Record Information
Version1.0
Creation date2010-04-08 22:04:39 UTC
Update date2020-09-17 15:33:11 UTC
Primary IDFDB000633
Secondary Accession NumbersNot Available
Chemical Information
FooDB NameKaempferol
DescriptionKaempferol, also known as rhamnolutein or c.i. 75640, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as flavonols. Flavonols are compounds that contain a flavone (2-phenyl-1-benzopyran-4-one) backbone carrying a hydroxyl group at the 3-position. Thus, kaempferol is a flavonoid lipid molecule. Kaempferol is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble in water, and relatively neutral. Kaempferol is a bitter tasting compound. It is very widespread in the plant world and is found in Brassicaceae, Apocynaceae, Dilleniaceae, Ranunculaceae and Leguminosae. It is detected in apples, tomatoes, green tea, potatoes, onions, brussels sprouts, squash, cucumbers, lettuce, green beans, peaches, blackberries, raspberries, spinach, grapes, broccoli, capers, chives, kale, garden cress, fennel, lovage, dill weed and tarragon (PMID: 21428901). Kaempferol is a biomarker for the consumption of dried and cooked beans. Many glycosides of kaempferol, such as kaempferitrin and astragalin, have been isolated as natural products from plants. Kaempferol consumption in tea and broccoli has been associated with reduced risk of heart disease. Kaempferol has numerous protective properties and has been used to treat intervertebral disc degeneration and colitis, post-menopausal bone loss, acute lung injury and has beneficial effects against cancer, liver injury, obesity and diabetes, and inhibits vascular endothelial inflammation. These treatments and protective properties of kaempferol and the potential mechanisms that kaempferol exerts these effects are part of this review ( PMID: 31572524).
CAS Number520-18-3
Structure
Thumb
Synonyms
SynonymSource
3,4',5,7-TetrahydroxyflavoneChEBI
4H-1-Benzopyran-4-one, 3,5,7-trihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5,7,4'-trihydroxyflavonolChEBI
5,7,4'-TrihydroxyflavonolChEBI
C.I. 75640ChEBI
CampherolChEBI
Indigo yellowChEBI
KaempherolChEBI
KampherolChEBI
KempferolChEBI
NimbecetinChEBI
PelargidenolonChEBI
PopulnetinChEBI
RhamnoluteinChEBI
RhamnolutinChEBI
RobigeninChEBI
SwartziolChEBI
TrifolitinChEBI
3,5,7-Trihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-oneKegg
3,4',5,7-Tetrahydroxy-flavone (7ci,8ci)HMDB
3,5,7-Trihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4H-chromen-4-oneHMDB
KampferolHMDB
3,4’,5,7-TetrahydroxyflavonePhytoBank
3,5,7,4'-TetrahydroxyflavonePhytoBank
3,5,7,4’-TetrahydroxyflavonePhytoBank
3'-DeoxyquercetinPhytoBank
3’-DeoxyquercetinPhytoBank
5,7,4’-TrihydroxyflavonolPhytoBank
KaemferolPhytoBank
KaempferolPhytoBank
KampcetinPhytoBank
PelargidenonPhytoBank
3,5,7-Trihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one, 9CIdb_source
3,5,7-Trihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)chromen-4-onebiospider
4',5,7-Trihydroxyflavonoldb_source
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility0.18 g/LALOGPS
logP1.99ALOGPS
logP2.46ChemAxon
logS-3.2ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)6.38ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)-3.9ChemAxon
Physiological Charge-1ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count6ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count4ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area107.22 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count1ChemAxon
Refractivity74.88 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability27.59 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings3ChemAxon
BioavailabilityYesChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterYesChemAxon
Veber's RuleNoChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemAxon
Chemical FormulaC15H10O6
IUPAC name3,5,7-trihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4H-chromen-4-one
InChI IdentifierInChI=1S/C15H10O6/c16-8-3-1-7(2-4-8)15-14(20)13(19)12-10(18)5-9(17)6-11(12)21-15/h1-6,16-18,20H
InChI KeyIYRMWMYZSQPJKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Isomeric SMILESOC1=CC=C(C=C1)C1=C(O)C(=O)C2=C(O1)C=C(O)C=C2O
Average Molecular Weight286.2363
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight286.047738052
Classification
Description Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as flavonols. Flavonols are compounds that contain a flavone (2-phenyl-1-benzopyran-4-one) backbone carrying a hydroxyl group at the 3-position.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassPhenylpropanoids and polyketides
