Record Information
Version1.0
Creation date2010-04-08 22:04:39 UTC
Update date2020-09-17 15:39:19 UTC
Primary IDFDB000662
Secondary Accession NumbersNot Available
Chemical Information
FooDB NameGallic acid
DescriptionGallic acid, also known as gallate or acid, gallic, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as gallic acids. These are organic compounds that contain a 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid moiety. Gallic acid is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Gallic acid exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. Outside of the human body, Gallic acid is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as mango, pomegranates, and cloves and in a lower concentration in red raspberries, cumins, and turnips. Gallic acid has also been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as common walnuts, tarragons, gingers, fruit juices, and corns. This could make gallic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. A trihydroxybenzoic acid in which the hydroxy groups are at positions 3, 4, and 5.
CAS Number149-91-7
Structure
Thumb
Synonyms
SynonymSource
3,4,5-Trihydroxybenzoic acidChEBI
Pyrogallol-5-carboxylic acidChEBI
3,4,5-TrihydroxybenzoateKegg
Pyrogallol-5-carboxylateGenerator
GallateGenerator
Acid, gallicMeSH
3,4,5-Trihydroxy-benzoateHMDB
3,4,5-Trihydroxy-benzoic acidHMDB
3,4,5-Trihydroxybenzoic acid (acd/name 4.0)HMDB
Gallic acid polymerHMDB
Gallic acid tech.HMDB
GalopHMDB
3,4,5-Hydroxybenzoic acidPhytoBank
Gallic acidHMDB
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility4.94 g/LALOGPS
logP1.17ALOGPS
logP0.72ChemAxon
logS-1.5ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)3.94ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)-6ChemAxon
Physiological Charge-1ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count5ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count4ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area97.99 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count1ChemAxon
Refractivity39.26 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability14.75 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings1ChemAxon
BioavailabilityYesChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterNoChemAxon
Veber's RuleNoChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemAxon
Chemical FormulaC7H6O5
IUPAC name3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid
InChI IdentifierInChI=1S/C7H6O5/c8-4-1-3(7(11)12)2-5(9)6(4)10/h1-2,8-10H,(H,11,12)
InChI KeyLNTHITQWFMADLM-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Isomeric SMILESOC(=O)C1=CC(O)=C(O)C(O)=C1
Average Molecular Weight170.12
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight170.021523293
Classification
Description Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as gallic acids. These are organic compounds that contain a 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid moiety.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassBenzenoids
ClassBenzene and substituted derivatives
Sub ClassBenzoic acids and derivatives
Direct ParentGallic acids
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Gallic acid
  • Benzenetriol
  • Benzoic acid
  • Pyrogallol derivative
  • Benzoyl
  • 1-hydroxy-4-unsubstituted benzenoid
  • 1-hydroxy-2-unsubstituted benzenoid
  • Phenol
  • Carboxylic acid derivative
  • Carboxylic acid
  • Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives
  • Polyol
  • Organic oxygen compound
  • Organic oxide
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Aromatic homomonocyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAromatic homomonocyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Ontology
Disposition

Route of exposure:

Source:

Biological location:

Foods
  • Cocoa and cocoa products
  • Grains:

    Nuts and legumes:

    Fruits and vegetables:

    Fats and oils:

    Beverages:

    Physico-Chemical Properties
    Physico-Chemical Properties - Experimental
    PropertyValueReference
    Physical stateSolid
    Physical DescriptionNot Available
    Mass CompositionC 49.42%; H 3.55%; O 47.02%DFC
    Melting PointMp 235-240° (225°)DFC
    Boiling PointNot Available
    Experimental Water Solubility11.9 mg/mL at 20 oCYALKOWSKY,SH & DANNENFELSER,RM (1992)
    Experimental logP0.70HANSCH,C ET AL. (1995)
    Experimental pKaNot Available
    Isoelectric pointNot Available
    ChargeNot Available
    Optical RotationNot Available
    Spectroscopic UV DataNot Available
    DensityNot Available
    Refractive IndexNot Available
    Spectra
    Spectra
    EI-MS/GC-MS
    TypeDescriptionSplash KeyView
    EI-MSMass Spectrum (Electron Ionization)splash10-0fk9-2900000000-1949ca7ce1b8b610c2782015-03-01View Spectrum
