<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<compound>
  <version>1.0</version>
  <creation_date>2010-04-08 22:05:44 UTC</creation_date>
  <update_date>2019-11-26 02:58:47 UTC</update_date>
  <accession>FDB003277</accession>
  <name>2-Methylpropanoic acid</name>
  <description>Present in apple, morello cherry, guava fruit, wine grapes, pineapple, crispbread, other breads, cheeses, wines, scallop and several essential oils, e.g. Roman chamomile. Acid and simple esters used as flavouring agents

Isobutyric acid is a carboxylic or short chain fatty acid with characteristic sweat-like smell. Small amount of isobutyrate is generated via microbial (gut) metabolism.  Small amounts may also be found in certain foods or fermented beverages.  There is anosmia (genetic inability to smell) for the odor of isobutyric acid with a frequency of about 2.5%. (OMIM 207000).  Isobutyric acid is slightly soluble in water but much more soluble in ethanol, ether and organic solvents. Isobutyric acid can affect people if breathed in and may be absorbed through the skin. Contact can irritate and burn the skin and eyes. Breathing Isobutyric acid can irritate the nose, throat and lungs causing coughing, wheezing and/or shortness of breath.; Isobutyric acid is an isomer of n-butyric acid; they have the same chemical formula C4H8 O2 but a different structure.; Isobutyric acid, also known as 2-methylpropanoic acid, is a carboxylic acid with structural formula (CH3)2-CH-COOH. It is found in the free state in carobs (Ceratonia siliqua) and in the root of Arnica dulcis, and as an ethyl ester in croton oil.</description>
  <synonyms>
    <synonym>&amp;alpha;-methylpropanoic acid</synonym>
    <synonym>&amp;alpha;-methylpropionic acid</synonym>
    <synonym>1iup</synonym>
    <synonym>2-METHYL-propionate</synonym>
    <synonym>2-METHYL-PROPIONIC ACID</synonym>
    <synonym>2-Methylpropanoate</synonym>
    <synonym>2-Methylpropionate</synonym>
    <synonym>2-Methylpropionic acid</synonym>
    <synonym>2-Methylpropionsaeure</synonym>
    <synonym>2,2-Dimethylacetate</synonym>
    <synonym>2,2-Dimethylacetic acid</synonym>
    <synonym>533-90-4 (calcium salt)</synonym>
    <synonym>a-Isobutyrate</synonym>
    <synonym>a-Isobutyric acid</synonym>
    <synonym>A-methylpropanoate</synonym>
    <synonym>A-methylpropanoic acid</synonym>
    <synonym>A-methylpropionate</synonym>
    <synonym>A-methylpropionic acid</synonym>
    <synonym>Acetic acid, dimethyl-</synonym>
    <synonym>alpha-Isobutyrate</synonym>
    <synonym>alpha-Isobutyric acid</synonym>
    <synonym>Alpha-methylpropanoate</synonym>
    <synonym>Alpha-methylpropanoic acid</synonym>
    <synonym>Alpha-methylpropionate</synonym>
    <synonym>Alpha-methylpropionic acid</synonym>
    <synonym>ALQ</synonym>
    <synonym>Cenex RP b2</synonym>
    <synonym>Dimethylacetate</synonym>
    <synonym>Dimethylacetic acid</synonym>
    <synonym>FEMA 2222</synonym>
    <synonym>I-butyrate</synonym>
    <synonym>I-butyric acid</synonym>
    <synonym>ISB</synonym>
    <synonym>Iso-butyrate</synonym>
    <synonym>Iso-butyric acid</synonym>
    <synonym>iso-C3H7COOH</synonym>
    <synonym>Isobutanoate</synonym>
    <synonym>Isobutanoic acid</synonym>
    <synonym>Isobuttersaeure</synonym>
    <synonym>Isobutyrate</synonym>
    <synonym>Isobutyric acid</synonym>
    <synonym>Isobutyric acid [UN2529] [Flammable liquid]</synonym>
    <synonym>Isobutyric acid, 8CI</synonym>
    <synonym>Isopropylformate</synonym>
    <synonym>Isopropylformic acid</synonym>
    <synonym>Methylpropanoic acid</synonym>
    <synonym>Methylpropanoic acid, 2-</synonym>
    <synonym>Methylpropionic acid</synonym>
    <synonym>Propanoic acid, 2-methyl-</synonym>
    <synonym>Propionic acid, 2-methyl-</synonym>
    <synonym>Tenox EBP 2</synonym>
    <synonym>Tenox IBP-2</synonym>
    <synonym>Tenox IBP-2 Grain Pr</synonym>
    <synonym>Tenox IBP-2 Grain Pr.</synonym>
    <synonym>α-isobutyrate</synonym>
    <synonym>α-isobutyric acid</synonym>
    <synonym>α-methylpropanoate</synonym>
    <synonym>α-methylpropanoic acid</synonym>
    <synonym>α-methylpropionate</synonym>
    <synonym>α-methylpropionic acid</synonym>
  </synonyms>
  <chemical_formula>C4H8O2</chemical_formula>
  <average_molecular_weight>88.1051</average_molecular_weight>
  <monisotopic_moleculate_weight>88.0524295</monisotopic_moleculate_weight>
  <iupac_name>2-methylpropanoic acid</iupac_name>
  <traditional_iupac>isobutyric acid</traditional_iupac>
  <cas_registry_number>79-31-2</cas_registry_number>
  <smiles>CC(C)C(O)=O</smiles>
  <inchi>InChI=1S/C4H8O2/c1-3(2)4(5)6/h3H,1-2H3,(H,5,6)</inchi>
  <inchikey>KQNPFQTWMSNSAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N</inchikey>
  <taxonomy>
    <description> belongs to the class of organic compounds known as carboxylic acids. Carboxylic acids are compounds containing a carboxylic acid group with the formula -C(=O)OH.</description>
    <direct_parent>Carboxylic acids</direct_parent>
    <kingdom>Organic compounds</kingdom>
    <super_class>Organic acids and derivatives</super_class>
    <class>Carboxylic acids and derivatives</class>
    <sub_class>Carboxylic acids</sub_class>
    <molecular_framework>Aliphatic acyclic compounds</molecular_framework>
    <alternative_parents>
      <alternative_parent>Carbonyl compounds</alternative_parent>
      <alternative_parent>Hydrocarbon derivatives</alternative_parent>
      <alternative_parent>Monocarboxylic acids and derivatives</alternative_parent>
      <alternative_parent>Organic oxides</alternative_parent>
    </alternative_parents>
    <substituents>
      <substituent>Aliphatic acyclic compound</substituent>
      <substituent>Carbonyl group</substituent>
      <substituent>Carboxylic acid</substituent>
      <substituent>Hydrocarbon derivative</substituent>
      <substituent>Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives</substituent>
      <substituent>Organic oxide</substituent>
      <substituent>Organic oxygen compound</substituent>
      <substituent>Organooxygen compound</substituent>
    </substituents>
    <external_descriptors>
      <external_descriptor>Branched fatty acids</external_descriptor>
