1.02010-04-08 22:05:31 UTC2020-09-17 15:33:10 UTCFDB002798ApigeninApigenin, also known as chamomile or versulin, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as flavones. These are flavonoids with a structure based on the backbone of 2-phenylchromen-4-one (2-phenyl-1-benzopyran-4-one). Apigenin is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble in water, and relatively neutral. It exists as a yellow crystalline solid that has been used to dye wool. Apigenin is abundantly found in fruits and vegetables including parsley, celery and chamomile tea. It exhibits antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory, and antimetastatic activities through poorly defined mechanisms. Apigenin has shown significant promise as a skin cancer chemopreventive agent. In particular, apigenin inhibits the expression of involucrin (hINV), a marker of keratinocyte differentiation. Apigenin suppresses the 12-O-tetradeconylphorbol-13-acetate-dependent increase in AP1 factor expression and binding to the hINV promoter. Apigenin also inhibits the increase in promoter activity observed following overexpression of PKCdelta, constitutively active Ras, or MEKK1. The suppression of PKCdelta activity is associated with reduced phosphorylation of PKCdelta-Y311 (PMID: 16982614). Apigenin provides selective activity to promote caspase-dependent-apoptosis of leukemia cells (PMID: 16844095). Apigenin induces the expression of death receptor 5 (DR5) and synergistically acts with exogenous soluble recombinant human tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) to induce apoptosis in malignant tumor cells (PMID: 16648565). Apigenin is biosynthetically derived from the general phenylpropanoid pathway. The phenylpropanoid pathway starts from the aromatic amino acids L-phenylalanine or L-tyrosine, both products of the Shikimate pathway. L-phenylalanine is deaminated by phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) to make cinnamate, followed by oxidation at the para position by cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H) to produce p-coumarate. 4-coumarate CoA ligase (4CL) then substitutes coenzyme A (CoA) at the carboxy group of p-coumarate. Later chalcone synthase (CHS) uses consecutive condensations of three equivalents of malonyl CoA followed by aromatization to convert p-coumaroyl-CoA to chalcone. Chalcone isomerase (CHI) then isomerizes the product to close the pyrone ring to make naringenin. Finally, a flavanone synthase (FNS) enzyme oxidizes naringenin to apigenin (PMID: 12636085, 11524111)2-(P-Hydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxychromone4,5, 7-Trihydroxyflavone4',5,7-Trihydroxy-flavone4',5,7-Trihydroxyflavone5,7-Dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-benzopyrone5,7-Dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one5,7-Dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one, 9CI5,7-Dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4H-chromen-4-one5,7,4'-TrihydroxyflavoneApigenolC.I. natural yellow 1ChamomilePelargidenoneSpigeninVersulinC15H10O5270.2369270.052823435,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4H-chromen-4-onechamomile520-36-5OC1=CC=C(C=C1)C1=CC(=O)C2=C(O)C=C(O)C=C2O1InChI=1S/C15H10O5/c16-9-3-1-8(2-4-9)13-7-12(19)15-11(18)5-10(17)6-14(15)20-13/h1-7,16-18HKZNIFHPLKGYRTM-UHFFFAOYSA-N belongs to the class of organic compounds known as flavones. These are flavonoids with a structure based on the backbone of 2-phenylchromen-4-one (2-phenyl-1-benzopyran-4-one).FlavonesOrganic compoundsPhenylpropanoids and polyketidesFlavonoidsFlavonesAromatic heteropolycyclic compounds1-hydroxy-2-unsubstituted benzenoids1-hydroxy-4-unsubstituted benzenoids4'-hydroxyflavonoids5-hydroxyflavonoids7-hydroxyflavonoidsBenzene and substituted derivativesChromonesHeteroaromatic compoundsHydrocarbon derivativesOrganic oxidesOrganooxygen compoundsOxacyclic compoundsPyranones and derivativesVinylogous acids1-benzopyran1-hydroxy-2-unsubstituted benzenoid1-hydroxy-4-unsubstituted benzenoid4'-hydroxyflavonoid5-hydroxyflavonoid7-hydroxyflavonoidAromatic heteropolycyclic compoundBenzenoidBenzopyranChromoneFlavoneHeteroaromatic compoundHydrocarbon derivativeHydroxyflavonoidMonocyclic benzene moietyOrganic oxideOrganic oxygen compoundOrganoheterocyclic