    GC-MSGallic acid, non-derivatized, GC-MS Spectrumsplash10-001i-0791200000-4d3e1baed2effb0bf15bSpectrum
    GC-MSGallic acid, 4 TMS, GC-MS Spectrumsplash10-053r-0491700000-68a1d17dd1d0bb6c5354Spectrum
    GC-MSGallic acid, non-derivatized, GC-MS Spectrumsplash10-0fk9-5900000000-6b43adb858d50b520ba7Spectrum
    GC-MSGallic acid, non-derivatized, GC-MS Spectrumsplash10-001i-0791200000-4d3e1baed2effb0bf15bSpectrum
    GC-MSGallic acid, non-derivatized, GC-MS Spectrumsplash10-053r-0491700000-68a1d17dd1d0bb6c5354Spectrum
    GC-MSGallic acid, non-derivatized, GC-MS Spectrumsplash10-001i-0691200000-8b11cbd28f656c4426b4Spectrum
    Predicted GC-MSGallic acid, non-derivatized, Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - 70eV, Positivesplash10-0fmi-1900000000-56bf9b5e0a68a9c0776aSpectrum
    Predicted GC-MSGallic acid, 4 TMS, Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - 70eV, Positivesplash10-00xu-4009300000-4326897e134d4856b180Spectrum
    Predicted GC-MSGallic acid, non-derivatized, Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - 70eV, PositiveNot AvailableSpectrum
    Predicted GC-MSGallic acid, non-derivatized, Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - 70eV, PositiveNot AvailableSpectrum
    MS/MS
    TypeDescriptionSplash KeyView
    MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 10V, Positive (Annotated)splash10-0umi-0900000000-e8e6e57cdaf8d518781a2012-07-25View Spectrum
    MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 25V, Positive (Annotated)splash10-0a59-9600000000-8b3c3dc9e263c174a0ac2012-07-25View Spectrum
    MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 40V, Positive (Annotated)splash10-0ue9-9000000000-da4704e31ba4de6b3aca2012-07-25View Spectrum
    MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - EI-B (HITACHI M-52) , Positivesplash10-0fk9-5900000000-425a258abda96a507ea02012-08-31View Spectrum
    MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 10V, Negativesplash10-014i-0900000000-951aa8106825faaca3f92012-08-31View Spectrum
    MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 20V, Negativesplash10-004i-0900000000-bdedf4b4b4fd922ec7042012-08-31View Spectrum
    MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 30V, Negativesplash10-004i-5900000000-46d7a232b169910da4622012-08-31View Spectrum
    MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 40V, Negativesplash10-004i-9300000000-010429242e38b1b28c132012-08-31View Spectrum
    MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 50V, Negativesplash10-0g29-9100000000-fb4dc241b26c248950f72012-08-31View Spectrum
    MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - DI-ESI-qTof , Positivesplash10-0ufr-0900000000-8e1ce790677a7c04e5802017-09-14View Spectrum
    MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - DI-ESI-qTof , Negativesplash10-004i-0900000000-8999270f1e2b746047f72017-09-14View Spectrum
    MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , negativesplash10-014i-0900000000-880097b21bcd57ec8f772017-09-14View Spectrum
    MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , negativesplash10-004i-0900000000-bdedf4b4b4fd922ec7042017-09-14View Spectrum
    MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , negativesplash10-004i-5900000000-bf4cb2a480d9abb570d42017-09-14View Spectrum
    MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , negativesplash10-004i-9300000000-63bfcc112fc600a150de2017-09-14View Spectrum
    MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , negativesplash10-0g29-9100000000-fb4dc241b26c248950f72017-09-14View Spectrum
    MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Linear Ion Trap , negativesplash10-00di-0900000000-6a9289e729e66d03cf502017-09-14View Spectrum
    MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Linear Ion Trap , negativesplash10-00di-0900000000-175241488c5f0956df1f2017-09-14View Spectrum
    MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - , positivesplash10-0kor-0900000000-1ceb76e12bc399878e0d2017-09-14View Spectrum
    Predicted MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positivesplash10-00di-0900000000-8e403dcee60bc20ba7b42016-09-12View Spectrum
    Predicted MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positivesplash10-0fb9-0900000000-20a78444c2179ed7730f2016-09-12View Spectrum
    Predicted MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positivesplash10-00os-9800000000-3011ae50626d9c15fadd2016-09-12View Spectrum
    Predicted MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negativesplash10-014i-0900000000-bceef5d1a34c38d340ed2016-09-12View Spectrum
    Predicted MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negativesplash10-00or-0900000000-bbec391317d064ab4d892016-09-12View Spectrum
