1.0 2010-04-08 22:05:22 UTC 2019-11-26 02:57:27 UTC FDB002432 d-Tocopherol Widespread occurrence in vegetable oils including soya and sunflower oils. It is used as antioxidant food additive. Member of Vitamin E group. Added to fats and oils to prevent rancidity. The naturally occurring tocopherol is a single stereoisomer; synthetic forms are a mixture of all eight possible isomers 1 IU of tocopherol is defined as ? milligrams of RRR-alpha-tocopherol (formerly named d-alpha-tocopherol or sometimes ddd-alpha-tocopherol). 1 IU is also defined as 1 milligram of an equal mix of the eight stereoisomers, which is a racemic mixture called all-rac-alpha-tocopheryl acetate. This mix of stereoisomers is often called dl-alpha-tocopheryl acetate, even though it is more precisely dl,dl,dl-alpha-tocopheryl acetate). However, 1 IU of this racemic mixture is not now considered equivalent to 1 IU of natural (RRR) ?-tocopherol, and the Institute of Medicine and the USDA now convert IU's of the racemic mixture to milligrams of equivalent RRR using 1 IU racemic mixture = 0.45 "milligrams ?-tocopherol".; A cataract is a condition of clouding of the tissue of the lens of the eye. They increase the risk of disability and blindness in aging adults. Antioxidants are being studied to determine whether they can help prevent or delay cataract growth. Observational studies have found that lens clarity, which is used to diagnose cataracts, was better in regular users of vitamin E supplements and in persons with higher blood levels of vitamin E. A study of middle aged male smokers, however, did not demonstrate any effect from vitamin E supplements on the incidence of cataract formation. The effects of smoking, a major risk factor for developing cataracts, may have overridden any potential benefit from the vitamin E, but the conflicting results also indicate a need for further studies before researchers can confidently recommend extra vitamin E for the prevention of cataracts. It is important to note that the term "cataract" may be used in common parlance for an opacity involving any tissue of the eye, for example a corneal scar. Thus a character in theater or on television who is blind from cataracts might have white instead of clear corneas, covering over the iris and pupil. Since the lens is behind the pupil, real cataracts are difficult to see without special instrumentation, so people with cataracts have rather normally appearing eyes. -- Wikipedia; Abetalipoproteinemia is a rare inherited disorder of fat metabolism that results in poor absorption of dietary fat and vitamin E. The vitamin E deficiency associated with this disease causes problems such as poor transmission of nerve impulses, muscle weakness, and degeneration of the retina that can cause blindness. Individuals with abetalipoproteinemia may be prescribed special vitamin E supplements by a physician to treat this disorder. -- Wikipedia; Alpha-tocopherol is traditionally recognized as the most active form of vitamin E in humans, and is a powerful biological antioxidant. The measurement of "vitamin E" activity in international units (IU) was based on fertility enhancement by the prevention of spontaneous abortions in pregnant rats relative to alpha tocopherol. It increases naturally to about 150% of normal in the maternal circulation during human pregnancies. 1 IU of vitamin E is defined as the biological equivalent of 0.667 milligrams of d-alpha-tocopherol, or of 1 milligram of dl-alpha-tocopherol acetate. The other isomers are slowly being recognized as research begins to elucidate their additional roles in the human body. Many naturopathic and orthomolecular medicine advocates suggest that vitamin E supplements contain at least 20% by weight of the other natural vitamin E isomers. Commercially available blends of natural vitamin E include "mixed tocopherols" and "high gamma tocopherol" formulasand is also selenium, Coenzyme Q10, and ample vitamin C have been shown to be essential cofactors of natural tocopherols. -- Wikipedia; Alzheimer's disease is a wasting disease of the brain. An observational trial conducted by The Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health found that when vitamin E is taken daily in large doses (400-1000IU) in combination with vitamin C (500-1000mg) the onset of Alzheimer's was reduced between 64 and 78%. External Link - Johns Hopkins press release -- Wikipedia; Alzheimer's disease is a wasting disease of the brain. As oxidative stress may be involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's, tocopherols have been tested as both a means of prevention and treatment. The results of these studies have been mixed, with some research suggesting that high levels of vitamin E in the diet may reduce the risk of Alzheimer's, while other studies found no such link. Studies on