1.0
2010-04-08 22:05:50 UTC
2019-11-26 02:59:19 UTC
FDB003516
Chromium
Chromium (pronounced /?kro?mi?m/, KROH-mee-?m) is a chemical element which has the symbol Cr and atomic number 24, first element in Group 6. It is a steely-gray, lustrous, hard metal that takes a high polish and has a high melting point. It is also odourless, tasteless, and malleable. The name of the element is derived from the Greek word "chr?ma" (?????), meaning color, because many of its compounds are intensely colored. It was discovered by Louis Nicolas Vauquelin in the mineral crocoite (lead chromate) in 1797. Crocoite was used as a pigment, and after the discovery that the mineral chromite also contains chromium this latter mineral was used to produce pigments as well.; Chromium is a member of the transition metals, in group 6. Chromium(0) has an electronic configuration of 4s13d5, due to the lower energy of the high spin configuration. Chromium exhibits a wide range of possible oxidation states. The most common oxidation states of chromium are +2, +3, and +6, with +3 being the most stable. +1, +4 and +5 are rare.; Chromium is a naturally occurring heavy metal found in the environment commonly in trivalent, Cr(III), and hexavalent, Cr(VI), forms. The reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) results in the formation of reactive intermediates that contribute to the cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and carcinogenicity of Cr(VI)-containing compounds. The major non-occupational source of chromium for humans is food such as vegetables, meat, urban air, hip or knee prostheses and cigarettes. Cr(VI) is a widely used in industrial chemicals, extensively used in paints, metal finishes, steel including stainless steel manufacturing, alloy cast irons, chrome and wood treatment. On the contrary, Cr(III) salts such as chromium polynicotinate, chromium chloride and chromium picolinate (CrP) are used as micronutrients and nutritional supplements and have been demonstrated to exhibit a significant number of health benefits in animals and humans. Physiologically, it exists as an ion in the body.; Chromium enters the body through the lungs, gastro-intestinal tract and to a lesser extent through skin. Inhalation is the most important route for occupational exposure, whereas non-occupational exposure occurs via ingestion of chromium-containing food and water. Regardless of route of exposure Cr(III) is poorly absorbed whereas Cr(VI) is more readily absorbed. Further, absorption of Cr(VI) is poorer by oral route, it is thus not very toxic when introduced by the oral route. But chromium is very toxic by dermal and inhalation routes and causes lung cancer, nasal irritation, nasal ulcer, hypersensitivity reactions and contact dermatitis. All the ingested Cr(VI) is reduced to Cr(III) before entering in the blood stream. The main routes for the excretion of chromium are via kidney/urine and the bile/feces. Cr(III) is unable to enter into the cells but Cr(VI) enters through membrane anionic transporters. Intracellular Cr(VI) is metabolically reduced to Cr(III). Cr(VI) does not react with macromolecules such as DNA, RNA, proteins and lipids. However, both Cr(III) and the reductional intermediate Cr(V) are capable of co-ordinate, covalent interactions with macromolecules. Chromium is an essential nutrient required by the human body to promote the action of insulin for the utilization of sugars, proteins and fats. CrP has been used as nutritional supplement; Chromium is passivated by oxygen, forming a thin protective oxide surface layer. This layer is a spinel structure only a few atoms thick. It is very dense, preventing diffusion of oxygen into the underlying material. (In iron or plain carbon steels the oxygen migrates into the underlying material.) Chromium is usually plated on top of a nickel layer which may first have been copper plated. Chromium, unlike metals such as iron and nickel, does not suffer from hydrogen embrittlement. It does suffer from nitrogen embrittlement - chromium reacts with nitrogen from air and forms brittle nitrides at temperatures necessary to work the metal parts. The Pourbaix diagram can be seen above. It is important to understand that the diagram only displays the thermodynamic data and it does not display any details of the rates of reaction. The passivation can be increased by short contact with oxidizing acids like nitric acid. The passivated chromium is stable against acids. The contrary effect can be achieved if a strong reducing reactant destroys the oxide protection layer on the metal, a metal treated in this way readily dissolves in weak acids.; Chromium(VI) compounds in solution can be detected by adding acidic hydrogen peroxide solution. A dark blue unstable chromium(VI) peroxide (CrO5) is formed which can be stabilized as an ether adduct CrO5 ? OR2. Chromic acid has the hypothetical structure H2CrO4. Neither chromic nor dichromic acid is found in nature, but their anions are found in a variety of compounds, the chromates and dichromates. chromium(VI) oxide CrO3, the acid anhydride of chromic acid, is sold industrially as "chromic acid". The dark red chromium(VI) oxide can be produced by mixing sulfuric acid with dichromate, and is an extremely strong oxidizing agent.; In some parts of Russia, pentavalent chromium was reported as one of the causes of premature dementia.; Several chromium compounds are used as catalyst. For example the Phillips catalysts for the production polyethylene are mixtures of chromium and silicon dioxide or mixtures of chromium and titanium and aluminium oxide. Chromium(IV) oxide (CrO2) is a magnetic compound. Its ideal shape anisotropy, which imparted high coercivity and remanent magnetization, made it a compound superior to the ?