    Predicted MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negativesplash10-00or-8900000000-049b564c5923498a6f3e2016-09-12View Spectrum
    NMR
    TypeDescriptionView
    1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, H2O, experimental)Spectrum
    1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D2O, experimental)Spectrum
    1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 25.16 MHz, D2O, experimental)Spectrum
    1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, D2O, experimental)Spectrum
    1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, D2O, experimental)Spectrum
    1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D2O, predicted)Spectrum
    1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D2O, predicted)Spectrum
    1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, D2O, predicted)Spectrum
    1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, D2O, predicted)Spectrum
    1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D2O, predicted)Spectrum
    1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D2O, predicted)Spectrum
    1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D2O, predicted)Spectrum
    1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D2O, predicted)Spectrum
    1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D2O, predicted)Spectrum
    1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D2O, predicted)Spectrum
    1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D2O, predicted)Spectrum
    1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D2O, predicted)Spectrum
    1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D2O, predicted)Spectrum
    1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D2O, predicted)Spectrum
    1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D2O, predicted)Spectrum
    1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D2O, predicted)Spectrum
    1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D2O, predicted)Spectrum
    1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D2O, predicted)Spectrum
    1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, D2O, predicted)Spectrum
    1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, D2O, predicted)Spectrum
    2D NMR[1H, 13C]-HSQC NMR Spectrum (2D, 600 MHz, H2O, experimental)Spectrum
    ChemSpider ID361
    ChEMBL IDCHEMBL288114
    KEGG Compound IDC01424
    Pubchem Compound ID370
    Pubchem Substance IDNot Available
    ChEBI IDNot Available
    Phenol-Explorer ID413
    DrugBank IDNot Available
    HMDB IDHMDB05807
    CRC / DFC (Dictionary of Food Compounds) IDBFL35-I:BFL35-I
    EAFUS IDNot Available
    Dr. Duke IDGALLIC-ACID
    BIGG IDNot Available
    KNApSAcK IDC00002647
    HET IDNot Available
    Food Biomarker OntologyNot Available
    VMH IDNot Available
    Flavornet IDNot Available
    GoodScent IDNot Available
    SuperScent IDNot Available
    Wikipedia IDGallic_acid
    Phenol-Explorer Metabolite ID413
    Duplicate IDSNot Available
    Old DFC IDSNot Available
    Associated Foods
    FoodContent Range AverageReference
    FoodReference
    Biological Effects and Interactions
    Health Effects / Bioactivities
    DescriptorIDDefinitionReference
    Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor35457 An agent that blocks the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, reducing blood pressure and fluid retention. Therapeutically, it's used to treat hypertension, heart failure, and protect kidney function in diabetes, thereby reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease and stroke.DUKE
    Analgesic35480 An agent that relieves pain by reducing or blocking pain signals in the brain, commonly used to manage acute or chronic pain, inflammation, and fever, with therapeutic applications in surgery, injury, and disease treatment.DUKE
    Anti adenovirus22587 An agent that targets and neutralizes adenoviruses, reducing infection and replication. It plays a biological role in immune defense, and has therapeutic applications in treating adenovirus-related illnesses, such as respiratory and gastrointestinal infections, and key medical uses in preventing and managing outbreaks, particularly in immunocompromised individuals.DUKE
    Anti-allergenic50857 An agent that reduces or blocks allergic reactions, commonly used to treat conditions such as hay fever, asthma, and skin allergies, by inhibiting the release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators, providing relief from symptoms like itching, sneezing, and congestion.DUKE
    Anti-anaphylactic52217 An agent that prevents or treats anaphylaxis, a severe allergic reaction. It plays a biological role in stabilizing mast cells and reducing histamine release. Therapeutically, it is used to manage allergic emergencies, with key medical applications including treatment of anaphylactic shock, asthma, and allergic rhinitis.DUKE