progression have also been contradictory, with the Alzheimer?s Disease Cooperative Study suggesting that vitamin E supplementation might be beneficial, but a later trial finding no clinical benefit. Due to this contradictory and confusing evidence, vitamin E or tocopherol supplements are not currently recommended for treating or preventing Alzheimer's disease.; During feeding experiments with rats Herbert McLean Evans concluded in 1922 that besides vitamins B and C, an unknown vitamin existed. Although every other nutrition was present, the rats were not fertile. This condition could be changed by additional feeding with wheat germ. It took several years until 1936 when the substance was isolated from wheat germ and the formula C29H50O2 was determined. Evans also found that the compound reacted like an alcohol and concluded that one of the oxygen atoms was part of an OH (hydroxyl) group. As noted in the introduction, the vitamin was given its name by Evans from Greek words meaning "to bear young" with the addition of the -ol as an alcohol. The structure was determined shortly thereafter in 1938.; Natural vitamin E exists in eight different forms or isomers, four tocopherols and four tocotrienols. All isomers have a chromanol ring, with a hydroxyl group which can donate a hydrogen atom to reduce free radicals and a hydrophobic side chain which allows for penetration into biological membranes. There is an alpha, beta, gamma and delta form of both the tocopherols and tocotrienols, determined by the number of methyl groups on the chromanol ring. Each form has its own biological activity, the measure of potency or functional use in the body. -- Wikipedia; Recent studies also show that vitamin E acts as an effective free radical scavenger and can lower the incidence of lung cancer in smokers. The effects are opposite to that of the clinical trials based on administering carotenoid to male smokers, that resulted in increased risk of lung cancer. Hence vitamin E is an effective antagonist to the oxidative stress that is imposed by high carotenoids in certain patients. -- Wikipedia; Synthetic vitamin E, usually marked as d,l-tocopherol or d,l tocopheryl acetate, with 50% d-alpha tocopherol moiety and 50% l-alpha-tocopherol moiety, as synthesized by an earlier process is now actually manufactured as all-racemic alpha tocopherol, with only about one alpha tocopherol molecule in 8 molecules as actual d-alpha tocpherol. The synthetic form is not as active as the natural alpha tocopherol form. The 1950's thalidomide disaster with numerous severe birth defects is a common example of d- vs l- epimer forms type problem with synthesized racemic mixtures. Information on any side effects of the synthetic vitamin E epimers is not readily available. Naturopathic and orthomolecular medicine advocates have long considered the synthetic vitamin E forms to be with little or no merit for cancer, circulatory and heart diseases. -- Wikipedia; There are three stereocenters in alpha-tocopherol, so this is a chiral molecule. The eight stereoisomers of alpha-tocopherol differ in the arrangement of groups around these stereocenters. In the image of RRR-alpha-tocopherol below, all three stereocenters are in the R form. However, if the middle of the three stereocenters were changed (so the hydrogen was now pointing down and the methyl group pointing up), this would become the structure of RSR-alpha-tocopherol. RSR-alpha-tocopherol and RRR-alpha-tocopherol are mirror-images of each other. These stereoisomers can also be named in an alternative older nomenclature, where the stereocenters are either in the d or l form.; Tocopherol, or Vitamin E, is a fat-soluble vitamin in eight forms that is an important antioxidant. Vitamin E is often used in skin creams and lotions because it is believed to play a role in encouraging skin healing and reducing scarring after injuries such as burns. -- Wikipedia; Tocopherols (or TCP) are a class of chemical compounds of which many have vitamin E activity. It is a series of organic compounds consisting of various methylated phenols. Because the vitamin activity was first identified in 1936 from a dietary fertility factor in rats, it was given the name "tocopherol" from the Greek words ??????? [birth], and ????????, [to bear or carry] meaning in sum "to carry a pregnancy," with the ending "-ol" signifying its status as a chemical alcohol. d-Tocopherol is found in many foods, some of which are topping, salad dressing, cucumber, and margarine-like spread. (+)-delta-tocopherol (2R)-3,4-dihydro-2,8-Dimethyl-2-[(4R,8R)-4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl]-2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol 3,4-Dihydro-2,8-dimethyl-2-(4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl)-2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol, 