      <external_descriptor>branched-chain saturated fatty acid</external_descriptor>
      <external_descriptor>methyl-branched fatty acid</external_descriptor>
      <external_descriptor>short-chain fatty acid</external_descriptor>
    </external_descriptors>
  </taxonomy>
  <state>Liquid</state>
  <predicted_properties>
    <property>
      <kind>logp</kind>
      <value>0.78</value>
      <source>ALOGPS</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>logs</kind>
      <value>0.35</value>
      <source>ALOGPS</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>solubility</kind>
      <value>1.97e+02 g/l</value>
      <source>ALOGPS</source>
    </property>
  </predicted_properties>
  <experimental_properties>
    <property>
      <kind>melting_point</kind>
      <value>Fp -47°</value>
    </property>
  </experimental_properties>
  <property>
    <kind>logp</kind>
    <value>1.02</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>pka_strongest_acidic</kind>
    <value>4.87</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>iupac</kind>
    <value>2-methylpropanoic acid</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>average_mass</kind>
    <value>88.1051</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>mono_mass</kind>
    <value>88.0524295</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>smiles</kind>
    <value>CC(C)C(O)=O</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>formula</kind>
    <value>C4H8O2</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>inchi</kind>
    <value>InChI=1S/C4H8O2/c1-3(2)4(5)6/h3H,1-2H3,(H,5,6)</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>inchikey</kind>
    <value>KQNPFQTWMSNSAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>polar_surface_area</kind>
    <value>37.3</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>refractivity</kind>
    <value>21.85</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>polarizability</kind>
    <value>9.12</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>rotatable_bond_count</kind>
    <value>1</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>acceptor_count</kind>
    <value>2</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>donor_count</kind>
    <value>1</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>physiological_charge</kind>
    <value>-1</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>formal_charge</kind>
    <value>0</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <pathways>
  </pathways>
  <spectra>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::EiMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>1648</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrTwoD</type>
      <spectrum_id>1711</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>1771</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>3986</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>4270</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>5010</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>5011</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>1762</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>1763</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>1764</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>5527</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>5528</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>5529</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>5530</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>5531</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>178164</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>178165</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>178166</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>180480</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>180481</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>180482</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>437945</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>437946</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>437947</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>2247847</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>2769896</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>2769897</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>2769898</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>2908338</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>2908339</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>2908340</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>2448</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>27747</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>29454</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>38160</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>99715</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>99716</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>172260</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsIr</type>
      <spectrum_id>1414</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsIr</type>
      <spectrum_id>1415</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsIr</type>
      <spectrum_id>1416</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
  </spectra>
  <hmdb_id>HMDB01873</hmdb_id>
  <pubchem_compound_id/>
  <chemspider_id/>
  <kegg_id/>
  <chebi_id>16135</chebi_id>
  <biocyc_id/>
  <het_id>ALQ</het_id>
  <wikipidia/>
  <vmh_id/>
  <fbonto_id/>
  <foodb_id/>
  <general_references>
    <reference>#&lt;Reference:0x000055ce321c71d0&gt;</reference>
    <reference>#&lt;Reference:0x000055ce321c6fa0&gt;</reference>
    <reference>#&lt;Reference:0x000055ce321c6de8&gt;</reference>
    <reference>#&lt;Reference:0x000055ce321c6c30&gt;</reference>
  </general_references>
  <foods>
    <food>
      <name>Alcoholic beverages</name>
      <food_type>Unknown</food_type>
      <category>generic</category>