    Anti-angiogenic48422 An agent that inhibits the formation of new blood vessels, playing a crucial role in cancer treatment by starving tumors of oxygen and nutrients. Therapeutically, it is used to manage cancer, age-related macular degeneration, and other diseases characterized by excessive angiogenesis, reducing tumor growth and slowing disease progression.DUKE
    Anti-asthmatic49167 An agent that relieves bronchospasm and inflammation, commonly used to manage asthma symptoms, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and other respiratory disorders, improving lung function and overall respiratory health.DUKE
    Anti bacterial33282 An agent that inhibits the growth of or destroys bacteria, playing a crucial role in preventing and treating infections. Therapeutically, it is used to combat bacterial infections, with key medical applications including treating pneumonia, tuberculosis, and skin infections, as well as preventing surgical site infections and sepsis.DUKE
    Anti-bronchitic52217 An agent that relieves bronchial congestion and inflammation, commonly used in managing respiratory disorders such as bronchitis, asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), to reduce coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath.DUKE
    Anti-cancer35610 An agent that inhibits the growth and proliferation of cancer cells, used to treat and manage various types of cancer, including chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy, to reduce tumor size, prevent metastasis, and improve patient survival.DUKE
    Anti carcinomic35610 An agent that inhibits the growth and proliferation of cancer cells, playing a crucial role in cancer prevention and treatment. Therapeutically, it is used to manage and treat various types of cancer, reducing tumor size and slowing disease progression, with key medical uses in oncology and chemotherapy.DUKE
    Anti-escherichicAn antibody binding to Escherichia-specific targets, playing a role in immune defense. Therapeutically, it is used to combat E. coli infections, with key medical applications in treating urinary tract infections, sepsis, and gastrointestinal diseases.DUKE
    Anti fibrinolyticAn agent that inhibits the breakdown of blood clots by blocking plasmin formation, used to treat bleeding disorders, such as hemophilia, and to reduce bleeding after surgery or trauma.DUKE
    Anti-flu22587 An agent that prevents or treats influenza virus infections, reducing symptoms and complications. Its biological role involves blocking viral replication, and its therapeutic applications include prophylaxis and treatment of flu outbreaks. Key medical uses include reducing the risk of flu-related hospitalizations and mortality, especially in high-risk populations such as the elderly and young children.DUKE
    Anti hepatotoxic62868 An agent that protects the liver from damage, reducing toxicity and promoting liver health. It plays a biological role in preventing liver injury and supporting liver function. Therapeutically, it is used to treat liver diseases, such as hepatitis and cirrhosis, and to counteract liver-damaging effects of certain medications and toxins.DUKE
    Anti-herpetic22587 An agent that inhibits the replication of herpes viruses, reducing symptoms and severity of infections. Therapeutically, it is used to treat herpes simplex (HSV-1 and HSV-2) and varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infections, commonly used in managing genital herpes, cold sores, and shingles.DUKE
    Anti HIV22587 An agent that prevents the replication of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), used to treat and manage HIV infection and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), reducing viral load and slowing disease progression.DUKE
    Anti-inflammatory35472 An agent that reduces inflammation, playing a biological role in suppressing immune responses and therapeutic applications in managing pain, swelling, and redness. Key medical uses include treating arthritis, allergies, and autoimmune disorders, as well as relieving symptoms of conditions such as asthma and dermatitis.DUKE
    Anti leishmanic33281 An agent that treats Leishmaniasis, a parasitic disease caused by Leishmania parasites. It kills or inhibits the growth of these parasites, reducing symptoms and preventing disease progression. Therapeutically, anti-leishmanics are used to manage cutaneous, visceral, and mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis, often in combination with other treatments. Key medical uses include treating infected individuals, particularly in endemic regions.DUKE