ClassFlavonoids
Sub ClassFlavones
Direct ParentFlavonols
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • 3-hydroxyflavone
  • 3-hydroxyflavonoid
  • 4'-hydroxyflavonoid
  • 5-hydroxyflavonoid
  • 7-hydroxyflavonoid
  • Hydroxyflavonoid
  • Chromone
  • Benzopyran
  • 1-benzopyran
  • 1-hydroxy-4-unsubstituted benzenoid
  • 1-hydroxy-2-unsubstituted benzenoid
  • Phenol
  • Pyranone
  • Monocyclic benzene moiety
  • Pyran
  • Benzenoid
  • Heteroaromatic compound
  • Vinylogous acid
  • Polyol
  • Organoheterocyclic compound
  • Oxacycle
  • Organic oxygen compound
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Organic oxide
  • Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAromatic heteropolycyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Ontology
Disposition

Route of exposure:

Source:

Biological location:

Role

Industrial application:

Foods
  • Cocoa and cocoa products
  • Grains:

    Nuts and legumes:

    Fruits and vegetables:

    Fats and oils:

    Beverages:

    Physico-Chemical Properties
    Physico-Chemical Properties - Experimental
    PropertyValueReference
    Physical stateSolid
    Physical DescriptionNot Available
    Mass CompositionC 62.94%; H 3.52%; O 33.54%DFC
    Melting PointMp 276-278°DFC
    Boiling PointNot Available
    Experimental Water SolubilityNot Available
    Experimental logPNot Available
    Experimental pKaNot Available
    Isoelectric pointNot Available
    ChargeNot Available
    Optical RotationNot Available
    Spectroscopic UV Data365 () (EtOH) (Berdy)DFC
    DensityNot Available
    Refractive IndexNot Available
    Spectra
    Spectra
    EI-MS/GC-MS
    TypeDescriptionSplash KeyView
    GC-MSKaempferol, non-derivatized, GC-MS Spectrumsplash10-0079-1963700000-1d3775db7c536f63b70cSpectrum
    GC-MSKaempferol, 5 TMS, GC-MS Spectrumsplash10-0bt9-0000290000-4a7068686e907a319864Spectrum
    GC-MSKaempferol, non-derivatized, GC-MS Spectrumsplash10-000i-4290000000-ccb984ce16e32c25d878Spectrum
    GC-MSKaempferol, non-derivatized, GC-MS Spectrumsplash10-0079-1963700000-1d3775db7c536f63b70cSpectrum
    GC-MSKaempferol, non-derivatized, GC-MS Spectrumsplash10-0bt9-0000290000-4a7068686e907a319864Spectrum
    Predicted GC-MSKaempferol, non-derivatized, Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - 70eV, Positivesplash10-052r-0590000000-3bfd778520b9c39bc4baSpectrum
    Predicted GC-MSKaempferol, 4 TMS, Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - 70eV, Positivesplash10-0mc0-2150190000-3a2826fb2ce8460675bcSpectrum
    Predicted GC-MSKaempferol, non-derivatized, Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - 70eV, PositiveNot AvailableSpectrum
    MS/MS
    TypeDescriptionSplash KeyView
    MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 10V, Positive (Annotated)splash10-000i-0090000000-f0101bac1cb6491794f52012-07-25View Spectrum
    MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 25V, Positive (Annotated)splash10-000i-0690000000-3afcadc746823bc03ebd2012-07-25View Spectrum
    MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 40V, Positive (Annotated)splash10-0v4i-5900000000-6a870572cf8a486dd6b72012-07-25View Spectrum
    MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - EI-B (JEOL JMS-06-H) , Positivesplash10-000i-4290000000-75bfe61cc0a42797e86a2012-08-31View Spectrum
    MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF (UPLC Q-Tof Premier, Waters) 5V, Positivesplash10-000i-0090000000-ead9f201b8c5b6b6e46e2012-08-31View Spectrum
    MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF (UPLC Q-Tof Premier, Waters) , Negativesplash10-000i-0190000000-2bc892de84e0225a49cf2012-08-31View Spectrum
    MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF (UPLC Q-Tof Premier, Waters) , Negativesplash10-052u-1930000000-08779ff26cd586d78e412012-08-31View Spectrum
    MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF (UPLC Q-Tof Premier, Waters) , Positivesplash10-0udr-0920000000-97d144af795812440c462012-08-31View Spectrum
    MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF (UPLC Q-Tof Premier, Waters) , Positivesplash10-000i-0290000000-5573e7fd91cf25805a112012-08-31View Spectrum
    MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF (UPLC Q-Tof Premier, Waters) , Positivesplash10-014s-2920000000-397e01f2d2cf070254092012-08-31View Spectrum
    MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF (UPLC Q-Tof Premier, Waters) , Negativesplash10-014i-1920000000-891ca58b63b857f315942012-08-31View Spectrum
    MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITTOF (LCMS-IT-TOF) , Negativesplash10-0079-0090040000-5111d04af3f3d3e053c72012-08-31View Spectrum
    MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - ESI-TOF 40V, Negativesplash10-000i-0950000000-580cab3c0e471a3f4e002017-08-14View Spectrum
    MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - ESI-TOF , Negativesplash10-000i-0950000000-580cab3c0e471a3f4e002017-08-14View Spectrum
    MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - ESI-TOF 50V, Negativesplash10-066r-0930000000-f40d69c592d60004cae02017-08-14View Spectrum
    MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - ESI-TOF 20V, Negativesplash10-066r-0930000000-f40d69c592d60004cae02017-08-14View Spectrum
    MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - ESI-TOF 40V, Negativesplash10-000i-0950000000-580cab3c0e471a3f4e002017-09-12View Spectrum
    MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - ESI-TOF , Negativesplash10-000i-0091000000-295f056c177e6e49fb6b2017-09-12View Spectrum
    MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - ESI-TOF 50V, Negativesplash10-066r-0930000000-f40d69c592d60004cae02017-09-12View Spectrum
    Predicted MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positivesplash10-000i-0090000000-0d8eaf63d3860cdc1cbf2016-09-12View Spectrum
    Predicted MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positivesplash10-000i-0090000000-3969010f013a967001da2016-09-12View Spectrum
    Predicted MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positivesplash10-0gbi-6790000000-5668e7d87a859b5198042016-09-12View Spectrum
    Predicted MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negativesplash10-000i-0090000000-4cba2efdae1d7d094e172016-09-12View Spectrum
    Predicted MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negativesplash10-000i-0190000000-489c309b159fce3df0d62016-09-12View Spectrum
    Predicted MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negativesplash10-001i-4950000000-9d8aab7149b59126c14a2016-09-12View Spectrum
    NMR
    TypeDescriptionView
    1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, CD3OD, experimental)Spectrum
    1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 90 MHz, DMSO-d6, experimental)Spectrum
    1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, Methanol, experimental)Spectrum
    1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, Methanol, experimental)Spectrum
    2D NMR[1H, 13C]-HSQC NMR Spectrum (2D, 600 MHz, CD3OD, experimental)Spectrum
    ChemSpider ID4444395
    ChEMBL IDCHEMBL150
    KEGG Compound IDC05903
    Pubchem Compound ID5280863
    Pubchem Substance IDNot Available
    ChEBI IDNot Available
    Phenol-Explorer ID290
    DrugBank IDDB01852
    HMDB IDHMDB05801
    CRC / DFC (Dictionary of Food Compounds) IDBFG98-E:BFG98-E
    EAFUS IDNot Available
    Dr. Duke ID3,5,7,4'-TETRAHYDROXYFLAVONE|KAEMPFEROL
    BIGG IDNot Available
    KNApSAcK IDC00004565
    HET IDKMP
    Food Biomarker OntologyNot Available
    VMH IDNot Available
    Flavornet IDNot Available
    GoodScent IDNot Available
    SuperScent IDNot Available
    Wikipedia IDKaempferol
    Phenol-Explorer Metabolite ID290
    Duplicate IDSNot Available
    Old DFC IDSNot Available
    Associated Foods
    FoodContent Range AverageReference
    FoodReference
    Biological Effects and Interactions
    Health Effects / Bioactivities
    DescriptorIDDefinitionReference
    11-beta-hydroxysteroid-dehydrogenase inhibitor23924 An agent that blocks the conversion of cortisone to cortisol, reducing glucocorticoid activity. Therapeutically, it's used to treat conditions like Cushing's syndrome, obesity, and metabolic disorders, by regulating cortisol levels and improving insulin sensitivity.DUKE
    5-lipoxygenase inhibitor23924 An agent that blocks the activity of 5-lipoxygenase, an enzyme involved in leukotriene production, reducing inflammation and allergic responses. Therapeutically, it's used to treat asthma, allergies, and inflammatory disorders, such as arthritis, by inhibiting the synthesis of pro-inflammatory leukotrienes.DUKE
    Aldose reductase inhibitor48550 An agent that blocks the activity of aldose reductase, an enzyme involved in glucose metabolism. It reduces oxidative stress and inflammation, commonly used in managing diabetic complications, such as neuropathy, nephropathy, and retinopathy.DUKE