compoundOrganooxygen compoundOxacyclePhenolPyranPyranoneVinylogous acidFlavones and FlavonolsFlavones and FlavonolsflavonestrihydroxyflavoneSolidlogp3.07logs-3.36solubility1.18e-01 g/lmelting_pointMp 352°logp2.71pka_strongest_acidic6.57pka_strongest_basic-5.4iupac5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4H-chromen-4-oneaverage_mass270.2369mono_mass270.05282343smilesOC1=CC=C(C=C1)C1=CC(=O)C2=C(O)C=C(O)C=C2O1formulaC15H10O5inchiInChI=1S/C15H10O5/c16-9-3-1-8(2-4-9)13-7-12(19)15-11(18)5-10(17)6-14(15)20-13/h1-7,16-18HinchikeyKZNIFHPLKGYRTM-UHFFFAOYSA-Npolar_surface_area86.99refractivity72.91polarizability26.78rotatable_bond_count1acceptor_count5donor_count3physiological_charge-1formal_charge0Specdb::CMs2251Specdb::CMs5670Specdb::CMs30481Specdb::CMs30482Specdb::CMs31396Specdb::CMs38281Specdb::CMs152419Specdb::NmrOneD332178Specdb::NmrOneD332179Specdb::NmrOneD332180Specdb::NmrOneD332181Specdb::NmrOneD332182Specdb::NmrOneD332183Specdb::NmrOneD332184Specdb::NmrOneD332185Specdb::NmrOneD332186Specdb::NmrOneD332187Specdb::NmrOneD332188Specdb::NmrOneD332189Specdb::NmrOneD332190Specdb::NmrOneD332191Specdb::NmrOneD332192Specdb::NmrOneD332193Specdb::NmrOneD332194Specdb::NmrOneD332195Specdb::NmrOneD332196Specdb::NmrOneD332197Specdb::MsMs285895Specdb::MsMs285896Specdb::MsMs373644Specdb::MsMs373645Specdb::MsMs374037Specdb::MsMs436920Specdb::MsMs436921Specdb::MsMs436922Specdb::MsMs436923Specdb::MsMs436924Specdb::MsMs438932Specdb::MsMs438933Specdb::MsMs439129Specdb::MsMs439426Specdb::MsMs439427Specdb::MsMs439428Specdb::MsMs439902Specdb::MsMs439903Specdb::MsMs440199Specdb::MsMs2226833Specdb::MsMs2227908Specdb::MsMs2228872Specdb::MsMs2230550Specdb::MsMs2233693Specdb::MsMs2234000HMDB02124AGI#<Reference:0x0000555675d9d930>#<Reference:0x0000555675d9d6d8>#<Reference:0x0000555675d9d520>AbaloneType 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1specificVaccinium uliginosum190548BorageType 1specificBorago officinalis13363BoysenberryType 1specificRubus ursinus X idaeusBrassicasUnknowngeneric3705Brazil nutType 1specificBertholletia excelsa36450.00.00.0mg/100 gBreadfruitType 1specificArtocarpus altilis194251Breadnut tree seedType 1specificBrosimum alicastrum194253Breakfast cerealType 2specificBroad beanType 1specificVicia faba39060.00.00.0mg/100 gBroccoliType 1specificBrassica oleracea var. italica367740.00.00.0mg/100 gBrussel sproutsType 1specificBrassica oleracea var. gemmifera1786160.00.00.0mg/100 gBuffalo currantType 1specificRibes aureum var. villosum23283BulgurType 2specificBurbotType 1specificLota lota69944BurdockType 1specificArctium lappa4217ButternutType 1specificJuglans cinerea91214Butternut squashType 1specificCucurbita moschata3662CabbageType 1specificBrassica oleracea var. capitata3716CalabashType 1specificLagenaria siceraria3668Canada blueberryType 1specificVaccinium myrtilloides1503870Cannellini beanType 1CanolaType 2specific138011Cantaloupe melonType 1Cucumis melo var. cantalupensisCape gooseberryType 1Physalis peruvianaCapersType 1specificCapparis spinosa65558CarawayType 1specificCarum carvi48032CardamomType 1specificElettaria cardamomum105181CardoonType 1specificCynara cardunculus4265CarobType 1specificCeratonia siliqua20340CarrotType 1specificDaucus carota ssp. sativus792000.00.00.0mg/100 gCascade huckleberryType 1specificVaccinium deliciosum190531Cashew nutType 1specificAnacardium occidentale1719290.00.00.0mg/100 gCassavaType 1specificManihot esculenta3983Castanospermum australeType 1Castanospermum australeCatjang peaType 1specificVigna unguiculata ssp. cylindrica3840CauliflowerType 1specificBrassica oleracea var. botrytis37150.0816670.1333333350.03mg/100 gCeleriacType 1specificApium graveolens var. rapaceum2781102.412.4100000862.410000086mg/100 gCelery leavesType 1specificApium graveolens var. secalinum94158856.2556.2556.25mg/100 gCelery stalksType 1specificApium graveolens var. dulce1177812.5755.1500000240.0mg/100 gCereals and cereal productsUnknowngenericCeylon cinnamonType 1specificCinnamomum verum128608ChanterelleType 1specificCantharellus cibarius36066ChayoteType 1specificSechium edule184140CherimoyaType 1specificAnnona cherimola49314Cherry tomatoType 1specificSolanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme1955830.00.00.0mg/100 gChervilType 1specificAnthriscus