    Anti methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus33282 An agent that targets and inhibits the growth of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), a bacterium responsible for severe infections. Therapeutically, it is used to treat MRSA-related infections, reducing the risk of complications and mortality, and is commonly used in hospitals to prevent the spread of MRSA.DUKE
    Anti-mutagenicAn agent that interferes with the mutagenicity of a substance, preventing DNA damage and mutations. Its biological role is to protect cells from genetic alterations, and it has therapeutic applications in cancer prevention and treatment, as well as key medical uses in reducing the risk of genetic disorders and birth defects.DUKE
    Anti-nitrosaminicAn agent that inhibits the formation of nitrosamines, carcinogenic compounds. It plays a biological role in cancer prevention, with therapeutic applications in reducing the risk of tobacco-related and other cancers. Key medical uses include chemoprevention and protection against carcinogenic exposures.DUKE
    Anti-oxidant22586 An agent that neutralizes free radicals, reducing oxidative stress and cell damage. Its biological role involves protecting cells from harm, and it has therapeutic applications in managing chronic diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, and neurodegenerative disorders, with key medical uses including anti-aging, anti-inflammatory, and cardio protective effects.DUKE
    Anti periodontiticAn agent that reduces inflammation of tissue around teeth, preventing gum shrinkage and tooth loosening, commonly used to treat periodontal disease and promote oral health.DUKE
    Anti peroxidantAn agent that prevents oxygen atom and peroxide formation, reducing oxidative stress and cell damage. It plays a biological role in protecting cells from free radicals. Therapeutically, it's used to manage conditions like cancer, Alzheimer's, and atherosclerosis, with key medical applications in neuroprotection, cardiovascular health, and anti-aging.DUKE
    Anti polio22587 An agent that prevents poliovirus infection, inducing immunity to protect against poliomyelitis. Therapeutically, it is used to prevent and control polio outbreaks, commonly administered through vaccination to promote herd immunity and eradicate the disease.DUKE
    Anti-proteolyticAn agent that prevents digestion of proteins, playing a biological role in protecting tissues from damage. Therapeutically, it's used to manage conditions like pancreatitis and ulcers, with key medical applications in reducing inflammation and promoting wound healing.DUKE
    Anti radicularAn agent that relieves inflammation or irritation of the nerve root of a tooth, reducing pain and discomfort. Its biological role is to target and alleviate radicular pain, with therapeutic applications in endodontics and key medical uses in root canal treatments and tooth sensitivity management.DUKE
    Anti septic33281 An agent that prevents or reduces the growth of microorganisms, such as bacteria, fungi, or viruses, to promote wound healing and prevent infection. Therapeutically, anti septics are used to treat minor cuts, scrapes, and burns, and are commonly applied topically to reduce the risk of infection and promote tissue repair. Key medical uses include wound care, surgical site preparation, and skin infection management.DUKE
    Anti-staphylococcic33282 An agent that combats Staphylococcus infections, playing a crucial role in preventing bacterial growth. Therapeutically, it is used to treat skin and soft tissue infections, respiratory tract infections, and bloodstream infections. Key medical uses include treating methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and other staphylococcal infections, reducing the risk of infection and promoting wound healing.DUKE
    Antitumor35610 An agent that inhibits tumor growth and proliferation, playing a crucial role in cancer treatment. Therapeutically, antitumors are used to manage various types of cancer, including chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy, helping to reduce tumor size, prevent metastasis, and improve patient outcomes.DUKE
    Antitumor promoter35610 An agent that inhibits tumor growth and progression, reducing cancer cell proliferation. Therapeutically, it prevents tumor development and spread, with key medical uses in cancer prevention and treatment, particularly in combating carcinogenesis and metastasis.DUKE
    Anti-viral22587 An agent that inhibits the replication of viruses, playing a crucial role in preventing and treating viral infections. Therapeutically, anti-virals are used to manage diseases such as HIV, herpes, and influenza, reducing symptoms and slowing disease progression. Key medical uses include treating viral hepatitis, respiratory syncytial virus, and COVID-19.DUKE