-Fe2O3. Chromium(IV) oxide is used to manufacture magnetic tape used in high performance audio tape and standard audio cassette. Chromates can prevent corrosion of steel under wet conditions, and therefore chromates are added to the drilling muds. The long known influence of chromium uptake on diabetes conditions suggested the positive influence of dietary supplement containing chromium(III) also on healthy persons. For this reason, dietary supplement or slimming aid usually contain chromium(III) chloride, chromium(III) picolinate, chromium(III) polynicotinate or amino acid chelate, such as chromium(III) D-phenylalanine. The benefit of those supplements is still under investigation and is questioned by some studies.; The mineral crocoite (lead chromate PbCrO4) was used as a yellow pigment shortly after its discovery. After a synthesis method became available starting from the more abundant chromite, Chrome yellow was, together with cadmium yellow, one of the most used yellow pigments. The pigment does not degrade in the light and has a strong color. The signaling effect of yellow was used for school buses in the United States and for Postal Service (for example Deutsche Post) in Europe. The use of chrome yellow declined due to environmental and safety concerns and was substituted by organic pigments or other lead-free alternatives. Other pigments based on chromium are, for example, the bright red pigment Chrome red, which is a basic lead chromate (PbCrO4?Pb(OH)2). Chrome green is a mixture of Prussian blue and chrome yellow, while the Chrome oxide green is Chromium(III) oxide.; Though native chromium deposits are rare, some native chromium metal has been discovered. The Udachnaya Pipe in Russia produces samples of the native metal. This mine is a kimberlite pipe rich in diamonds, and the reducing environment helped produce both elemental chromium and diamond.; World Health Organization recommended maximum allowable concentration in drinking water for chromium (VI) is 0.05 milligrams per liter. Hexavalent chromium is also one of the substances whose use is restricted by the European Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive.; it controls blood sugar in diabetes and may reduce cholesterol and blood pressure levels. Chromium increases insulin binding to cells, insulin receptor number and activates insulin receptor kinase leading to increased insulin sensitivity. ; But high doses of chromium and long term exposure of it can give rise to various, cytotoxic and genotoxic reactions that affect the immune system of the body. However, the mechanism of the Cr(VI)-induced cytotoxicity is not entirely understood. A series of in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that Cr(VI) induces oxidative stress through enhanced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) leading to genomic DNA damage and oxidative deterioration of lipids and proteins. A cascade of cellular events occur following Cr(VI)-induced oxidative stress including enhanced production of superoxide anion and hydroxyl radicals, increased lipid peroxidation and genomic DNA fragmentation, modulation of intracellular oxidized states, activation of protein kinase C, apoptotic cell death and altered gene expression. Some of the factors in determining the biological outcome of chromium exposure include the bioavailability, solubility of chromium compounds and chemical speciation, intracellular reduction and interaction with DNA. The chromium genotoxicity manifests as several types of DNA lesions, gene mutations and inhibition of macromolecular synthesis. Further, chromium exposure may lead to apoptosis, premature terminal growth arrest or neoplastic transformation. Chromium-induced tumor suppressor gene p53 and oxidative processes are some of the major factors that may determine the cellular outcome. Studies have utilized these approaches to understand the interrelationship between chromium-induced genotoxicity, apoptosis and effects on immune response. (PMID: 12208600).
Action o g
Chelated Chromium 200 Mcg
Chelated Chromium 200mcg
Chrom
Chromar 500mcg
Chrome
Chrome Zme - Capsule - 200 Mcg
Chromic acid and chromates
Chromic ion
Chromicum acidum
Chromide(-I)
chromide(1-)
Chromium (III) ion
Chromium 200mcg
Chromium 400 Mcg
Chromium anion
Chromium Caps 0.2mg
Chromium Chelate 500 Mcg
Chromium citrate
Chromium compounds
Chromium Gtf 200 Cap
Chromium Gtf 200 Mcg
Chromium Gtf 200mcg
Chromium Gtf 500mcg
CHROMIUM ion
Chromium kalisulfuricum
Chromium metal
Chromium metal [chromium and chromium compounds]
Chromium, elemental
Chromium, Isotope Of Mass 48
Chromium, metal
Chromium, metal and chromium(III) compounds
Chromium, metal and insol. salts
CHROMIUM, POWDER, 325 MESH, 99.9%
Chromium(II) compounds
Chromium(III)
Chromium(III) compounds
CR
CR(-)
Cr(3+)
Cromo
GTF chromium
Micro CR
Nubody
Nubody chromium amino acid chelate
Omnilife d.v.