cerefolium40888ChestnutType 1specificCastanea21019ChiaType 1specificSalvia hispanica49212ChickpeaType 1specificCicer arietinum3827ChicoryType 1specificCichorium intybus134270.770.770.77mg/100 gChicory leavesType 1specificCichorium intybus var. foliosum13427Chicory rootsType 1specificCichorium intybus var. sativum13427Chinese bayberryType 1specificMyrica rubra262757Chinese broccoliType 1specificBrassica alboglabra3714Chinese cabbageType 1specificBrassica rapa37110.06750.240.01mg/100 gChinese chestnutType 1specificCastanea mollissima60419Chinese chivesType 1specificAllium tuberosum4683Chinese cinnamonType 1specificCinnamomum aromaticum119260Chinese mustardType 1specificBrassica juncea3707Chinese plumType 1Chinese water chestnutType 1specificEleocharis dulcis110284ChivesType 1specificAllium schoenoprasum749000.00.00.0mg/100 gCinnamonType 1specificCinnamomum13428CitrusUnknowngenericClementineType 1Citrus × clementinaClimbing beanType 1specificVigna umbellata87088Cloud ear fungusType 1specificAuricularia polytricha29893CloudberryType 1specificRubus chamaemorus57936ClovesType 1specificSyzygium aromaticum219868Cocoa beanType 1specificTheobroma cacao3641CoconutType 1specificCocos nucifera13894CoffeeType 1genericCoffea134420.00.00.0mg/100 gColorado pinyonType 1specificPinus edulis33400.00.00.0mg/100 gCommon beanType 1specificPhaseolus vulgaris38850.00.00.0mg/100 gCommon beetType 1specificBeta vulgaris1619340.00.00.0mg/100 gCommon buckwheatType 1specificFagopyrum esculentum36170.280.280.28mg/100 gCommon cabbageType 1specificBrassica oleracea37120.0397750.1070000080.0mg/100 gCommon chokecherryType 1specificPrunus virginiana133204Common grapeType 1specificVitis vinifera297600.00.00.0mg/100 gCommon hazelnutType 1specificCorylus avellana134510.00.00.0mg/100 gCommon mushroomType 1specificAgaricus bisporus53410.00.00.0mg/100 gCommon oreganoType 1specificOriganum vulgare393526.90333317.710.0mg/100 gCommon peaType 1specificPisum sativum38880.00250.010.0mg/100 gCommon persimmonType 1specificDiospyros virginiana13493Common sageType 1specificSalvia officinalis388680.92.4000000950.0mg/100 gCommon salsifyType 1specificTragopogon porrifolius13731Common thymeType 1specificThymus vulgaris499922.8755.00.0mg/100 gCommon verbenaType 1specificVerbena officinalis79772Common walnutType 1specificJuglans regia512400.00.00.0mg/100 gCommon wheatType 1specificTriticum aestivum4565ConchType 1specificStrombidae69694CorianderType 1specificCoriandrum sativum40470.00.00.0mg/100 gCornType 1specificZea mays4577Corn saladType 1specificValerianella locusta59166CornbreadType 2specificCornmintType 1specificMentha arvensis292239CottonseedType 1specificGossypium3633CowpeaType 1specificVigna unguiculata3917CrosneType 1Stachys affinisCubanelle pepperType 1CucumberType 1specificCucumis sativus36590.000250.00050.0mg/100 gCucurbitaType 1specificCucurbita36600.00.00.0mg/100 gCuminType 1specificCuminum cyminum524620.00.00.0mg/100 gCupuaçuType 1specificTheobroma grandiflorum108881Curry powderType 2specificCustard appleType 1specificAnnona reticulata301862Daikon radishType 1specificRaphanus sativus var. longipinnatus41679DandelionType 1specificTaraxacum officinale50225DateType 1specificPhoenix dactylifera423450.00.00.0mg/100 gDeerberryType 1specificVaccinium stamineum176259DevilfishType 1specificMyoxocephalus8095DillType 1specificAnethum graveolens409220.00.00.0mg/100 gDockType 1specificRumex36180.00.00.0mg/100 gDurianType 1specificDurio zibethinus66656EddoeType 1Colocasia antiquorumEggplantType 1specificSolanum melongena41110.010.010.01mg/100 gElderberryType 1specificSambucus4201Elliott's 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persimmonType 1specificDiospyros kaki35925Japanese pumpkinType 1specificCucurbita maxima3661Japanese walnutType 1specificJuglans ailanthifolia91209Java plumType 1specificSyzygium cumini260142Jerusalem artichokeType 1specificHelianthus tuberosus4233Jew's earType 1specificAuricularia auricula-judae29892JicamaType 1specificPachyrhizus erosus109171JostaberryType 1specificRibes × nidigrolariaJujubeType 1specificZiziphus zizyphus48393Juniperus communisType 1Juniperus communis6.4157.265.57mg/100 gJuteType 1specificCorchorus olitorius93759Kai-lanType 1specificBrassica oleracea var. alboglabra37140.0140.0140.014mg/100 gKaleType 