    ApoptoticAn agent that stimulates programmed cell death, playing a crucial biological role in eliminating damaged or unwanted cells. It has therapeutic applications in cancer treatment, and key medical uses include inducing cell death in malignant cells, reducing tumor growth, and enhancing chemotherapy efficacy.DUKE
    Astringent74783 An agent that constricts or shrinks tissues, reducing bleeding and inflammation. It plays a biological role in wound healing and has therapeutic applications in treating hemorrhoids, diarrhea, and skin irritations. Key medical uses include reducing swelling, stopping bleeding, and protecting mucous membranes, making it useful in various topical and oral preparations.DUKE
    Bacteristat33282 An agent that inhibits bacterial growth, reducing the proliferation of microorganisms without killing them. Therapeutically, bacteristats are used to treat infections, preventing the spread of bacteria and allowing the host's immune system to clear the infection. Key medical uses include treating urinary tract infections, acne, and other bacterial infections where bactericidal agents may not be necessary.DUKE
    Bronchodilator35523 An agent that relaxes airway muscles, increasing airflow to the lungs. It reduces bronchospasm, commonly used in managing asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and other respiratory disorders to improve breathing and relieve symptoms.DUKE
    Cancer preventive35610 An agent that inhibits the development and progression of cancer, reducing tumor formation and growth. It plays a biological role in blocking carcinogenic pathways, and has therapeutic applications in chemoprevention. Key medical uses include reducing the risk of cancer in high-risk individuals and preventing cancer recurrence.DUKE
    CandidicideAn agent that kills Candida species, such as Candida albicans, reducing fungal infections. Therapeutically, it is used to treat candidiasis, with key medical applications in managing oral thrush, vaginal yeast infections, and other fungal diseases.DUKE
    Carcinogenic50903 An agent that causes cancer, damaging cellular DNA and disrupting normal cell growth. It has no therapeutic applications, but understanding its biological role informs cancer prevention and treatment strategies, with key medical uses in oncology research and risk assessment.DUKE
    CholereticAn agent that increases bile production and secretion from the liver, enhancing digestion and fat absorption. Therapeutically, it's used to treat gallstones, liver disease, and indigestion, promoting healthy bile flow and liver function.DUKE
    Cyclooxygenase inhibitor35544 An agent that blocks the activity of cyclooxygenase enzymes, reducing inflammation and pain. Therapeutically, it is used to treat conditions such as arthritis, headaches, and menstrual cramps, by decreasing prostaglandin production, a key mediator of inflammation.DUKE
    Cytotoxic52209 An agent that kills or damages cells, playing a biological role in immune responses and therapeutic applications in cancer treatment. Key medical uses include chemotherapy, targeting and destroying cancer cells, and treating certain autoimmune diseases by eliminating harmful cells.DUKE
    Floral inhibitor35222 A plant growth regulator that suppresses flowering, regulating plant development. Therapeutically, it has applications in agriculture and horticulture, with potential medical uses in ethnopharmacology and natural product research, particularly in the development of novel therapeutics from plant-derived compounds.DUKE
    Gram(+)icide33282 An agent that targets and kills Gram-positive bacteria, playing a crucial role in treating bacterial infections. Therapeutically, it is used to combat infections caused by Gram-positive microorganisms, with key medical applications including treating skin infections, pneumonia, and sepsis.DUKE
    Gram(-)icide33282 An agent that kills Gram-negative bacteria, playing a crucial role in treating infections. Therapeutically, it is used to combat bacterial infections, particularly those resistant to other antibiotics. Key medical uses include treating sepsis, pneumonia, and urinary tract infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria.DUKE
    HemostatAn agent that controls bleeding, playing a biological role in blood coagulation. Therapeutically, it promotes clot formation, and its key medical uses include treating wounds, surgical bleeding, and hemorrhages, helping to stabilize patients and prevent excessive blood loss.DUKE
    Hepatoprotective62868 An agent that protects the liver from damage, promoting liver health and function. It plays a biological role in reducing oxidative stress and inflammation, and has therapeutic applications in managing liver diseases, such as hepatitis and cirrhosis, and key medical uses in treating drug-induced liver injury and toxicities.DUKE
