	52217	An agent that aims to alleviate symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), with potential therapeutic applications in managing social interaction, communication, and behavioral challenges. Key medical uses include reducing repetitive behaviors and improving cognitive function, although its effectiveness and biological role are still being researched.	DUKE
Anti carpal-tunnel		An agent that alleviates carpal-tunnel syndrome symptoms, such as inflammation and pain, by reducing pressure on the median nerve, commonly used in therapeutic applications including cortisone injections to relieve wrist discomfort.	DUKE
Anti cheilitic		An agent that treats cheilitis, reducing inflammation and discomfort. Examples include corticosteroids and anti-inflammatory agents, commonly used to manage cheilitis symptoms and promote healing.	DUKE
Anti depressant	52217	An agent that regulates mood, reducing symptoms of depression and anxiety by altering neurotransmitter levels in the brain, commonly used in managing depression, anxiety disorders, and other mood disorders.	DUKE
Anti dermatitic	50177	An agent that reduces skin inflammation and irritation, commonly used to treat dermatitis, eczema, and other skin disorders, providing relief from itching, redness, and swelling.	DUKE
Anti-diabetic	52217	An agent that regulates blood sugar levels, enhancing insulin sensitivity or secretion. Therapeutically, it's used to manage diabetes, reducing symptoms and complications, and commonly prescribed to treat type 1 and 2 diabetes, as well as gestational diabetes.	DUKE
Antidote	50247	An agent that counteracts a poison or toxin, neutralizing its harmful effects. It plays a biological role in reversing toxicity, and has therapeutic applications in treating poisoning, overdose, and envenomation. Key medical uses include emergency treatment for snake bites, drug overdose, and chemical exposure.	DUKE
Anti dyskinetic		An agent that relieves or prevents dyskinesia, improving voluntary movement. It plays a biological role in regulating motor function, and has therapeutic applications in managing Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and other movement disorders, reducing involuntary movements and improving motor control.	DUKE
Anti emetic	50919	An agent that prevents or alleviates nausea and vomiting, playing a crucial role in managing chemotherapy-induced, motion-induced, and post-operative nausea. Therapeutically, it helps reduce discomfort and prevent dehydration, commonly used in oncology, gastroenterology, and anesthesia.	DUKE
Anti epileptic	52217	An agent that reduces seizure frequency and severity, commonly used in managing epilepsy, seizure disorders, and neuropathic pain. It stabilizes neuronal membranes, modulates neurotransmitter release, and inhibits abnormal electrical activity in the brain, providing therapeutic relief from convulsions and seizures.	DUKE
Anti-glossitic		An agent that relieves inflammation of the tongue, or glossitis, playing a role in reducing pain and discomfort. Therapeutically, it is used to treat tongue inflammation, often caused by nutritional deficiencies or infections. Key medical uses include managing glossitis symptoms, promoting oral health, and improving quality of life for patients with tongue inflammation.	DUKE
Anti homocystinuric		An agent that detects abnormal accumulation of homocysteine and its metabolites, used to diagnose homocystinuria, a condition associated with cardiovascular and neurological disorders.	DUKE
Anti-hyperkinetic		An agent that reduces excessive muscular activity, treating abnormal movements, such as tremors, tics, and chorea, with therapeutic applications in managing neurological disorders like Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and dystonia.	DUKE
Anti-hyperventilation	52217	An agent that reduces rapid breathing, helping to increase carbon dioxide levels in the blood. It plays a biological role in regulating breathing patterns, and has therapeutic applications in managing hyperventilation syndrome, anxiety disorders, and panic attacks, as well as key medical uses in emergency medicine and respiratory therapy.	DUKE
Anti-infertility	52217	An agent that enhances reproductive health, promoting fertility and conception. Its biological role involves regulating hormonal balance and improving reproductive function. Therapeutically, it is used to treat infertility disorders, with key medical applications in assisted reproduction, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and unexplained infertility.	DUKE
Anti-lithic		An agent that prevents the formation of calculi (kidney stones) or promotes their dissolution, playing a key role in urology. Its therapeutic applications include managing kidney stone disease, nephrolithiasis, and urinary tract disorders, helping to alleviate pain and prevent complications.	DUKE
Anti morning sickness	52217	An agent that alleviates nausea and vomiting, particularly during pregnancy. Its biological role is to regulate digestive system function and balance neurotransmitters. Therapeutically, it is used to manage hyperemesis gravidarum and morning sickness, improving quality of life for pregnant women. Key medical uses include preventing dehydration and nutrient deficiencies.	DUKE
Anti monosodium-glutamate-sensitivity		An agent that reduces adverse reactions to monosodium glutamate (MSG), a flavor enhancer. It alleviates symptoms such as headaches, nausea, and allergic reactions, commonly used in managing MSG sensitivity and related conditions, like Chinese Restaurant Syndrome.	DUKE