1specificBrassica napus var. pabularia0.0050.010.0mg/100 gKelpType 1specificLaminaria33637KiwiType 1specificActinidia chinensis36250.00.00.0mg/100 gKohlrabiType 1specificBrassica oleracea var. gongylodes1093790.00.00.0mg/100 gKomatsunaType 1specificBrassica rapa var. perviridis344680KombuType 1specificSaccharina japonica88149KumquatType 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gLowbush blueberryType 1specificVaccinium angustifolium472369LupineType 1specificLupinus3869Macadamia nutType 1specificMacadamia43290.00.00.0mg/100 gMacadamia nut (M. tetraphylla)Type 1specificMacadamia tetraphylla5125630.00.00.0mg/100 gMaitakeType 1specificGrifola frondosa5627Malabar plumType 1specificSyzygium jambos334483Malabar spinachType 1specificBasella alba358962.262.262.2mg/100 gMalus (Crab apple)Type 1specificMalus3749Mamey sapoteType 1specificPouteria sapota233744Mammee appleType 1specificMammea americana198777Mandarin orange (Clementine, Tangerine)Type 1specificCitrus reticulata855710.00.00.0mg/100 gMangoType 1specificMangifera indica297800.010.010.01mg/100 gMateType 1Ilex paraguariensisMedlarType 1specificMespilus germanica36616MenthaType 1specificMentha21819Mexican groundcherryType 1specificPhysalis philadelphica var. immaculata374021Mexican oreganoType 1specificLippia graveolensMikanType 1Citrus unshiuMilletType 1specificPanicum miliaceum4540MisoType 2specificMixed nutsType 2specificMonk fruitType 1Siraitia grosvenoriiMorchella (Morel)Type 1specificMorchellaceae5192Moth beanType 1specificVigna aconitifolia3918Mountain yamType 1specificDioscorea pentaphylla167592MugwortType 1specificArtemisia vulgaris4220MulberryType 1specificMorus3497MunduType 1Garcinia dulcisMung beanType 1specificVigna radiata157791Muscadine grapeType 1specificVitis rotundifolia103349MuskmelonType 1specificCucumis melo36560.00.00.0mg/100 gMustard spinachType 1specificBrassica perviridisNanceType 1specificByrsonima crassifolia4270Nanking cherryType 1specificPrunus tomentosa105667Napa cabbageType 1specificBrassica rapa var. pekinensis513510.00.00.0mg/100 gNaranjillaType 1specificSolanum quitoense227725Narrowleaf cattailType 1specificTypha angustifolia59011Natal plumType 1specificCarissa macrocarpa403101NectarineType 1specificPrunus persica var. nucipersica3238510.00.00.0mg/100 gNew Zealand spinachType 1specificTetragonia tetragonioides453180.00.00.0mg/100 gNopalType 1specificOpuntia cochenillifera338184NutmegType 1specificMyristica fragrans51089NutsUnknowngenericOatType 1specificAvena sativa4498Oat breadType 2specificOhelo berryType 1specificVaccinium reticulatum180767Oil palmType 1specificElaeis51952Oil-seed CamelliaType 1specificCamellia oleifera385388OkraType 1specificAbelmoschus esculentus455045OliveType 1specificOlea europaea41460.3492691.1726835770.032400001mg/100 gOlive oilType 2Onion-family vegetablesUnknowngenericOpium poppyType 1specificPapaver somniferum3469Orange bell pepperType 1specificCapsicum annuum4072Orange mintType 1specificMentha aquatica190902Oregon yampahType 1specificPerideridia oregana234866Oriental wheatType 1specificTriticum turanicum376534Ostrich fernType 1specificMatteuccia struthiopteris3277Other breadType 2specificOther cereal productType 2specificOther soy productType 2specificOval-leaf huckleberryType 1specificVaccinium ovalifolium190544Oxheart cabbageType 1specificBrassica oleracea var. conica0.00.00.0mg/100 gOyster mushroomType 1specificPleurotus ostreatus5322Pak choyType 1specificBrassica rapa var. chinensis933854.54.54.5mg/100 gPapayaType 1specificCarica papaya36490.010.010.01mg/100 gParsleyType 1specificPetroselinum crispum40431262.9255254503.530.7421mg/100 gParsnipType 1specificPastinaca sativa40410.04910.10270.0mg/100 gPartridge berryType 1Mitchella repensPassion fruitType 1specificPassiflora edulis78168PastaType 2specificPea shootsType 1PeachType 1specificPrunus persica37600.00.00.0mg/100 gPeach (var.)Type 1specificPrunus persica var. persica3238520.00.00.0mg/100 gPeanutType 1specificArachis hypogaea38180.00.00.0mg/100 gPearType 1specificPyrus communis232110.00.00.0mg/100 gPecan nutType 1specificCarya illinoinensis322010.00.00.0mg/100 gPepperType 1specificCapsicum annuum40720.21.40.0mg/100 gPepper (C. baccatum)Type 1specificCapsicum baccatum var. baccatum165788Pepper (C. chinense)Type 1specificCapsicum