    Anti aflatoxin35222 An agent that neutralizes or removes aflatoxins, toxic compounds produced by mold, reducing the risk of liver damage and cancer. Therapeutically, it is used to prevent aflatoxin poisoning, commonly in food safety and liver protection applications, and may have potential in cancer prevention and treatment.DUKE
    Anti-aggregantAn agent that prevents platelet aggregation, reducing blood clot formation. Its biological role is to inhibit platelet activation, and its therapeutic applications include preventing thrombosis and stroke. Key medical uses include treating cardiovascular diseases, such as myocardial infarction and atrial fibrillation, and managing conditions that increase the risk of blood clots.DUKE
    Anti-allergic50857 An agent that reduces or blocks allergic reactions, commonly used to manage symptoms of allergies, such as itching, sneezing, and inflammation, by inhibiting the release of histamine and other chemical mediators, providing relief in conditions like hay fever, asthma, and skin allergies.DUKE
    Anti bacterial33282 An agent that inhibits the growth of or destroys bacteria, playing a crucial role in preventing and treating infections. Therapeutically, it is used to combat bacterial infections, with key medical applications including treating pneumonia, tuberculosis, and skin infections, as well as preventing surgical site infections and sepsis.DUKE
    Anti-cancer35610 An agent that inhibits the growth and proliferation of cancer cells, used to treat and manage various types of cancer, including chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy, to reduce tumor size, prevent metastasis, and improve patient survival.DUKE
    Anti-fertilityAn agent that inhibits reproduction, playing a biological role in population control. Therapeutically, it's used as a contraceptive, with key medical applications in family planning and birth control, preventing unwanted pregnancies and managing reproductive health.DUKE
    Anti-gingivitic52217 An agent that reduces gingivitis symptoms, commonly used in managing plaque, inflammation, and gum disease, promoting oral health by preventing bacterial growth and infection.DUKE
    Anti-herpetic22587 An agent that inhibits the replication of herpes viruses, reducing symptoms and severity of infections. Therapeutically, it is used to treat herpes simplex (HSV-1 and HSV-2) and varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infections, commonly used in managing genital herpes, cold sores, and shingles.DUKE
    Anti histaminic37956 An agent that blocks histamine receptors, reducing allergic symptoms. Therapeutically, it alleviates itching, sneezing, and runny nose, commonly used in managing allergies, itching, and hives, as well as treating conditions like anaphylaxis and allergic rhinitis.DUKE
    Anti implantationAn agent that prevents the adherence of the blastocyst to the uterine wall, playing a biological role in regulating fertility. Therapeutically, it is used to prevent pregnancy, with key medical applications in contraception and family planning.DUKE
    Anti-inflammatory35472 An agent that reduces inflammation, playing a biological role in suppressing immune responses and therapeutic applications in managing pain, swelling, and redness. Key medical uses include treating arthritis, allergies, and autoimmune disorders, as well as relieving symptoms of conditions such as asthma and dermatitis.DUKE
    Anti leukemic35610 An agent that targets and inhibits the growth of leukemia cells, playing a crucial role in cancer treatment. Therapeutically, it is used to induce remission, manage symptoms, and improve survival rates in patients with leukemia. Key medical uses include treating acute and chronic leukemia, lymphoma, and other hematological malignancies.DUKE
    Anti-lymphocyticAn antibody that targets T cells, used to prevent rejection in organ transplantation and treat autoimmune diseases by suppressing the immune system.DUKE
    Anti-mutagenicAn agent that interferes with the mutagenicity of a substance, preventing DNA damage and mutations. Its biological role is to protect cells from genetic alterations, and it has therapeutic applications in cancer prevention and treatment, as well as key medical uses in reducing the risk of genetic disorders and birth defects.DUKE
    Anti-oxidant22586 An agent that neutralizes free radicals, reducing oxidative stress and cell damage. Its biological role involves protecting cells from harm, and it has therapeutic applications in managing chronic diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, and neurodegenerative disorders, with key medical uses including anti-aging, anti-inflammatory, and cardio protective effects.DUKE