Anti nephritic	52217	An agent that reduces kidney inflammation, commonly used to manage nephritis and other kidney disorders, helping to prevent kidney damage and promote renal health.	DUKE
Anti neuritic	52217	An agent that protects nerve tissue, reducing inflammation and promoting nerve regeneration. It plays a biological role in maintaining nerve health and has therapeutic applications in treating conditions such as neuritis, neuralgia, and neuropathy, with key medical uses including pain management and nerve damage repair.	DUKE
Anti neuropathic		An agent that relieves symptoms such as pain, numbness, and tingling caused by damage or disease affecting the somatosensory nervous system, commonly used in managing conditions like diabetes, shingles, and nerve injuries.	DUKE
Anti-oxaluric		An agent that inhibits oxalate production or absorption, reducing urinary oxalate levels. It plays a biological role in preventing kidney stone formation. Therapeutically, it is used to manage hyperoxaluria, a condition characterized by excessive oxalate in the urine, and is a key medical treatment for preventing kidney stone recurrence.	DUKE
Anti-Parkinsonian	48407	An agent that alleviates symptoms of Parkinson's disease, enhancing dopamine levels and improving motor function, commonly used to manage tremors, rigidity, and bradykinesia in neurodegenerative disorders.	DUKE
Anti premenstrual syndrome	52217	An agent that alleviates symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (PMS), reducing physical and emotional discomfort. Its biological role involves regulating hormonal fluctuations, and its therapeutic applications include managing mood swings, bloating, and breast tenderness. Key medical uses include treating PMS, premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), and other menstrual-related disorders.	DUKE
Anti prolactin		An agent that inhibits prolactin production, a hormone regulating lactation and reproductive processes. Therapeutically, it's used to treat hyperprolactinemia, prolactinomas, and associated disorders, such as galactorrhea, infertility, and menstrual irregularities.	DUKE
Anti-radiation		An agent that repairs DNA damage caused by radiation exposure, playing a biological role in protecting cells. It has therapeutic applications in reducing radiation-induced side effects and key medical uses in cancer treatment, radiation poisoning, and space exploration.	DUKE
Anti-schizophrenic	52217	An agent that reduces psychotic symptoms, commonly used in managing schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders, by modulating dopamine and serotonin levels in the brain, thereby alleviating hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thinking.	DUKE
Anti-seborrheic	52217	An agent that reduces seborrheic dermatitis symptoms, commonly used in managing scalp and skin conditions, such as dandruff, itching, and flaking, by inhibiting fungal growth and inflammation.	DUKE
Anti-sickling		An agent that prevents sickling of red blood cells, used to treat sickle cell anemia by reducing hemoglobin polymerization and improving blood flow, thereby alleviating associated pain and complications.	DUKE
Anti-spasmodic	52217	An agent that relaxes smooth muscle, reducing muscle spasms and cramps. It plays a biological role in regulating muscle tone and is therapeutically applied to treat conditions such as irritable bowel syndrome, menstrual cramps, and muscle spasms, providing relief from abdominal pain and discomfort.	DUKE
Anti TMJ		An agent that relieves inflammation and pain in temporomandibular joint and muscle disorders, affecting the chewing muscles and joints connecting the lower jaw to the skull, used to treat TMJ syndrome, jaw pain, and lockjaw.	DUKE
Anti ulcer	49201	An agent that reduces stomach acid and protects the mucous lining, preventing ulcer formation. It is used to treat conditions like gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcers, and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, promoting healing and relieving symptoms.	DUKE
Anti vertigo	52217	An agent that alleviates vertigo symptoms, commonly used in managing balance disorders, inner ear conditions, and motion sickness, by regulating vestibular function and stabilizing inner ear balance.	DUKE
Dopaminergic	48560	An agent that stimulates or regulates dopamine activity, playing a key role in movement, motivation, and reward processing. Therapeutically, dopaminergic agents are used to manage Parkinson's disease, restless leg syndrome, and certain psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia and depression.	DUKE
Neurotoxic	50910	A substance that damages or destroys nerve cells, disrupting normal brain function. It has no therapeutic applications, but is used in research to study neurodegenerative diseases. Key medical uses include understanding and developing treatments for conditions like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, where neurotoxicity plays a role.	DUKE
Progesteronigenic		An agent that stimulates progesterone production, regulating menstrual cycles, pregnancy, and embryogenesis. Therapeutically, it's used to treat menstrual disorders, infertility, and pregnancy-related issues, such as preventing miscarriage and supporting embryonic development.	DUKE