9CI 8-Methyltocol Delta-tocopherol E309 Vitamine e δ-tocopherol C27H46O2 402.6529 402.349780716 2,8-dimethyl-2-(4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol d-tocopherol 119-13-1 CC(C)CCCC(C)CCCC(C)CCCC1(C)CCC2=CC(O)=CC(C)=C2O1 InChI=1S/C27H46O2/c1-20(2)10-7-11-21(3)12-8-13-22(4)14-9-16-27(6)17-15-24-19-25(28)18-23(5)26(24)29-27/h18-22,28H,7-17H2,1-6H3 GZIFEOYASATJEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N belongs to the class of organic compounds known as tocopherols. These are vitamin E derivatives containing a saturated trimethyltridecyl chain attached to the carbon C6 atom of a benzopyran ring system. The differ from tocotrienols that contain an unsaturated trimethyltrideca-3,7,11-trien-1-yl chain. Tocopherols Organic compounds Lipids and lipid-like molecules Prenol lipids Quinone and hydroquinone lipids Aromatic heteropolycyclic compounds 1-benzopyrans 1-hydroxy-2-unsubstituted benzenoids Alkyl aryl ethers Diterpenoids Hydrocarbon derivatives Oxacyclic compounds 1-benzopyran 1-hydroxy-2-unsubstituted benzenoid Alkyl aryl ether Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound Benzenoid Benzopyran Chromane Diterpenoid Ether Hydrocarbon derivative Organic oxygen compound Organoheterocyclic compound Organooxygen compound Oxacycle Tocopherol vitamin E Liquid logp 8.76 ALOGPS logs -7.57 ALOGPS solubility 1.09e-05 g/l ALOGPS melting_point < 25 oC logp 9.48 ChemAxon pka_strongest_acidic 10.14 ChemAxon pka_strongest_basic -4.9 ChemAxon iupac 2,8-dimethyl-2-(4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol ChemAxon average_mass 402.6529 ChemAxon mono_mass 402.349780716 ChemAxon smiles CC(C)CCCC(C)CCCC(C)CCCC1(C)CCC2=CC(O)=CC(C)=C2O1 ChemAxon formula C27H46O2 ChemAxon inchi InChI=1S/C27H46O2/c1-20(2)10-7-11-21(3)12-8-13-22(4)14-9-16-27(6)17-15-24-19-25(28)18-23(5)26(24)29-27/h18-22,28H,7-17H2,1-6H3 ChemAxon inchikey GZIFEOYASATJEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N ChemAxon polar_surface_area 29.46 ChemAxon refractivity 125.29 ChemAxon polarizability 52.06 ChemAxon rotatable_bond_count 12 ChemAxon acceptor_count 2 ChemAxon donor_count 1 ChemAxon physiological_charge 0 ChemAxon formal_charge 0 ChemAxon Specdb::MsMs 21290 Specdb::MsMs 21291 Specdb::MsMs 21292 Specdb::MsMs 22841 Specdb::MsMs 22842 Specdb::MsMs 22843 HMDB02902 23607 #<Reference:0x000055ce30783940> #<Reference:0x000055ce30783788> #<Reference:0x000055ce307835a8> #<Reference:0x000055ce307833f0> #<Reference:0x000055ce30783238> #<Reference:0x000055ce30783080> #<Reference:0x000055ce30782ec8> #<Reference:0x000055ce30782ce8> #<Reference:0x000055ce30782b30> #<Reference:0x000055ce307828d8> #<Reference:0x000055ce30782720> #<Reference:0x000055ce30782540> #<Reference:0x000055ce30782130> Agave Type 1 specific Agave 39509 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Alaska blueberry Type 1 specific Vaccinium alaskaense 190544 0.01 0.01 0.01 mg/100 g Alaska pollock Type 1 specific Theragra chalcogramma 1042646 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Albacore tuna Type 1 specific Thunnus alalunga 8235 0.02 0.02 0.02 mg/100 g Allium Type 1 specific Allium 4678 0.314 1.57 0.0 mg/100 g Almond Type 1 specific Prunus dulcis 3755 0.1025 0.255 0.0 mg/100 g Almond milk Type 1 0.13 0.13 0.13 mg/100 g Amaranth Type 1 specific Amaranthus 3564 0.506667 0.69 0.24 mg/100 g American cranberry Type 1 specific Vaccinium macrocarpon 13750 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Annual wild rice Type 1 specific Zizania aquatica 75727 Apple Type 1 specific Malus pumila 283210 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Apricot Type 1 specific Prunus armeniaca 36596 0.01 0.01 0.01 mg/100 g Arabica coffee Type 1 specific Coffea arabica 13443 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Arepa Type 2 specific 0.37 0.37 0.37 mg/100 g Asparagus Type 1 specific Asparagus officinalis 4686 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Atlantic cod Type 1 specific Gadus morhua 8049 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Atlantic halibut Type 1 specific Hippoglossus hippoglossus 8267 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Atlantic salmon Type 1 specific Salmo salar 8030 0.05 0.05 0.05 mg/100 g Avocado Type 1 specific Persea americana 3435 0.01375 0.02 0.0 mg/100 g Baby food Type 2 specific 0.062286 1.79 0.0 mg/100 g Baked beans Type 2 specific 0.056667 0.08 0.04 mg/100 g Banana Type 1 specific Musa acuminata 4641 0.015 0.02 0.01 mg/100 g Barley Type 1 specific Hordeum vulgare 4513 Bean Type 1 specific 0.056667 0.08 0.04 mg/100 g Bearded seal Type 1 specific Erignathus barbatus 39304 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Beer Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Beluga whale Type 1 specific Delphinapterus leucas 9749 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Biscuit