      <name_scientific/>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id/>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Anatidae</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Anatidae</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>8830</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Apricot</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Prunus armeniaca</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>36596</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Beefalo</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Bos taurus X Bison bison</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>297284</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Beer</name>
      <food_type>Type 2</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific/>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id/>
      <average_value>2.0</average_value>
      <max_value>2.0</max_value>
      <min_value>2.0</min_value>
      <unit>mg/100 g</unit>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Bison</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Bison bison</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>9901</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Buffalo</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Bubalus bubalis</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>89462</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Burdock</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Arctium lappa</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>4217</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Carob</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Ceratonia siliqua</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>20340</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
      <average_value>950.0</average_value>
      <max_value>950.0</max_value>
      <min_value>950.0</min_value>
      <unit>mg/100 g</unit>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Carrot</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Daucus carota ssp. sativus</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>79200</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Cattle (Beef, Veal)</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Bos taurus</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>9913</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Celery stalks</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Apium graveolens var. dulce</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>117781</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Chicken</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Gallus gallus</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>9031</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Columbidae (Dove, Pigeon)</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Columbidae</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>8930</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Deer</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Cervidae</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>9850</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Domestic goat</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Capra aegagrus hircus</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>9925</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Domestic pig</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Sus scrofa domestica</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>9825</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Elk</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Cervus canadensis</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>1574408</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Emu</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Dromaius novaehollandiae</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>8790</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>European rabbit</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Oryctolagus</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>9984</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Fruits</name>
      <food_type>Unknown</food_type>
      <category>generic</category>
      <name_scientific/>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id/>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Grape wine</name>
      <food_type>Type 2</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific/>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id/>
      <average_value>0.0</average_value>
      <max_value>0.0</max_value>
      <min_value>0.0</min_value>
      <unit>mg/100 g</unit>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Green bell pepper</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Capsicum annuum</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>4072</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Greylag goose</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Anser anser</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>8843</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Guinea hen</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Numida meleagris</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>8996</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Horse</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Equus caballus</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>9796</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Mallard duck</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Anas platyrhynchos</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>8839</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Milk (Cow)</name>
      <food_type>Type 2</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific></name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id/>
      <average_value>5.745714</average_value>
      <max_value>15.87</max_value>
      <min_value>1.0</min_value>
      <unit>uM</unit>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Milk and milk products</name>
      <food_type>Unknown</food_type>
      <category>generic</category>
      <name_scientific/>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id/>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Mollusks</name>
      <food_type>Unknown</food_type>
      <category>generic</category>