Opti Chromium (Trivalent)Caplet 200mcg
S.s. formula
T-lemon
TJ yellow
Cr
51.9961
51.940511904
chromium
chromium
7440-47-3
[Cr]
InChI=1S/Cr
VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N
belongs to the class of inorganic compounds known as homogeneous transition metal compounds. These are inorganic compounds containing only metal atoms,with the largest atom being a transition metal atom.
Homogeneous transition metal compounds
Inorganic compounds
Homogeneous metal compounds
Homogeneous transition metal compounds
Homogeneous transition metal
chromium group element atom
Solid
logp
-1.31
logs
1.08
solubility
0.00e+00 g/l
melting_point
1900 oC
logp
-0.16
iupac
chromium
average_mass
51.9961
mono_mass
51.940511904
smiles
[Cr]
formula
Cr
inchi
InChI=1S/Cr
inchikey
VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N
polar_surface_area
0
refractivity
0
polarizability
1.78
rotatable_bond_count
0
acceptor_count
0
donor_count
0
physiological_charge
0
formal_charge
0
Specdb::MsMs
108888
Specdb::MsMs
108889
Specdb::MsMs
108890
Specdb::MsMs
176208
Specdb::MsMs
176209
Specdb::MsMs
176210
HMDB00599
28073
CR
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Adzuki bean
Type 1
specific
Vigna angularis
3914
0.0
0.0
0.0
mg/100 g
Agar
Type 1
specific
Eucheuma
31444
0.0
0.0
0.0
mg/100 g
Alfalfa
Type 1
specific
Medicago sativa
3879
0.00455
0.0091
0.0
mg/100 g
Allium
Type 1
specific
Allium
4678
0.000175
0.0007
0.0
mg/100 g
Allspice
Type 1
specific
Pimenta dioica
375272
0.5
0.5
0.5
mg/100 g
Almond
Type 1
specific
Prunus dulcis
3755
0.038
0.09
0.012
mg/100 g
American cranberry
Type 1
specific
Vaccinium macrocarpon
13750
0.0045
0.0045
0.0045
mg/100 g
Anatidae
Type 1
specific
Anatidae
8830
0.000254
0.0011
0.0
mg/100 g
Anchovy
Type 1
specific
Engraulidae
43062
0.002
0.002
0.002
mg/100 g
Anguilliformes
Type 1
specific
Anguilliformes
7933
0.0012
0.0012
0.0012
mg/100 g
Apple
Type 1
specific
Malus pumila
283210
0.001979
0.01525
0.0
mg/100 g
Apricot
Type 1
specific
Prunus armeniaca
36596
0.030667
0.08
0.0
mg/100 g
Arabica coffee
Type 1
specific
Coffea arabica
13443
0.005538
0.023
0.0
mg/100 g
Asparagus
Type 1
specific
Asparagus officinalis
4686
0.005528
0.04175
0.0
mg/100 g
Atlantic halibut
Type 1
specific
Hippoglossus hippoglossus
8267
0.001
0.001
0.001
mg/100 g
Atlantic wolffish
Type 1
specific
Anarhichas lupus
8204
0.001
0.001
0.001
mg/100 g
Avocado
Type 1
specific
Persea americana
3435
0.0007
0.0007
0.0007
mg/100 g
Baby food
Type 2
specific
0.0
0.0
0.0
mg/100 g
Bamboo shoots
Type 1
specific
Phyllostachys edulis
38705
0.0
0.0
0.0
mg/100 g
Banana
Type 1
specific
Musa acuminata
4641
0.00017
0.00017
0.00017
mg/100 g
Barley
Type 1
specific
Hordeum vulgare
4513
0.62132
3.1
0.0013
mg/100 g
Beer
Type 2
specific
0.000714
0.001
0.0
mg/100 g
Bilberry
Type 1
specific
Vaccinium myrtillus
180763
0.002167
0.0045
0.001
mg/100 g
Biscuit
Type 2
specific
0.0043
0.024
0.0
mg/100 g
Black salsify
Type 1
specific
Scorzonera hispanica
114289
0.0
0.0
0.0
mg/100 g
Black tea
Type 1
0.167616
0.335
0.000231
mg/100 g
Black walnut
Type 1
specific