Type 2 specific 1.318333 3.27 0.19 mg/100 g Bivalvia (Clam, Mussel, Oyster) Type 1 specific Bivalvia 6544 0.34 0.63 0.01 mg/100 g Black tea Type 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Black walnut Type 1 specific Juglans nigra 16719 0.7525 1.44 0.065 mg/100 g Blue crab Type 1 specific Callinectes sapidus 6763 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Blue mussel Type 1 specific Mytilus edulis 6550 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Brazil nut Type 1 specific Bertholletia excelsa 3645 0.77 0.77 0.77 mg/100 g Breakfast cereal Type 2 specific 0.002917 0.05 0.0 mg/100 g Breakfast sandwich Type 2 specific 1.04 2.19 0.1 mg/100 g Broccoli Type 1 specific Brassica oleracea var. italica 36774 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Brussel sprouts Type 1 specific Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera 178616 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Bulgur Type 2 specific Burrito Type 2 specific 0.622 1.31 0.42 mg/100 g Butter Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Buttermilk Type 2 specific 0.02 0.02 0.02 mg/100 g Cabbage Type 1 specific Brassica oleracea var. capitata 3716 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Cake Type 2 specific 2.12 3.49 0.75 mg/100 g Candy bar Type 2 specific 0.42 0.42 0.42 mg/100 g Canola Type 2 specific 138011 0.72 0.99 0.2 mg/100 g Canola oil Type 2 0.2 0.2 0.2 mg/100 g Caraway Type 1 specific Carum carvi 48032 Carrot Type 1 specific Daucus carota ssp. sativus 79200 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Cashew nut Type 1 specific Anacardium occidentale 171929 0.366667 0.37 0.36 mg/100 g Cattle (Beef, Veal) Type 1 specific Bos taurus 9913 0.001041 0.02 0.0 mg/100 g Cauliflower Type 1 specific Brassica oleracea var. botrytis 3715 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Celery stalks Type 1 specific Apium graveolens var. dulce 117781 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Cereals and cereal products Unknown generic Channel catfish Type 1 specific Ictalurus punctatus 7998 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Cheddar Cheese Type 2 Cheddar Cheese 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Cheese Type 2 specific 0.004706 0.04 0.0 mg/100 g Cherimoya Type 1 specific Annona cherimola 49314 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Chicken Type 1 specific Gallus gallus 9031 0.01 0.01 0.01 mg/100 g Chili Type 2 specific 0.05 0.07 0.03 mg/100 g Chinese cinnamon Type 1 specific Cinnamomum aromaticum 119260 0.26 0.26 0.26 mg/100 g Chinook salmon Type 1 specific Oncorhynchus tshawytscha 74940 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Chocolate Type 2 specific 0.2425 0.34 0.0 mg/100 g Chum salmon Type 1 specific Oncorhynchus keta 8018 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Cichlidae (Tilapia) Type 1 specific Cichlidae 8113 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Cinnamon Type 1 specific Cinnamomum 13428 0.26 0.26 0.26 mg/100 g Clam Type 1 0.735 0.735 0.735 mg/100 g Clementine Type 1 Citrus × clementina 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Cloves Type 1 specific Syzygium aromaticum 219868 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Coconut Type 1 specific Cocos nucifera 13894 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Coconut oil Type 2 0.09 0.09 0.09 mg/100 g Coffee Type 1 generic Coffea 13442 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Coho salmon Type 1 specific Oncorhynchus kisutch 8019 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Cold cut Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Common bean Type 1 specific Phaseolus vulgaris 3885 0.0975 0.44 0.01 mg/100 g Common buckwheat Type 1 specific Fagopyrum esculentum 3617 0.45 0.45 0.45 mg/100 g Common cabbage Type 1 specific Brassica oleracea 3712 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Common chokecherry Type 1 specific Prunus virginiana 133204 0.08 0.09 0.07 mg/100 g Common grape Type 1 specific Vitis vinifera 29760 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Common hazelnut Type 1 specific Corylus avellana 13451 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Common mushroom Type 1 specific Agaricus bisporus 5341 0.00125 0.01 0.0 mg/100 g Common oregano Type 1 specific Origanum vulgare 39352 0.92 0.92 0.92 mg/100 g Common pea Type 1 specific Pisum sativum 3888 0.034 0.09 0.01 mg/100 g Common walnut Type 1 specific Juglans regia 51240 35.72 104.5 0.77 mg/100 g Common wheat Type 1 specific Triticum aestivum 4565 Cooking oil Type 2 specific 16.08 30.88 1.28 mg/100 g Coriander Type 1 specific Coriandrum sativum 4047 Corn Type 1 specific Zea mays 4577 0.044 0.52 0.0 mg/100 g Corn chip Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Corn grits Type 2 specific 0.015714 