chinense80379Pepper (C. frutescens)Type 1specificCapsicum annuum var. annuum40321Pepper (C. pubescens)Type 1specificCapsicum pubescens113210Pepper (Capsicum)Type 1specificCapsicum4071Pepper (Spice)Type 1specificPiper nigrum13216PeppermintType 1specificMentha X piperita342565.395.395.39mg/100 gPersian limeType 1specificCitrus latifolia2005410.00.00.0mg/100 gPersimmonType 1specificDiospyros13492Pigeon peaType 1specificCajanus cajan3821Piki breadType 2specificPili nutType 1specificCanarium ovatum43691Pine nutType 1specificPinus33370.00.00.0mg/100 gPineappleType 1specificAnanas comosus46150.00.00.0mg/100 gPineappple sageType 1specificSalvia elegans888065PistachioType 1specificPistacia vera555130.0010.0030.0mg/100 gPita breadType 2specificPitangaType 1specificEugenia uniflora1199510.00.00.0mg/100 gPitayaType 1Hylocereus undatusPlains prickly pearType 1specificOpuntia macrorhiza1041245PlantainType 1Musa × paradisiacaPomegranateType 1specificPunica granatum226630.00.00.0mg/100 gPomesUnknowngenericPoppyType 1specificPapaver34680.10.10.1mg/100 gPot marjoramType 1specificOriganum onites452416PotatoType 1specificSolanum tuberosum41130.0002860.0020.0mg/100 gPotato breadType 2specificPrairie turnipType 1specificPediomelum esculentum458363Prickly pearType 1specificOpuntia106975Prunus (Cherry, Plum)Type 1specificPrunus37540.0050.010.0mg/100 gPulsesUnknowngenericPummeloType 1specificCitrus maxima373340.3250.650.0mg/100 gPurple laverType 1specificPorphyra laciniataPurple mangosteenType 1specificGarcinia mangostana58228PurslaneType 1specificPortulaca oleracea461470.00.00.0mg/100 gQuinceType 1specificCydonia oblonga366100.00.00.0mg/100 gQuinoaType 1specificChenopodium quinoa63459Rabbiteye blueberryType 1specificVaccinium virgatumRadishType 1specificRaphanus sativus37260.00.00.0mg/100 gRadish (var.)Type 1specificRaphanus sativus var. sativus2402280.00.00.0mg/100 gRaisin breadType 2specificRambutanType 1specificNephelium lappaceum151071RapeType 1specificBrassica napus var. napus1380110.00.00.0mg/100 gRapiniType 1specificBrassica ruvo12044340.00.00.0mg/100 gRed algaeType 1specificRhodophyta2763Red beetrootType 1specificBeta vulgaris var. rubra0.00.00.0mg/100 gRed bell pepperType 1specificCapsicum annuum40720.00.00.0mg/100 gRed cloverType 1Trifolium pratenseRed grapeType 1Red huckleberryType 1specificVaccinium parvifolium180766Red onionType 1Red raspberryType 1specificRubus idaeus322470.00.00.0mg/100 gRed riceType 1specificOryza rufipogon4529Red teaType 10.00.00.0mg/100 gRedcurrantType 1specificRibes rubrum1752280.00.00.0mg/100 gRiceType 1specificOryza sativa4530Rice breadType 2specificRobusta coffeeType 1specificCoffea canephora493900.00.00.0mg/100 gRocket saladType 1specificEruca vesicaria180536Rocket salad (ssp.)Type 1specificEruca vesicaria ssp. sativa297270.00.00.0mg/100 gRomaine lettuceType 1specificLactuca sativa L. var. longifoliaRoman camomileType 1specificChamaemelum nobile99037Root vegetablesUnknowngenericRose hipType 1specificRosa3764RoselleType 1specificHibiscus sabdariffa183260RosemaryType 1specificRosmarinus officinalis393670.220.5500000120.0mg/100 gRowalType 1specificPangium edule112823RowanberryType 1specificSorbus aucuparia36599Rubus (Blackberry, Raspberry)Type 1specificRubus232160.00250.010.0mg/100 gRyeType 1specificSecale cereale4550Rye breadType 2specificSacred lotusType 1specificNelumbo nucifera4432SafflowerType 1specificCarthamus tinctorius4222SaffronType 1specificCrocus sativus82528Sago palmType 1specificMetroxylon sagu93297SalmonberryType 1specificRubus spectabilis59499SapodillaType 1specificManilkara zapota3741Saskatoon berryType 1specificAmelanchier alnifolia32219SausageType 2specific1.21.21.2mg/100 gSavoy cabbageType 1specificBrassica oleracea var. sabauda12160100.460.690.229999999mg/100 gScarlet beanType 1specificPhaseolus coccineus3886Sea-buckthornberryType 1specificHippophae rhamnoides193516SemolinaType 2specificSesameType 1specificSesamum orientale4182Sesbania flowerType 1specificSesbania bispinosa485725ShallotType 1specificAllium ascalonicum1476995Shea treeType 1specificVitellaria paradoxa292385ShiitakeType 1specificLentinus edodes5353Silver lindenType 1specificTilia argentea0.00.00.0mg/100 gSkunk currantType 1specificRibes glandulosum175226Small-leaf lindenType 1specificTilia