Juglans nigra
16719
0.333733
0.9
0.0012
mg/100 g
Black-eyed pea
Type 1
specific
Vigna unguiculata ssp. unguiculata
3920
Blackcurrant
Type 1
specific
Ribes nigrum
78511
0.001964
0.014
0.0
mg/100 g
Blue whiting
Type 1
specific
Micromesistius poutassou
81636
0.0
0.0
0.0
mg/100 g
Brazil nut
Type 1
specific
Bertholletia excelsa
3645
0.02
0.06
0.0
mg/100 g
Breakfast cereal
Type 2
specific
0.001973
0.0044
0.0
mg/100 g
Broccoli
Type 1
specific
Brassica oleracea var. italica
36774
0.00635
0.0283
0.0
mg/100 g
Brussel sprouts
Type 1
specific
Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera
178616
0.0001
0.0004
0.0
mg/100 g
Burbot
Type 1
specific
Lota lota
69944
0.0071
0.0071
0.0071
mg/100 g
Burdock
Type 1
specific
Arctium lappa
4217
2.0
2.0
2.0
mg/100 g
Butter
Type 2
specific
0.006
0.006
0.006
mg/100 g
Buttermilk
Type 2
specific
0.000052
0.000052
0.000052
mg/100 g
Butternut
Type 1
specific
Juglans cinerea
91214
0.14
0.14
0.14
mg/100 g
Cabbage
Type 1
specific
Brassica oleracea var. capitata
3716
0.43505
0.43505
0.43505
mg/100 g
Caraway
Type 1
specific
Carum carvi
48032
1.55
1.55
1.55
mg/100 g
Cardamom
Type 1
specific
Elettaria cardamomum
105181
2.5
2.5
2.5
mg/100 g
Carp bream
Type 1
specific
Abramis brama
38527
0.0056
0.0056
0.0056
mg/100 g
Carrot
Type 1
specific
Daucus carota ssp. sativus
79200
0.006943
0.07525
0.0
mg/100 g
Casein
Type 2
specific
0.0
0.0
0.0
mg/100 g
Cashew nut
Type 1
specific
Anacardium occidentale
171929
0.006
0.03
0.0
mg/100 g
Cassava
Type 1
specific
Manihot esculenta
3983
0.0
0.0
0.0
mg/100 g
Catfish
Type 1
specific
Siluriformes
7995
0.0
0.0
0.0
mg/100 g
Cattle (Beef, Veal)
Type 1
specific
Bos taurus
9913
0.004079
0.0232
0.0
mg/100 g
Cauliflower
Type 1
specific
Brassica oleracea var. botrytis
3715
0.000978
0.003
0.0
mg/100 g
Celeriac
Type 1
specific
Apium graveolens var. rapaceum
278110
0.0024
0.0024
0.0024
mg/100 g
Celery leaves
Type 1
specific
Apium graveolens var. secalinum
941588
0.0
0.0
0.0
mg/100 g
Cetacea (Dolphin, Porpoise, Whale)
Type 1
specific
Cetacea
9721
0.0
0.0
0.0
mg/100 g
Ceylon cinnamon
Type 1
specific
Cinnamomum verum
128608
1.02
1.44
0.6
mg/100 g
Chanterelle
Type 1
specific
Cantharellus cibarius
36066
0.004
0.004
0.004
mg/100 g
Charr
Type 1
specific
Salvelinus
8033
0.00065
0.0013
0.0
mg/100 g
Chayote
Type 1
specific
Sechium edule
184140
0.0
0.0
0.0
mg/100 g
Cheese
Type 2
specific
0.000246
0.0004
0.000052
mg/100 g
Cherimoya
Type 1
specific
Annona cherimola
49314
0.0
0.0
0.0
mg/100 g
Chervil
Type 1
specific
Anthriscus cerefolium
40888
0.0093
0.0093
0.0093
mg/100 g
Chestnut
Type 1
specific
Castanea
21019
0.0
0.0
0.0
mg/100 g
Chewing gum
Type 2
specific
0.0
0.0
0.0
mg/100 g
Chicken
Type 1
specific
Gallus gallus
9031
0.001079
0.0038
0.0
mg/100 g
Chickpea
Type 1
specific
Cicer arietinum
3827
0.0076
0.0076
0.0076
mg/100 g
Chicory
Type 1
specific
Cichorium intybus
13427
0.0005
0.001
0.0
mg/100 g
Chinese cabbage
Type 1
specific
Brassica rapa
3711
0.094133
0.28
0.0012
mg/100 g
Chinese cinnamon
Type 1
specific
Cinnamomum aromaticum
119260
0.1
0.1
0.1
mg/100 g
Chives
Type 1
specific