0.04 0.0 mg/100 g Corn oil Type 2 0.25 0.25 0.25 mg/100 g Cottage cheese Type 2 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Cow milk, pasteurized, vitamin A + D added, 0% fat Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Cow milk, pasteurized, vitamin A + D added, 1% fat Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Cow milk, pasteurized, vitamin A + D added, 2% fat Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Cow milk, pasteurized, vitamin D added, 3.25% fat Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Cracker Type 2 specific 2.404545 4.12 0.94 mg/100 g Cream Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Cream substitute Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Cucumber Type 1 specific Cucumis sativus 3659 0.001667 0.005 0.0 mg/100 g Cucurbita Type 1 specific Cucurbita 3660 0.333333 0.44 0.28 mg/100 g Curry powder Type 2 specific 0.35 0.35 0.35 mg/100 g Daikon radish Type 1 specific Raphanus sativus var. longipinnatus 41679 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Date Type 1 specific Phoenix dactylifera 42345 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Domestic pig Type 1 specific Sus scrofa domestica 9825 0.011221 1.28 0.0 mg/100 g Dried milk Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Dulce de leche Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Egg roll Type 2 specific 0.41 0.58 0.25 mg/100 g Egg yolk Type 1 3.365 3.365 3.365 mg/100 g Eggs Unknown generic 0.26 0.74 0.06 mg/100 g Empanada Type 2 specific 1.0 1.0 1.0 mg/100 g Enokitake Type 1 specific Flammulina velutipes 38945 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g European anchovy Type 1 specific Engraulis encrasicolus 184585 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g European plum Type 1 specific Prunus domestica 3758 0.0125 0.05 0.0 mg/100 g Feijoa Type 1 specific Feijoa sellowiana 260130 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Fennel Type 1 specific Foeniculum vulgare 48038 Fig Type 1 specific Ficus carica 3494 0.0075 0.01 0.005 mg/100 g Flatfish Type 1 specific Pleuronectiformes 8252 0.285 0.32 0.26 mg/100 g Flaxseed Type 1 specific Linum usitatissimum 4006 0.745 1.65 0.17 mg/100 g Flour Type 2 specific French plantain Type 1 specific Musa X paradisiaca 89151 0.53 0.53 0.53 mg/100 g French toast Type 2 specific 3.5 3.5 3.5 mg/100 g Fruit juice Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Fruit preserve Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Fruit salad Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Fruit-flavor drink Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Frybread Type 2 specific 0.06 0.12 0.0 mg/100 g Gadiformes Type 1 specific Gadiformes 8043 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Gadus (Common cod) Type 1 specific Gadus 8048 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Garden onion Type 1 specific Allium cepa 4679 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Garden onion (var.) Type 1 specific Allium cepa var. cepa 4679 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Garden tomato Type 1 specific Solanum lycopersicum 4081 0.004231 0.035 0.0 mg/100 g Garden tomato (var.) Type 1 specific Solanum lycopersicum var. lycopersicum 397755 0.035 0.035 0.035 mg/100 g Garlic Type 1 specific Allium sativum 4682 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Ginger Type 1 specific Zingiber officinale 94328 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Grape Type 1 specific Vitis 3603 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Grapefruit Type 1 specific Citrus X paradisi 37656 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Grapefruit/Pummelo hybrid Type 1 specific Citrus paradisi X Citrus maxima 37656 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Green bean Type 1 specific Phaseolus vulgaris 3885 0.01 0.01 0.01 mg/100 g Green bell pepper Type 1 specific Capsicum annuum 4072 0.766667 2.3 0.0 mg/100 g Green lentil Type 1 Lens culinaris 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Green plum Type 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Green tea Type 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Guava Type 1 specific Psidium guajava 120290 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Haddock Type 1 specific Melanogrammus aeglefinus 8056 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Hamburger Type 2 specific 0.274286 0.87 0.02 mg/100 g Hard wheat Type 1 specific Triticum durum 4567 Hazelnut Type 1 specific Corylus 13450 0.035 0.14 0.0 mg/100 g Hippoglossus (Common halibut) Type 1 specific Hippoglossus 8266 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Horchata Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Horseradish tree Type 1 specific Moringa oleifera 3735 Hot