    Anti periodonticAn agent that prevents or treats periodontal disease, reducing inflammation and infection in the gums and supporting tissues of the teeth, commonly used in managing periodontitis, gingivitis, and promoting oral health.DUKE
    Anti-plaqueAn agent that removes or prevents the formation of dental plaque, a biofilm of bacteria, to prevent tooth decay and gum disease, commonly used in oral care products and therapeutic applications for periodontal health.DUKE
    Anti radicularAn agent that relieves inflammation or irritation of the nerve root of a tooth, reducing pain and discomfort. Its biological role is to target and alleviate radicular pain, with therapeutic applications in endodontics and key medical uses in root canal treatments and tooth sensitivity management.DUKE
    Anti septic33281 An agent that prevents or reduces the growth of microorganisms, such as bacteria, fungi, or viruses, to promote wound healing and prevent infection. Therapeutically, anti septics are used to treat minor cuts, scrapes, and burns, and are commonly applied topically to reduce the risk of infection and promote tissue repair. Key medical uses include wound care, surgical site preparation, and skin infection management.DUKE
    Anti serotonin48278 An agent that blocks the activity of serotonin, a neurotransmitter involved in mood regulation. It reduces serotonin's effects, commonly used in managing serotonin-related disorders, such as carcinoid syndrome, and as an antiemetic to prevent nausea and vomiting.DUKE
    Anti-spasmodic52217 An agent that relaxes smooth muscle, reducing muscle spasms and cramps. It plays a biological role in regulating muscle tone and is therapeutically applied to treat conditions such as irritable bowel syndrome, menstrual cramps, and muscle spasms, providing relief from abdominal pain and discomfort.DUKE
    Anti-staphylococcic33282 An agent that combats Staphylococcus infections, playing a crucial role in preventing bacterial growth. Therapeutically, it is used to treat skin and soft tissue infections, respiratory tract infections, and bloodstream infections. Key medical uses include treating methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and other staphylococcal infections, reducing the risk of infection and promoting wound healing.DUKE
    Antitumor35610 An agent that inhibits tumor growth and proliferation, playing a crucial role in cancer treatment. Therapeutically, antitumors are used to manage various types of cancer, including chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy, helping to reduce tumor size, prevent metastasis, and improve patient outcomes.DUKE
    Antitumor promoter35610 An agent that inhibits tumor growth and progression, reducing cancer cell proliferation. Therapeutically, it prevents tumor development and spread, with key medical uses in cancer prevention and treatment, particularly in combating carcinogenesis and metastasis.DUKE
    Anti ulcer49201 An agent that reduces stomach acid and protects the mucous lining, preventing ulcer formation. It is used to treat conditions like gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcers, and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, promoting healing and relieving symptoms.DUKE
    Anti-viral22587 An agent that inhibits the replication of viruses, playing a crucial role in preventing and treating viral infections. Therapeutically, anti-virals are used to manage diseases such as HIV, herpes, and influenza, reducing symptoms and slowing disease progression. Key medical uses include treating viral hepatitis, respiratory syncytial virus, and COVID-19.DUKE
    ApoptoticAn agent that stimulates programmed cell death, playing a crucial biological role in eliminating damaged or unwanted cells. It has therapeutic applications in cancer treatment, and key medical uses include inducing cell death in malignant cells, reducing tumor growth, and enhancing chemotherapy efficacy.DUKE
    Aromatase inhibitor50790 An agent that blocks the activity of aromatase, an enzyme converting androgens to estrogens, reducing estrogen levels. Therapeutically, it's used to treat hormone-sensitive breast cancer, endometriosis, and infertility, by decreasing estrogen-dependent growth and symptoms.DUKE