Allium schoenoprasum
74900
0.007
0.007
0.007
mg/100 g
Chocolate
Type 2
specific
0.0062
0.007
0.006
mg/100 g
Chocolate spread
Type 2
specific
0.0
0.0
0.0
mg/100 g
Cinnamon
Type 1
specific
Cinnamomum
13428
0.0
0.0
0.0
mg/100 g
Clawed lobster
Type 1
specific
Nephropidae
6704
0.00206
0.00206
0.00206
mg/100 g
Cloudberry
Type 1
specific
Rubus chamaemorus
57936
0.0195
0.0195
0.0195
mg/100 g
Cloves
Type 1
specific
Syzygium aromaticum
219868
0.4
0.4
0.4
mg/100 g
Clupeinae (Herring, Sardine, Sprat)
Type 1
specific
Clupeinae
7948
0.001205
0.004
0.0
mg/100 g
Cocoa butter
Type 2
specific
0.0
0.0
0.0
mg/100 g
Cocoa powder
Type 2
specific
0.088333
0.173
0.014
mg/100 g
Coconut
Type 1
specific
Cocos nucifera
13894
0.003822
0.02
0.0
mg/100 g
Coffee
Type 1
generic
Coffea
13442
0.005538
0.023
0.0
mg/100 g
Cold cut
Type 2
specific
0.004875
0.016
0.0
mg/100 g
Columbidae (Dove, Pigeon)
Type 1
specific
Columbidae
8930
0.0
0.0
0.0
mg/100 g
Common bean
Type 1
specific
Phaseolus vulgaris
3885
0.019558
0.24755
0.0
mg/100 g
Common buckwheat
Type 1
specific
Fagopyrum esculentum
3617
0.000767
0.0018
0.0
mg/100 g
Common cabbage
Type 1
specific
Brassica oleracea
3712
0.001882
0.0083
0.0
mg/100 g
Common dab
Type 1
specific
Limanda limanda
27771
0.00106
0.00106
0.00106
mg/100 g
Common grape
Type 1
specific
Vitis vinifera
29760
0.45975
0.9
0.0195
mg/100 g
Common hazelnut
Type 1
specific
Corylus avellana
13451
0.039
0.039
0.039
mg/100 g
Common ling
Type 1
specific
Molva molva
163112
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
mg/100 g
Common mushroom
Type 1
specific
Agaricus bisporus
5341
0.00555
0.009
0.0021
mg/100 g
Common octopus
Type 1
specific
Octopus vulgaris
6645
0.002
0.002
0.002
mg/100 g
Common pea
Type 1
specific
Pisum sativum
3888
0.005475
0.0188
0.0
mg/100 g
Common persimmon
Type 1
specific
Diospyros virginiana
13493
0.0925
0.135
0.05
mg/100 g
Common sage
Type 1
specific
Salvia officinalis
38868
0.3
0.3
0.3
mg/100 g
Common thyme
Type 1
specific
Thymus vulgaris
49992
2.0
2.0
2.0
mg/100 g
Coriander
Type 1
specific
Coriandrum sativum
4047
0.411429
2.88
0.0
mg/100 g
Corn
Type 1
specific
Zea mays
4577
0.071565
1.3
0.0
mg/100 g
Cottonseed
Type 1
specific
Gossypium
3633
0.0
0.0
0.0
mg/100 g
Cow milk, pasteurized, vitamin A + D added, 0% fat
Type 2
specific
Cow milk, pasteurized, vitamin A + D added, 1% fat
Type 2
specific
Cow milk, pasteurized, vitamin A + D added, 2% fat
Type 2
specific
Cow milk, pasteurized, vitamin D added, 3.25% fat
Type 2
specific
Crab
Type 1
specific
Brachyura
6752
0.003493
0.0056
0.0
mg/100 g
Cracker
Type 2
specific
0.008
0.008
0.008
mg/100 g
Crayfish
Type 1
specific
Astacidea
6712
0.0011
0.0011
0.0011
mg/100 g
Cream
Type 2
specific
0.000052
0.000052
0.000052
mg/100 g
Crisp bread
Type 2
specific
0.0044
0.0071
0.0
mg/100 g
Cucumber
Type 1
specific
Cucumis sativus
3659
0.00523
0.0491
0.0
mg/100 g
Cucurbita
Type 1
specific
Cucurbita
3660
0.001675
0.003
0.0
mg/100 g
Cumin
Type 1
specific
Cuminum cyminum
52462
0.84
0.84
0.84
mg/100 g
Curry powder
Type 2
specific
0.0
0.0
0.0
mg/100 g
Daikon radish
Type 1
specific