cordata172266Soft-necked garlicType 1specificAllium sativum L. var. sativum4682SorghumType 1specificSorghum bicolor45582.542.542.54mg/100 gSorrelType 1specificRumex acetosa41241Sour cherryType 1specificPrunus cerasus1403110.00.00.0mg/100 gSour orangeType 1Citrus × aurantiumSourdockType 1specificRumex articus395311SourdoughType 2specificSoursopType 1specificAnnona muricata13337Soy beanType 1specificGlycine max3847Soy creamType 2specificSoy milkType 2specificSoy sauceType 2specificSparkleberryType 1specificVaccinium arboreum229201SpearmintType 1specificMentha spicata297190.70.6999999880.699999988mg/100 gSpeltType 1specificTriticum spelta58933SpinachType 1specificSpinacia oleracea35620.00.00.0mg/100 gSpirulinaType 1specificSpirulina551299SquashberryType 1specificViburnum edule237934Star aniseType 1specificIllicium verum124778Star fruitType 1specificAverrhoa carambola28974StrawberryType 1specificFragaria X ananassa37470.0033330.010.0mg/100 gStrawberry guavaType 1specificPsidium cattleianum375274Sugar appleType 1specificAnnona squamosa301693Summer grapeType 1specificVitis aestivalis3605Summer savoryType 1specificSatureja hortensis49987Sunburst squash (pattypan squash)Type 1specificCucurbita pepo var. clypeataSunflowerType 1specificHelianthus annuus4232Swamp cabbageType 1specificIpomoea aquatica896360.010.010.01mg/100 gSwedeType 1specificBrassica napus37083.853.853.849999905mg/100 gSweet basilType 1specificOcimum basilicum393500.00.00.0mg/100 gSweet bayType 1specificLaurus nobilis852230.00.00.0mg/100 gSweet cherryType 1specificPrunus avium422290.00.00.0mg/100 gSweet marjoramType 1specificOriganum majorana2688842.94.4000000950.800000012mg/100 gSweet orangeType 1specificCitrus sinensis27110.00.00.0mg/100 gSweet potatoType 1specificIpomoea batatas41200.0350.060.01mg/100 gSweet rowanberryType 1specificGrataegosorbus mitschuriniiSwiss chardType 1specificBeta vulgaris ssp. cicla1527200Taco shellType 2TamarindType 1specificTamarindus indica58860TaroType 1specificColocasia esculenta44600.010.010.01mg/100 gTarragonType 1specificArtemisia dracunculus723410.00.00.0mg/100 gTartary buckwheatType 1specificFagopyrum tataricum62330TeaType 1specificCamellia sinensis44420.00.00.0mg/100 gTea leaf willowType 1specificSalix pulchra669814TeffType 1specificEragrostis tef110835ThistleType 1specificCirsium41549TindaType 1specificCitrullus lanatus var. fistulosusTofuType 2specificTortillaType 2specificTostada shellType 2Towel gourdType 1specificLuffa aegyptiaca36700.00.00.0mg/100 gTree fernType 1specificCyatheaTriticaleType 1specificX Triticosecale rimpauiTronchuda cabbageType 1specificBrassica oleracea var. costata416546TurmericType 1specificCurcuma longa136217TurnipType 1specificBrassica rapa var. rapa513500.00.00.0mg/100 gUcuhubaType 1specificVirola surinamensis224910Vaccinium (Blueberry, Cranberry, Huckleberry)Type 1specificVaccinium137490.00750.010.0mg/100 gVanillaType 1specificVanilla51238WakameType 1specificUndaria pinnatifida74381WalnutType 1specificJuglans16718WampeeType 1Clausena lansiumWasabiType 1specificWasabia japonica75806Water spinachType 1Ipomoea aquaticaWatercressType 1specificRorippa nasturtium-aquaticum1355180.0050.010.0mg/100 gWatermelonType 1specificCitrullus lanatus36540.00.00.0mg/100 gWax appleType 1specificEugenia javanica119950Wax gourdType 1specificBenincasa hispida102211Welsh onionType 1specificAllium fistulosum358750.00050.00050.0005mg/100 gWheatType 1specificTriticum4564Wheat breadType 2specificWhite breadType 1White cabbageType 1specificBrassica oleracea L. var. capitata L. f. alba DC.0.0417140.0417142860.041714286mg/100 gWhite lupineType 1specificLupinus albus3870White mulberryType 1Morus albaWhite mustardType 1specificSinapis alba3728Wild carrotType 1specificDaucus carota403912.612.612.6mg/100 gWild celeryType 1specificApium graveolens404521.45578.651.7mg/100 gWild leekType 1specificAllium ampeloprasum46810.00.00.0mg/100 gWild riceType 1specificZizania15949Winged beanType 1specificPsophocarpus tetragonolobus3891Winter savoryType 1specificSatureja montana49988Winter squashType 1specificCucurbita maxima3661Wonton wrapperType 2specificYali pearType 1specificPyrus × bretschneideriYamType 1specificDioscorea4672Yardlong beanType 1specificVigna unguiculata ssp. sesquipedalis1389550.010.010.01mg/100 gYau choyType 