      <name_scientific/>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>6447</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Mountain hare</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Lepus timidus</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>62621</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Mule deer</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Odocoileus</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>9871</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Orange bell pepper</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Capsicum annuum</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>4072</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Ostrich</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Struthio camelus</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>8801</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Pepper</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Capsicum annuum</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>4072</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Pepper (C. frutescens)</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Capsicum annuum var. annuum</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>40321</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Peppermint</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Mentha X piperita</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>34256</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
      <average_value>0.0165</average_value>
      <max_value>0.0165</max_value>
      <min_value>0.0165</min_value>
      <unit>mg/100 g</unit>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Pheasant</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Phasianus colchicus</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>9054</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Pomes</name>
      <food_type>Unknown</food_type>
      <category>generic</category>
      <name_scientific/>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id/>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Quail</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Phasianidae</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>9005</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Rabbit</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Leporidae</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>9979</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Red bell pepper</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Capsicum annuum</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>4072</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Red raspberry</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Rubus idaeus</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>32247</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Red wine</name>
      <food_type>Type 2</food_type>
      <category/>
      <name_scientific/>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id/>
      <average_value>5.530525</average_value>
      <max_value>11.05</max_value>
      <min_value>0.01105</min_value>
      <unit>mg/100 g</unit>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Rock ptarmigan</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Lagopus muta</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>64668</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Sheep (Mutton, Lamb)</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Ovis aries</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>9940</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Squab</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Columba</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>8931</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Sweet bay</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Laurus nobilis</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>85223</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Tortilla chip</name>
      <food_type>Type 2</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific/>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id/>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Turkey</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Meleagris gallopavo</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>9103</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Velvet duck</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Melanitta fusca</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>371864</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>White wine</name>
      <food_type>Type 2</food_type>
      <category/>
      <name_scientific/>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id/>
      <average_value>6.257</average_value>
      <max_value>6.257</max_value>
      <min_value>6.257</min_value>
      <unit>mg/100 g</unit>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Wild boar</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Sus scrofa</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>9823</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Wild carrot</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Daucus carota</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>4039</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Wild celery</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Apium graveolens</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>4045</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Yellow bell pepper</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Capsicum annuum</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>4072</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
  </foods>
  <flavors>
    <flavor>
      <name>butter</name>
    </flavor>
    <flavor>
      <name>cheese</name>
    </flavor>
    <flavor>
      <name>rancid</name>
    </flavor>
    <flavor>
      <name>strawberry</name>
    </flavor>
  </flavors>
  <enzymes>
  </enzymes>
  <health_effects>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Irritant</name>
      <id>1055</id>
      <definition/>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Transdermal</name>
      <id>1374</id>
      <definition/>
    </health_effect>
  </health_effects>
</compound>