Raphanus sativus var. longipinnatus
41679
0.0005
0.001
0.0
mg/100 g
Dandelion
Type 1
specific
Taraxacum officinale
50225
0.9875
3.05
0.0
mg/100 g
Date
Type 1
specific
Phoenix dactylifera
42345
0.08
0.08
0.08
mg/100 g
Dill
Type 1
specific
Anethum graveolens
40922
0.0123
0.0203
0.0
mg/100 g
Domestic pig
Type 1
specific
Sus scrofa domestica
9825
0.005336
0.04
0.0
mg/100 g
Dragée
Type 2
specific
0.0
0.0
0.0
mg/100 g
Dried milk
Type 2
specific
0.002
0.002
0.002
mg/100 g
Dumpling
Type 2
specific
0.0
0.0
0.0
mg/100 g
Eggplant
Type 1
specific
Solanum melongena
4111
0.004267
0.011
0.0
mg/100 g
Eggs
Unknown
generic
0.00019
0.002
0.0
mg/100 g
Elderberry
Type 1
specific
Sambucus
4201
0.001367
0.0041
0.0
mg/100 g
Endive
Type 1
specific
Cichorium endivia
114280
0.0078
0.039
0.0
mg/100 g
European plum
Type 1
specific
Prunus domestica
3758
0.01219
0.05975
0.0003
mg/100 g
Fennel
Type 1
specific
Foeniculum vulgare
48038
0.0904
0.45
0.0
mg/100 g
Fenugreek
Type 1
specific
Trigonella foenum-graecum
78534
0.4
0.4
0.4
mg/100 g
Fig
Type 1
specific
Ficus carica
3494
0.013423
0.0402
0.0
mg/100 g
Fish oil
Type 1
0.0
0.0
0.0
mg/100 g
Flatfish
Type 1
specific
Pleuronectiformes
8252
0.000821
0.000821
0.000821
mg/100 g
Flaxseed
Type 1
specific
Linum usitatissimum
4006
0.00115
0.0023
0.0
mg/100 g
French plantain
Type 1
specific
Musa X paradisiaca
89151
0.0
0.0
0.0
mg/100 g
Fruit gum
Type 2
specific
0.004
0.004
0.004
mg/100 g
Fruit juice
Type 2
specific
0.0003
0.0006
0.0
mg/100 g
Fruit preserve
Type 2
specific
0.003
0.003
0.003
mg/100 g
Gadiformes
Type 1
specific
Gadiformes
8043
0.00105
0.00105
0.00105
mg/100 g
Gadus (Common cod)
Type 1
specific
Gadus
8048
0.003104
0.0209
0.0
mg/100 g
Garden cress
Type 1
specific
Lepidium sativum
33125
0.0
0.0
0.0
mg/100 g
Garden onion
Type 1
specific
Allium cepa
4679
0.178662
0.48
0.010962048
mg/100 g
Garden rhubarb
Type 1
specific
Rheum rhabarbarum
3621
0.00153
0.00525
0.0006
mg/100 g
Garden tomato
Type 1
specific
Solanum lycopersicum
4081
0.00255
0.0067
0.0
mg/100 g
Garden tomato (var.)
Type 1
specific
Solanum lycopersicum var. lycopersicum
397755
0.15
0.15
0.15
mg/100 g
Garfish
Type 1
specific
Belone belone
129037
0.00047
0.00047
0.00047
mg/100 g
Garlic
Type 1
specific
Allium sativum
4682
0.013283
0.0446
0.0
mg/100 g
Gelatin
Type 2
specific
0.0
0.0
0.0
mg/100 g
Gelatin dessert
Type 2
specific
0.0
0.0
0.0
mg/100 g
Giant butterbur
Type 1
specific
Petasites japonicus
186965
2.15
2.15
2.15
mg/100 g
Gin
Type 2
specific
0.0
0.0
0.0
mg/100 g
Ginger
Type 1
specific
Zingiber officinale
94328
0.433333
1.3
0.0
mg/100 g
Ginkgo nuts
Type 1
specific
Ginkgo biloba
3311
Globe artichoke
Type 1
specific
Cynara scolymus
59895
0.0
0.0
0.0
mg/100 g
Gooseberry
Type 1
specific
Ribes uva-crispa
135518
0.001567
0.0041
0.0003
mg/100 g
Grape
Type 1
specific
Vitis
3603
0.003068
0.0088
0.0
mg/100 g
Grape wine
Type 2
specific
0.0026
0.004
0.0
mg/100 g
Grapefruit
Type 1
specific
Citrus X paradisi
37656
0.00035
0.0006
0.0001
mg/100 g
Green bean
Type 1
specific
Phaseolus vulgaris
3885
0.000733
0.0012
0.0
mg/100 g
Green bell pepper