1YautiaType 1specificXanthosoma sagittifolium28478Yellow bell pepperType 1specificCapsicum annuum40720.00.00.0mg/100 gYellow pond-lilyType 1specificNuphar lutea77113Yellow wax beanType 1specificPhaseolus vulgaris3885Yellow zucchiniType 1specificCucurbita pepo var. cylindricaZwiebackType 2specificbitter11beta-hydroxysteroid-dehydrogenase inhibitor4A compound or agent that combines with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction.anti ADD83anti aflatoxin92A substance that diminishes the rate of a chemical reaction.anti aggregant94anti aging95Any substance introduced into a living organism with therapeutic or diagnostic purpose.anti allergic103A drug used to treat allergic reactions.anti angiogenic115An agent and endogenous substances that antagonize or inhibit the development of new blood vessels.anti arrhythmic129A drug used for the treatment or prevention of cardiac arrhythmias. Anti-arrhythmia drugs may affect the polarisation-repolarisation phase of the action potential, its excitability or refractoriness, or impulse conduction or membrane responsiveness within cardiac fibres.anti bacterial145A substance that kills or slows the growth of bacteria.anti cancer159A substance that inhibits or prevents the proliferation of neoplasms.anti complementary201anti dermatitic225A drug used to treat or prevent skin disorders or for the routine care of skin.anti estrogenic272A substance that diminishes the rate of a chemical reaction.anti herpetic329A substance that destroys or inhibits replication of viruses.anti histaminic331Histamine antagonists are the drugs that bind to but do not activate histamine receptors, thereby blocking the actions of histamine or histamine agonists.anti HIV333A substance that destroys or inhibits replication of viruses.anti inflammatory370A substance that reduces or suppresses inflammation.anti leukemic393A substance that inhibits or prevents the proliferation of neoplasms.anti melanomic425A substance that inhibits or prevents the proliferation of neoplasms.anti metastatic434A substance that inhibits or prevents the proliferation of neoplasms.anti mutagenic451anti peristaltic517anti proliferant547anti spasmodic619Any substance introduced into a living organism with therapeutic or diagnostic purpose.anti stress632Any substance introduced into a living organism with therapeutic or diagnostic purpose.anti thyroid654anti viral689A substance that destroys or inhibits replication of viruses.antioxidant502A substance that opposes oxidation or inhibits reactions brought about by dioxygen or peroxides. In European countries, E-numbers for permitted antioxidant food additives are from E 300 to E 324.antitumor672A substance that inhibits or prevents the proliferation of neoplasms.anxiolytic698Anxiolytic drugs are agents that alleviate anxiety, tension, and anxiety disorders, promote sedation, and have a calming effect without affecting clarity of consciousness or neurologic conditions.apoptotic704aromatase inhibitor705An EC 1.14.14.* (oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, incorporating of 1 atom of oxygen, with reduced flavin or flavoprotein as one donor) inhibitor which interferes with the action of aromatase (EC 1.14.14.14) and so reduces production of estrogenic steroid hormones.beta-glucuronidase inhibitor729A compound or agent that combines with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction.calcium antagonist748Substance that attaches to and blocks cell receptors that normally bind naturally occurring substances.cancer preventive754A substance that inhibits or prevents the proliferation of neoplasms.central nervous system depressant812A class of drugs producing both physiological and psychological effects through a variety of mechanisms involving the central nervous system.choleretic801cyclooxygenase inhibitor849A compound or agent that combines with cyclooxygenases (EC 1.14.99.1) and thereby prevents its substrate-enzyme combination with arachidonic acid and the formation of icosanoids, prostaglandins, and thromboxanes.cyclooxygenase-1 inhibitor840A cyclooxygenase inhibitor that interferes with the action of cyclooxygenase 1.cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor841A cyclooxygenase inhibitor that interferes with the action