chocolate Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Hummus Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Iceberg lettuce Type 1 0.01 0.01 0.01 mg/100 g Icing Type 2 specific 0.9 1.8 0.0 mg/100 g Italian oregano Type 1 specific Origanum X majoricum 1384207 0.92 0.92 0.92 mg/100 g Italian sweet red pepper Type 1 specific Capsicum annuum 4072 0.79 2.35 0.01 mg/100 g Jackfruit Type 1 specific Artocarpus heterophyllus 3489 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Jalapeno pepper Type 1 Capsicum annuum 'Jalapeño' 0.005 0.005 0.005 mg/100 g Japanese pumpkin Type 1 specific Cucurbita maxima 3661 0.333333 0.44 0.28 mg/100 g Kale Type 1 specific Brassica napus var. pabularia 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Ketchup Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Kiwi Type 1 specific Actinidia chinensis 3625 0.003333 0.01 0.0 mg/100 g Lard Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Lemon sole Type 1 specific Microstomus kitt 106175 0.275 0.275 0.275 mg/100 g Lentils Type 1 generic Lens culinaris 3864 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Lettuce Type 1 specific Lactuca sativa 4236 0.005833 0.02 0.0 mg/100 g Lichee Type 1 specific Litchi chinensis 151069 Macadamia nut Type 1 specific Macadamia 4329 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Macadamia nut (M. tetraphylla) Type 1 specific Macadamia tetraphylla 512563 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Macaroni and cheese Type 2 specific 0.295 0.4 0.13 mg/100 g Maitake Type 1 specific Grifola frondosa 5627 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Mamey sapote Type 1 specific Pouteria sapota 233744 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Mandarin orange (Clementine, Tangerine) Type 1 specific Citrus reticulata 85571 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Mango Type 1 specific Mangifera indica 29780 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Margarine Type 2 specific 8.036 15.28 0.68 mg/100 g Margarine-like spread Type 2 specific 6.251818 15.36 1.12 mg/100 g Marine mussel Type 1 specific Mytilidae 6547 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Meatloaf Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Mexican oregano Type 1 specific Lippia graveolens 0.92 0.92 0.92 mg/100 g Milk (Cow) Type 2 specific 0.001242 0.00497 0.0 mg/100 g Millet Type 1 specific Panicum miliaceum 4540 0.53 0.53 0.53 mg/100 g Mixed nuts Type 2 specific 0.32 0.32 0.32 mg/100 g Mozzarella cheese Type 2 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Multigrain bread Type 2 specific 0.565 0.59 0.54 mg/100 g Muskmelon Type 1 specific Cucumis melo 3656 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Nachos Type 2 specific 2.31 3.25 1.37 mg/100 g Nance Type 1 specific Byrsonima crassifolia 4270 0.1575 0.29 0.025 mg/100 g Naranjilla Type 1 specific Solanum quitoense 227725 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Nectarine Type 1 specific Prunus persica var. nucipersica 323851 0.02 0.03 0.01 mg/100 g Norway haddock Type 1 specific Sebastes viviparus 394708 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Nutmeg Type 1 specific Myristica fragrans 51089 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Nutritional drink Type 2 specific 0.17 0.17 0.17 mg/100 g Oat Type 1 specific Avena sativa 4498 0.1 0.1 0.1 mg/100 g Oil palm Type 1 specific Elaeis 51952 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Okra Type 1 specific Abelmoschus esculentus 455045 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Olive Type 1 specific Olea europaea 4146 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Opium poppy Type 1 specific Papaver somniferum 3469 0.23 0.23 0.23 mg/100 g Orange roughy Type 1 specific Hoplostethus atlanticus 96778 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Oriental wheat Type 1 specific Triticum turanicum 376534 0.0075 0.01 0.005 mg/100 g Other beverage Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Other bread Type 2 specific 1.135 3.79 0.0 mg/100 g Other bread product Type 2 specific 0.215 0.25 0.18 mg/100 g Other candy Type 2 specific 1.246667 3.18 0.22 mg/100 g Other dish Type 2 specific 0.843158 2.75 0.0 mg/100 g Other fish product Type 2 specific 0.685 1.33 0.04 mg/100 g Other pasta dish Type 2 specific 0.02 0.02 0.02 mg/100 g Other sandwich Type 2 specific 1.51 1.51 1.51 mg/100 g Other snack food Type 2 specific 0.056667 0.24 0.0 mg/100 g Other soy product Type 2 specific 3.305 3.57 3.04 mg/100 g Oyster mushroom Type 1 specific Pleurotus ostreatus 5322 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Pacific cod Type 1 specific Gadus macrocephalus 80720 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Pacific halibut Type 1 specific Hippoglossus stenolepis 195615 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Pacific ocean perch Type 1 specific Sebastes alutus 