    Immunomodulator50846 An agent that regulates the immune system, modifying its response to maintain balance. Therapeutically, it's used to treat autoimmune diseases, prevent transplant rejection, and manage chronic inflammatory conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis.DUKE
    Immunostimulant50847 An agent that stimulates the immune system, enhancing its response to infections and diseases. Therapeutically, it boosts the body's natural defenses, commonly used to treat immunodeficiency disorders, prevent infections, and support cancer treatment, as well as manage chronic conditions like hepatitis and HIV.DUKE
    Immunosuppressant35705 An agent that suppresses the immune system, reducing inflammation and preventing rejection in organ transplants, and treating autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus.DUKE
    Insulin-sparingAn agent that reduces the dose of insulin required to achieve a given level of glycemic control, used therapeutically to manage diabetes, improving insulin sensitivity and reducing insulin resistance.DUKE
    MyorelaxantAn agent that reduces muscle contractility by blocking nerve impulses or decreasing motor end plate excitability, used therapeutically to relieve muscle spasms, tension, and pain, commonly in managing musculoskeletal disorders, anxiety, and insomnia.DUKE
    Nephrotoxic50909 An agent that damages or harms the kidneys, disrupting their ability to filter waste. It has no therapeutic applications, but is often a side effect of certain medications, such as antibiotics and chemotherapy. Key medical uses involve monitoring and managing kidney damage in patients receiving nephrotoxic treatments.DUKE
    Nitric-oxide inhibitor35222 An agent that blocks the production of nitric oxide, reducing inflammation and vascular relaxation. Therapeutically, it's used to treat conditions like hypertension, angina, and septic shock, by constricting blood vessels and improving blood pressure. Key medical uses include cardiovascular and critical care applications.DUKE
    Pesticide25944 An agent that kills or repels pests, playing a biological role in controlling insect, weed, and fungal populations. Therapeutically, pesticides have limited applications, but some are used to treat ectoparasitic infestations, such as lice and scabies. Key medical uses include topical treatments for head lice and scabies, highlighting their role in managing parasitic infections.DUKE
    StypticA substance that promotes hemostasis, stopping bleeding when applied to a wound. Its biological role is to induce vasoconstriction and platelet aggregation. Therapeutically, it is used to treat minor cuts, nosebleeds, and bleeding gums. Key medical uses include managing bleeding disorders, post-surgical bleeding, and traumatic injuries.DUKE
    Topoisomerase-I inhibitor50276 An agent that blocks the activity of topoisomerase I, an enzyme involved in DNA replication. It is used therapeutically in cancer treatment, particularly for solid tumors, by inducing DNA damage and inhibiting cancer cell growth, with key medical uses in colorectal, lung, and breast cancers.DUKE
    Xanthine oxidase inhibitor35634 An agent that blocks xanthine oxidase, an enzyme involved in uric acid production, reducing inflammation and oxidative stress. Therapeutically, it's used to treat gout, hyperuricemia, and prevent kidney stones, with key applications in managing cardiovascular disease and improving kidney function.DUKE
    Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor50629 An agent that blocks the activity of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), reducing inflammation and pain. Therapeutically, it is used to manage conditions such as arthritis, menstrual cramps, and other inflammatory disorders, providing relief from symptoms with reduced gastrointestinal side effects compared to non-selective NSAIDs.CHEBI
    EnzymesNot Available
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    Content Reference— Rothwell JA, Pérez-Jiménez J, Neveu V, Medina-Ramon A, M'Hiri N, Garcia Lobato P, Manach C, Knox K, Eisner R, Wishart D, Scalbert A. (2013) Phenol-Explorer 3.0: a major update of the Phenol-Explorer database to incorporate data on the effects of food processing on polyphenol content. Database, 10.1093/database/bat070.
    — Duke, James. 'Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases. United States Department of Agriculture.' Agricultural Research Service, Accessed April 27 (2004).
    — Shinbo, Y., et al. 'KNApSAcK: a comprehensive species-metabolite relationship database.' Plant Metabolomics. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. 165-181.