of cyclooxygenase 2.cytochrome-P21 inducer1188cytochrome-P450-1A1 inhibitor851An enzyme inhibitor that interferes with the activity of cytochrome P450 involved in catalysis of organic substances.cytotoxic859A role played by the molecular entity or part thereof which causes the development of a pathological process.deiodinase inhibitor865A compound or agent that combines with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction.differentiator880diuretic883An agent that promotes the excretion of urine through its effects on kidney function.DNA-protective887estrogenic922HIF-1alpha inhibitor989A substance that diminishes the rate of a chemical reaction.hyaluronidase inhibitor998A compound or agent that combines with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction.hypotensive1021ICAM-1 inhibitor1026A substance that diminishes the rate of a chemical reaction.IKK inhibitor1029A compound or agent that combines with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction.iNOS inhibitor1036A compound or agent that combines with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction.inotropic1037interleukin-6 inhibitor1051A substance that diminishes the rate of a chemical reaction.mitogen-activated-protein-kinase inhibitor1090A compound or agent that combines with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction.monoamine-oxidase inhibitor1089A compound or agent that combines with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction.musculotropic1124mutagenic1125myorelaxant1134NADPH-oxidase inhibitor1137An EC 1.6.3.* (oxidoreductase acting on NADH or NADPH with oxygen as acceptor) inhibitor that interferes with the action of NAD(P)H oxidase (H2O2-forming), EC 1.6.3.1.NF-kappa-B inhibitor1164A substance that diminishes the rate of a chemical reaction.nitric-oxide-synthase inhibitor1169A compound or agent that combines with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction.nodulation signal1171ornithine-decarboxylase inhibitor1175A compound or agent that combines with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction.pesticide1210Strictly, a substance intended to kill pests. In common usage, any substance used for controlling, preventing, or destroying animal, microbiological or plant pests.polyamine synthesis inhibitor1236A substance that diminishes the rate of a chemical reaction.progestational1247protein kinase C inhibitor1231An EC 2.7.11.* (protein-serine/threonine kinase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of protein kinase C (EC 2.7.11.13).protein-tyrosine-kinase inhibitor1271A compound or agent that combines with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction.quinone-reductase inducer1277radioprotective1279Any pharmaceutical compound containing a radioisotope.sedative1311A central nervous system depressant used to induce drowsiness or sleep or to reduce psychological excitement or anxiety.sunscreen1337Any substance introduced into a living organism with therapeutic or diagnostic purpose.TNF-alpha inhibitor1363A substance that diminishes the rate of a chemical reaction.topoisomerase-I inhibitor1368A topoisomerase inhibitor that inhibits the bacterial enzymes of the DNA topoisomerases, Type I class (EC 5.99.1.2) that catalyze ATP-independent breakage of one of the two strands of DNA, passage of the unbroken strand through the break, and rejoining of the broken strand. These bacterial enzymes reduce the topological stress in the DNA structure by relaxing negatively, but not positively, supercoiled DNA.topoisomerase-II inhibitor1366A topoisomerase inhibitor that inhibits DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing), EC 5.99.1.3 (topoisomerase II), which catalyses ATP-dependent breakage of both strands of DNA, passage of the unbroken strands through the breaks, and rejoining of the broken strands.utero trophic1406Any substance introduced into a living organism with therapeutic or diagnostic purpose.vasodilator1413A drug used to cause dilation of the blood vessels.VEGF inhibitor1418A substance that diminishes the rate of a chemical reaction.xanthine oxidase inhibitor1431An EC 1.17.3.* (oxidoreductase acting on CH or CH2 with oxygen as acceptor) inhibitor that interferes with the action of xanthine oxidase (EC 1.17.3.2).