72055 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Pacific rockfish Type 1 specific Sebastes 34820 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Pacific sardine Type 1 specific Sardinops sagax 28381 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Painted comber Type 1 specific Serranus scriba 349661 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Pan dulce Type 2 specific 0.77 0.77 0.77 mg/100 g Pancake Type 2 specific 0.38 0.75 0.01 mg/100 g Papaya Type 1 specific Carica papaya 3649 0.015 0.02 0.01 mg/100 g Parmesan cheese Type 2 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Parsley Type 1 specific Petroselinum crispum 4043 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Pasta Type 2 specific 0.00125 0.01 0.0 mg/100 g Pastry Type 2 specific 2.72 3.01 2.43 mg/100 g Pea shoots Type 1 0.02 0.02 0.02 mg/100 g Peach Type 1 specific Prunus persica 3760 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Peanut Type 1 specific Arachis hypogaea 3818 0.807143 1.37 0.59 mg/100 g Peanut oil Type 2 0.47 0.47 0.47 mg/100 g Pear Type 1 specific Pyrus communis 23211 0.01 0.04 0.0 mg/100 g Pecan nut Type 1 specific Carya illinoinensis 32201 0.750833 1.07 0.355 mg/100 g Pepper Type 1 specific Capsicum annuum 4072 0.5925 2.35 0.0 mg/100 g Pepper (Spice) Type 1 specific Piper nigrum 13216 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Persian lime Type 1 specific Citrus latifolia 200541 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Pie Type 2 specific 1.39 1.62 1.0 mg/100 g Pie crust Type 2 specific 1.418333 2.78 0.02 mg/100 g Piki bread Type 2 specific 0.08 0.15 0.01 mg/100 g Pine nut Type 1 specific Pinus 3337 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Pineapple Type 1 specific Ananas comosus 4615 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Pink salmon Type 1 specific Oncorhynchus gorbuscha 8017 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Pistachio Type 1 specific Pistacia vera 55513 0.67 0.8 0.54 mg/100 g Pizza Type 2 specific 0.490238 1.39 0.22 mg/100 g Pollock Type 1 specific Pollachius 8059 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Popcorn Type 2 specific 2.608 5.99 0.0 mg/100 g Pot pie Type 2 specific 0.075 0.13 0.02 mg/100 g Potato Type 1 specific Solanum tuberosum 4113 0.747714 4.12 0.0 mg/100 g Potato chip Type 2 specific 0.09 0.09 0.09 mg/100 g Potato puffs Type 2 specific 1.065 1.08 1.05 mg/100 g Processed cheese Type 2 specific 1.291667 4.37 0.0 mg/100 g Pudding Type 2 specific 0.23875 0.83 0.0 mg/100 g Pupusa Type 2 specific 0.293333 0.66 0.08 mg/100 g Quinoa Type 1 specific Chenopodium quinoa 63459 0.196667 0.35 0.11 mg/100 g Radish Type 1 specific Raphanus sativus 3726 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Rainbow trout Type 1 specific Oncorhynchus mykiss 8022 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Rapini Type 1 specific Brassica ruvo 1204434 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Ravioli Type 2 specific 0.03 0.06 0.0 mg/100 g Red bell pepper Type 1 specific Capsicum annuum 4072 1.18 2.35 0.01 mg/100 g Red rice Type 1 specific Oryza rufipogon 4529 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Rice Type 1 specific Oryza sativa 4530 0.008 0.04 0.0 mg/100 g Robusta coffee Type 1 specific Coffea canephora 49390 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Romaine lettuce Type 1 specific Lactuca sativa L. var. longifolia 0.01 0.01 0.01 mg/100 g Rose hip Type 1 specific Rosa 3764 0.14 0.14 0.14 mg/100 g Roselle Type 1 specific Hibiscus sabdariffa 183260 1.0 1.0 1.0 mg/100 g Rosemary Type 1 specific Rosmarinus officinalis 39367 Rubus (Blackberry, Raspberry) Type 1 specific Rubus 23216 1.09 2.4 0.02 mg/100 g Rye Type 1 specific Secale cereale 4550 Rye bread Type 2 specific 0.065 0.065 0.065 mg/100 g Salad Type 2 specific 1.836667 2.23 1.64 mg/100 g Salad dressing Type 2 specific 4.533333 7.9 1.43 mg/100 g Salmonberry Type 1 specific Rubus spectabilis 59499 0.09 0.09 0.09 mg/100 g Salted butter Type 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Sauce Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Sausage Type 2 specific 0.02 0.34 0.0 mg/100 g Scallop Type 1 specific Pectinidae 6566 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Sesame Type 1 specific Sesamum orientale 4182 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Sheefish Type 1 specific Stenodus leucichthys 59296 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Shiitake Type 1 specific Lentinus edodes 5353 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Shortening Type 2 specific 15.36 15.36 15.36 mg/100 g Shrimp Type 1 specific Caridea 6694 1.478333 3.22 0.0 mg/100 g Smelt Type 1 specific Osmeridae 8012 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Snack bar Type 2 specific 0.193333 0.89 0.0 mg/100 g Sockeye salmon Type 