    cAMP-phosphodiesterase inhibitor23924 An agent that blocks the breakdown of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), increasing its levels and enhancing cellular signaling. Therapeutically, it is used to treat respiratory diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), as well as certain cardiovascular conditions.DUKE
    Cancer preventive35610 An agent that inhibits the development and progression of cancer, reducing tumor formation and growth. It plays a biological role in blocking carcinogenic pathways, and has therapeutic applications in chemoprevention. Key medical uses include reducing the risk of cancer in high-risk individuals and preventing cancer recurrence.DUKE
    Carcinogenic50903 An agent that causes cancer, damaging cellular DNA and disrupting normal cell growth. It has no therapeutic applications, but understanding its biological role informs cancer prevention and treatment strategies, with key medical uses in oncology research and risk assessment.DUKE
    CholereticAn agent that increases bile production and secretion from the liver, enhancing digestion and fat absorption. Therapeutically, it's used to treat gallstones, liver disease, and indigestion, promoting healthy bile flow and liver function.DUKE
    Copper chelator38161 An agent that binds to copper, reducing its availability and activity. It plays a biological role in regulating copper levels, and has therapeutic applications in treating copper-related disorders, such as Wilson's disease and neurodegenerative diseases, by preventing copper toxicity and promoting metal homeostasis.DUKE
    Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor50629 An agent that blocks the activity of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), reducing inflammation and pain. Therapeutically, it is used to manage conditions such as arthritis, menstrual cramps, and other inflammatory disorders, providing relief from symptoms with reduced gastrointestinal side effects compared to non-selective NSAIDs.DUKE
    Cyclooxygenase inhibitor35544 An agent that blocks the activity of cyclooxygenase enzymes, reducing inflammation and pain. Therapeutically, it is used to treat conditions such as arthritis, headaches, and menstrual cramps, by decreasing prostaglandin production, a key mediator of inflammation.DUKE
    Cytotoxic52209 An agent that kills or damages cells, playing a biological role in immune responses and therapeutic applications in cancer treatment. Key medical uses include chemotherapy, targeting and destroying cancer cells, and treating certain autoimmune diseases by eliminating harmful cells.DUKE
    DiaphoreticAn agent that induces perspiration, playing a biological role in thermoregulation. Therapeutically, it's used to treat fever, detoxify, and relieve congestion. Key medical uses include managing hyperthermia, aiding in toxin removal, and alleviating symptoms of colds and flu.DUKE
    Diuretic35498 An agent that increases urine production, helping remove excess fluids and salts from the body. It plays a key biological role in regulating fluid balance and blood pressure. Therapeutically, diuretics are used to treat conditions such as hypertension, edema, and heart failure, helping reduce swelling and lower blood pressure.DUKE
    EstrogenicAn agent that mimics the effects of estrogen, regulating female reproductive processes and development. Therapeutically, estrogenic agents are used in hormone replacement therapy, contraception, and treating menopausal symptoms, as well as certain cases of osteoporosis and infertility.DUKE
    Fungicide24127 An agent that kills or inhibits the growth of fungi, playing a biological role in preventing fungal infections. Therapeutically, it is used to treat fungal diseases, with key medical applications including athlete's foot, ringworm, and candidiasis, as well as agricultural uses to protect crops from fungal damage.DUKE
    Hepatoprotective62868 An agent that protects the liver from damage, promoting liver health and function. It plays a biological role in reducing oxidative stress and inflammation, and has therapeutic applications in managing liver diseases, such as hepatitis and cirrhosis, and key medical uses in treating drug-induced liver injury and toxicities.DUKE
    HIV-reverse-transcriptase inhibitor23924 An agent that blocks the activity of reverse transcriptase, an enzyme essential for HIV replication, reducing viral load and slowing disease progression. Therapeutically, it is used to treat HIV/AIDS, often in combination with other antiretroviral medications to prevent drug resistance and manage symptoms.DUKE