Type 1
specific
Capsicum annuum
4072
0.0096
0.0273
0.0
mg/100 g
Green tea
Type 1
0.167616
0.335
0.000231
mg/100 g
Green zucchini
Type 1
specific
Cucurbita pepo var. cylindrica
0.00375
0.006928214
0.0
mg/100 g
Greenland halibut/turbot
Type 1
specific
Reinhardtius hippoglossoides
111784
0.001287
0.0028
0.0
mg/100 g
Groundcherry
Type 1
specific
Physalis
24663
0.0
0.0
0.0
mg/100 g
Guava
Type 1
specific
Psidium guajava
120290
0.0
0.0
0.0
mg/100 g
Haddock
Type 1
specific
Melanogrammus aeglefinus
8056
0.000654
0.0019
0.0
mg/100 g
Hard wheat
Type 1
specific
Triticum durum
4567
0.0
0.0
0.0
mg/100 g
Hazelnut
Type 1
specific
Corylus
13450
0.0004
0.0004
0.0004
mg/100 g
Herbal tea
Type 1
0.167616
0.335
0.000231
mg/100 g
Honey
Type 2
specific
0.005
0.005
0.005
mg/100 g
Horseradish
Type 1
specific
Armoracia rusticana
3704
0.003875
0.0085
0.001
mg/100 g
Hot chocolate
Type 2
specific
0.000052
0.000052
0.000052
mg/100 g
Ice cream
Type 2
specific
0.001333
0.002
0.0
mg/100 g
Irish moss
Type 1
specific
Chondrus crispus
2769
1.2
1.2
1.2
mg/100 g
Italian sweet red pepper
Type 1
specific
Capsicum annuum
4072
0.0071
0.0102
0.001
mg/100 g
Japanese pumpkin
Type 1
specific
Cucurbita maxima
3661
0.007233
0.0122
0.0
mg/100 g
Jerusalem artichoke
Type 1
specific
Helianthus tuberosus
4233
0.0064
0.0064
0.0064
mg/100 g
Kale
Type 1
specific
Brassica napus var. pabularia
0.00166
0.0083
0.0
mg/100 g
Kefir
Type 2
specific
0.000052
0.000052
0.000052
mg/100 g
Ketchup
Type 2
specific
0.0025
0.005
0.0
mg/100 g
Kiwi
Type 1
specific
Actinidia chinensis
3625
0.0
0.0
0.0
mg/100 g
Kohlrabi
Type 1
specific
Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes
109379
0.0
0.0
0.0
mg/100 g
Kombu
Type 1
specific
Saccharina japonica
88149
0.0
0.0
0.0
mg/100 g
Kumquat
Type 1
specific
Fortunella
2706
0.0
0.0
0.0
mg/100 g
Lake trout
Type 1
specific
Salvelinus namaycush
8040
0.012
0.012
0.012
mg/100 g
Lard
Type 2
specific
0.0104
0.0155
0.0053
mg/100 g
Leavening agent
Type 2
specific
0.0
0.0
0.0
mg/100 g
Leek
Type 1
specific
Allium porrum
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
mg/100 g
Lemon
Type 1
specific
Citrus limon
2708
0.000133
0.0002
0.0
mg/100 g
Lemon grass
Type 1
specific
Cymbopogon citratus
66014
3.7
3.7
3.7
mg/100 g
Lemon sole
Type 1
specific
Microstomus kitt
106175
0.001367
0.0018
0.0005
mg/100 g
Lentils
Type 1
generic
Lens culinaris
3864
0.004367
0.0131
0.0
mg/100 g
Lettuce
Type 1
specific
Lactuca sativa
4236
0.111583
1.00025
0.0
mg/100 g
Lichee
Type 1
specific
Litchi chinensis
151069
0.0
0.0
0.0
mg/100 g
Lima bean
Type 1
specific
Phaseolus lunatus
3884
0.25
0.25
0.25
mg/100 g
Lime
Type 1
specific
Citrus aurantiifolia
159033
0.0
0.0
0.0
mg/100 g
Lingonberry
Type 1
specific
Vaccinium vitis-idaea
180772
0.0015
0.002
0.001
mg/100 g
Liquor
Type 2
specific
0.0
0.0
0.0
mg/100 g
Liquorice
Type 2
specific
0.01475
0.043
0.0
mg/100 g
Loganberry
Type 1
specific
Rubus loganobaccus
0.0
0.0
0.0
mg/100 g
Loquat
Type 1
specific
Eriobotrya japonica
32224
0.0
0.0
0.0
mg/100 g
Lumpsucker
Type 1
specific
Cyclopteridae
8101
0.0006
0.0012
0.0
mg/100 g