1 specific Oncorhynchus nerka 8023 0.082778 0.305 0.0 mg/100 g Sorghum Type 1 specific Sorghum bicolor 4558 0.03 0.03 0.03 mg/100 g Soup Type 2 specific 0.087273 0.28 0.0 mg/100 g Soursop Type 1 specific Annona muricata 13337 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Soy bean Type 1 specific Glycine max 3847 6.626 21.3 2.61 mg/100 g Soybean oil Type 2 6.375 6.375 6.375 mg/100 g Spelt Type 1 specific Triticum spelta 58933 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Spinach Type 1 specific Spinacia oleracea 3562 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Spotted seal Type 1 specific Phoca largha 39090 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Stew Type 2 specific 0.008571 0.05 0.0 mg/100 g Strawberry Type 1 specific Fragaria X ananassa 3747 0.01 0.01 0.01 mg/100 g Stuffing Type 2 specific 0.38 0.38 0.38 mg/100 g Sunburst squash (pattypan squash) Type 1 specific Cucurbita pepo var. clypeata 0.333333 0.44 0.28 mg/100 g Sunflower Type 1 specific Helianthus annuus 4232 1.7325 5.66 0.0 mg/100 g Sunflower oil Type 2 0.235 0.235 0.235 mg/100 g Sweet basil Type 1 specific Ocimum basilicum 39350 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Sweet cherry Type 1 specific Prunus avium 42229 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Sweet custard Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Sweet orange Type 1 specific Citrus sinensis 2711 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Sweet potato Type 1 specific Ipomoea batatas 4120 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Swiss cheese Type 2 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Swordfish Type 1 specific Xiphias gladius 8245 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Taco Type 2 specific 0.901667 1.69 0.45 mg/100 g Tamale Type 2 specific 0.235 0.55 0.0 mg/100 g Tamarind Type 1 specific Tamarindus indica 58860 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Tartary buckwheat Type 1 specific Fagopyrum tataricum 62330 Tea Type 1 specific Camellia sinensis 4442 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Teff Type 1 specific Eragrostis tef 110835 0.05 0.07 0.03 mg/100 g Thunnus Type 1 specific Thunnus 8234 0.62 1.24 0.0 mg/100 g Tinda Type 1 specific Citrullus lanatus var. fistulosus 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Topping Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Tortilla Type 2 specific 0.3025 0.63 0.0 mg/100 g Tortilla chip Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Triticale Type 1 specific X Triticosecale rimpaui True sole Type 1 specific Soleidae 30948 0.275 0.275 0.275 mg/100 g Turkey Type 1 specific Meleagris gallopavo 9103 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Turmeric Type 1 specific Curcuma longa 136217 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Turnip Type 1 specific Brassica rapa var. rapa 51350 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Unclassified food or beverage Type 2 specific 0.135 0.27 0.0 mg/100 g Vaccinium (Blueberry, Cranberry, Huckleberry) Type 1 specific Vaccinium 13749 0.03 0.03 0.03 mg/100 g Vegetable juice Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Waffle Type 2 specific 1.1875 1.33 0.97 mg/100 g Walnut Type 1 specific Juglans 16718 0.065 0.065 0.065 mg/100 g Wasabi Type 1 specific Wasabia japonica 75806 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Water spinach Type 1 Ipomoea aquatica 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Watermelon Type 1 specific Citrullus lanatus 3654 0.01 0.02 0.0 mg/100 g Wheat Type 1 specific Triticum 4564 0.006667 0.02 0.0 mg/100 g Wheat bread Type 2 specific 0.292 0.59 0.0 mg/100 g White bread Type 1 1.135 3.79 0.0 mg/100 g White cabbage Type 1 specific Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata L. f. alba DC. 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g White mustard Type 1 specific Sinapis alba 3728 0.445 0.81 0.08 mg/100 g Whitefish Type 1 specific Coregonus 27772 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Wild carrot Type 1 specific Daucus carota 4039 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Wild celery Type 1 specific Apium graveolens 4045 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Wild rice Type 1 specific Zizania 15949 Yellow pond-lily Type 1 specific Nuphar lutea 77113 0.66 1.3 0.02 mg/100 g Yellowfin tuna Type 1 specific Thunnus albacares 8236 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Zwieback Type 2 specific 0.01 0.01 0.01 mg/100 g Anti-oxidant 502 A substance that opposes oxidation or inhibits reactions brought about by dioxygen or peroxides. In European countries, E-numbers for permitted antioxidant food additives are from E 300 to E 324. Antitumor 672 A substance that inhibits or prevents the proliferation of neoplasms. Apoptotic 704 Hypocholesterolemic 1016