    HypotensiveAn agent that lowers blood pressure, playing a biological role in regulating cardiovascular function. Therapeutically, it's used to manage hypertension, heart failure, and angina, with key medical applications in preventing stroke, kidney disease, and cardiac complications.DUKE
    ICAM-1 inhibitor35222 An agent that blocks the activity of Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 (ICAM-1), reducing inflammation and immune cell adhesion. Therapeutically, it's used to treat conditions like multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, and ischemia/reperfusion injury, by minimizing immune cell infiltration and tissue damage.DUKE
    iNOS inhibitor23924 An agent that blocks the activity of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), reducing excessive nitric oxide production. It has therapeutic applications in managing inflammatory and neurodegenerative disorders, with key medical uses in treating conditions such as sepsis, arthritis, and stroke.DUKE
    InotropicAn agent that alters the force or energy of muscular contractions, particularly in the heart. It has therapeutic applications in treating heart failure and cardiogenic shock. Positively inotropic agents, such as digoxin, increase contraction strength, while negatively inotropic agents, like beta blockers, weaken it, commonly used to manage arrhythmias and hypertension.DUKE
    Iodothyronine-deiodinase inhibitor23924 An agent that blocks the activity of iodothyronine-deiodinase, regulating thyroid hormone levels. It is used therapeutically to manage thyroid disorders, particularly in cases of hyperthyroidism, and has potential applications in treating thyroid-related conditions, such as Graves' disease and thyroid cancer.DUKE
    JNK inhibitor23924 An agent that blocks the activity of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), reducing inflammation and apoptosis. Therapeutically, it has applications in treating neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, and autoimmune disorders, with key medical uses including managing Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and rheumatoid arthritis.DUKE
    Lipoxygenase inhibitor35856 An agent that blocks the activity of lipoxygenase enzymes, reducing inflammation and oxidative stress. Therapeutically, it's used to manage conditions like asthma, atherosclerosis, and cancer, by inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory leukotrienes. Key medical uses include treating respiratory and cardiovascular diseases.DUKE
    Monoamine-oxidase inhibitor23924 An agent that blocks monoamine oxidase enzymes, increasing neurotransmitter levels. Therapeutically, it reduces depression symptoms and is commonly used in managing depression, anxiety disorders, and Parkinson's disease.DUKE
    MutagenicAn agent that induces genetic mutations, altering DNA sequences. It plays a biological role in evolution and adaptation. Therapeutically, mutagenic agents are used in cancer treatment, such as chemotherapy, and in gene therapy to introduce beneficial traits. Key medical uses include oncology and genetic research.DUKE
    NatriureticAn agent that promotes the excretion of sodium in the urine, aiding in blood pressure regulation and fluid balance. It plays a biological role in managing hypertension and heart failure, with therapeutic applications in treating edema and cardiovascular diseases. Key medical uses include diuretic therapy and management of congestive heart failure.DUKE
    Neuroprotective63726 An agent that protects nerve cells from damage or degeneration, reducing the risk of neurodegenerative diseases. Therapeutically, it helps manage conditions like Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and stroke, promoting neuronal survival and function.DUKE
    Nitric-oxide inhibitor35222 An agent that blocks the production of nitric oxide, reducing inflammation and vascular relaxation. Therapeutically, it's used to treat conditions like hypertension, angina, and septic shock, by constricting blood vessels and improving blood pressure. Key medical uses include cardiovascular and critical care applications.DUKE
    Platelet aggregation factor inhibitor50427 An agent that blocks platelet activation and aggregation, reducing blood clot formation. Therapeutically, it prevents thrombosis, commonly used in managing cardiovascular diseases, such as stroke and heart attack, and in patients undergoing angioplasty or coronary artery bypass grafting.DUKE
    Pesticide25944 An agent that kills or repels pests, playing a biological role in controlling insect, weed, and fungal populations. Therapeutically, pesticides have limited applications, but some are used to treat ectoparasitic infestations, such as lice and scabies. Key medical uses include topical treatments for head lice and scabies, highlighting their role in managing parasitic infections.DUKE
    ProtisticideAn agent that kills protozoans, used as a herbicide or in therapeutic applications to treat protozoan infections, with key medical uses including managing parasitic diseases and infections.DUKE
    Quinone-reductase inducerAn agent that stimulates quinone reductase enzymatic activity, enhancing cellular antioxidant defenses and protecting against carcinogens, with therapeutic applications in cancer chemoprevention and potential uses in managing oxidative stress-related diseases.DUKE
    TeratologicPertaining to the study of congenital deformities or abnormalities, either genetic or environmentally induced. Its biological role involves understanding embryonic development and birth defects. Therapeutically, teratologic research informs preventive measures and treatments for congenital disorders, with key medical uses in prenatal care, genetic counseling, and pediatric medicine.DUKE
    TNF-alpha inhibitor35222 An agent that blocks the activity of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, a pro-inflammatory cytokine, reducing inflammation and immune responses. Therapeutically used to treat autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and Crohn's disease, by decreasing inflammation and slowing disease progression.DUKE
    Topoisomerase-II inhibitor50750 An agent that blocks the activity of topoisomerase-II, an enzyme involved in DNA replication. It prevents cancer cell growth by disrupting DNA structure, commonly used in chemotherapy to treat various types of cancer, including leukemia and lymphoma.DUKE
    Topoisomerase-I inhibitor50276 An agent that blocks the activity of topoisomerase I, an enzyme involved in DNA replication. It is used therapeutically in cancer treatment, particularly for solid tumors, by inducing DNA damage and inhibiting cancer cell growth, with key medical uses in colorectal, lung, and breast cancers.DUKE
    Tyrosinase inhibitor59997 An agent that blocks the activity of tyrosinase, an enzyme involved in melanin production, reducing skin pigmentation. Therapeutically used to treat hyperpigmentation disorders, such as melasma and vitiligo, and as a skin-lightening agent in dermatology.DUKE
    Utero trophic52217 A hormone that stimulates uterine growth and development, playing a crucial role in pregnancy. Therapeutically, it's used to support embryonic implantation and fetal development, with key medical applications in infertility treatments, such as in vitro fertilization (IVF) and recurrent miscarriage prevention.DUKE
    Vasodilator35620 An agent that widens blood vessels, reducing blood pressure and increasing blood flow. It plays a biological role in regulating cardiovascular function. Therapeutically, vasodilators are used to treat conditions such as hypertension, angina, and heart failure, improving oxygen delivery and reducing cardiac workload.DUKE
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    FlavorCitations
    bitter
    1. Ayana Wiener, Marina Shudler, Anat Levit, Masha Y. Niv. BitterDB: a database of bitter compounds. Nucleic Acids Res 2012, 40(Database issue):D413-419. DOI:10.1093/nar/gkr755
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    Synthesis ReferenceNot Available
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    Content Reference— Rothwell JA, Pérez-Jiménez J, Neveu V, Medina-Ramon A, M'Hiri N, Garcia Lobato P, Manach C, Knox K, Eisner R, Wishart D, Scalbert A. (2013) Phenol-Explorer 3.0: a major update of the Phenol-Explorer database to incorporate data on the effects of food processing on polyphenol content. Database, 10.1093/database/bat070.
    — U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. 2008. USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 21. Nutrient Data Laboratory Home Page.
    — Duke, James. 'Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases. United States Department of Agriculture.' Agricultural Research Service, Accessed April 27 (2004).
    — Shinbo, Y., et al. 'KNApSAcK: a comprehensive species-metabolite relationship database.' Plant Metabolomics. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. 165-181.