Madeira wine
Type 2
specific
0.004
0.004
0.004
mg/100 g
Malus (Crab apple)
Type 1
specific
Malus
3749
0.0
0.0
0.0
mg/100 g
Mandarin orange (Clementine, Tangerine)
Type 1
specific
Citrus reticulata
85571
0.00098
0.0045
0.0001
mg/100 g
Mango
Type 1
specific
Mangifera indica
29780
0.0
0.0
0.0
mg/100 g
Margarine
Type 2
specific
0.009367
0.0094
0.0092
mg/100 g
Margarine-like spread
Type 2
specific
0.00449
0.00449
0.00449
mg/100 g
Marine mussel
Type 1
specific
Mytilidae
6547
0.0276
0.0316
0.0256
mg/100 g
Marshmallow
Type 2
specific
0.0
0.0
0.0
mg/100 g
Marzipan
Type 2
specific
0.004
0.008
0.0
mg/100 g
Meat bouillon
Type 2
specific
0.01
0.05
0.0
mg/100 g
Meatball
Type 2
specific
0.0
0.0
0.0
mg/100 g
Meringue
Type 2
specific
0.0
0.0
0.0
mg/100 g
Milk (Cow)
Type 2
specific
0.304505
2.1155
0.00005
mg/100 g
Milk (Human)
Type 2
specific
0.0
0.0
0.0
mg/100 g
Milk (Other mammals)
Type 2
specific
0.0
0.0
0.0
mg/100 g
Millet
Type 1
specific
Panicum miliaceum
4540
0.002
0.0032
0.0008
mg/100 g
Miso
Type 2
specific
0.0
0.0
0.0
mg/100 g
Mountain hare
Type 1
specific
Lepus timidus
62621
0.002
0.002
0.002
mg/100 g
Mugwort
Type 1
specific
Artemisia vulgaris
4220
1.65
1.65
1.65
mg/100 g
Mung bean
Type 1
specific
Vigna radiata
157791
0.0044
0.0088
0.0
mg/100 g
Muskmelon
Type 1
specific
Cucumis melo
3656
0.002469
0.01475
0.0
mg/100 g
Mustard
Type 2
specific
0.017
0.017
0.017
mg/100 g
Nectarine
Type 1
specific
Prunus persica var. nucipersica
323851
0.0
0.0
0.0
mg/100 g
Northern pike
Type 1
specific
Esox lucius
8010
0.00513
0.00513
0.00513
mg/100 g
Norway haddock
Type 1
specific
Sebastes viviparus
394708
0.0
0.0
0.0
mg/100 g
Norway lobster
Type 1
specific
Nephrops norvegicus
6829
0.0027
0.0027
0.0027
mg/100 g
Norway pout
Type 1
specific
Trisopterus esmarkii
80723
0.0
0.0
0.0
mg/100 g
Nougat
Type 2
specific
0.0
0.0
0.0
mg/100 g
Nutmeg
Type 1
specific
Myristica fragrans
51089
0.74
1.64
0.0
mg/100 g
Oat
Type 1
specific
Avena sativa
4498
0.489375
3.9
0.0
mg/100 g
Oil palm
Type 1
specific
Elaeis
51952
0.0
0.0
0.0
mg/100 g
Okra
Type 1
specific
Abelmoschus esculentus
455045
0.0
0.0
0.0
mg/100 g
Olive
Type 1
specific
Olea europaea
4146
0.0017
0.0068
0.0
mg/100 g
Opium poppy
Type 1
specific
Papaver somniferum
3469
1.34
1.34
1.34
mg/100 g
Orange bell pepper
Type 1
specific
Capsicum annuum
4072
0.019602
0.0273
0.014249302
mg/100 g
Other alcoholic beverage
Type 2
specific
0.0
0.0
0.0
mg/100 g
Other animal fat
Type 2
specific
0.00265
0.0053
0.0
mg/100 g
Other bread
Type 2
specific
0.003811
0.0072
0.0
mg/100 g
Other bread product
Type 2
specific
0.0031
0.0062
0.0
mg/100 g
Other candy
Type 2
specific
0.00075
0.003
0.0
mg/100 g
Other dish
Type 2
specific
0.0
0.0
0.0
mg/100 g
Other fermented milk
Type 2
specific
0.000052
0.000052
0.000052
mg/100 g
Other fish product
Type 2
specific
0.0
0.0
0.0
mg/100 g
Other frozen dessert
Type 2
specific
0.0
0.0
0.0
mg/100 g
Other fruit product
Type 2
specific
0.0257
0.0257
0.0257
mg/100 g
Other snack food
Type 2
specific
0.017667
0.025
0.01
mg/100 g
Oyster mushroom
Type 1
specific
Pleurotus ostreatus
5322
0.0123
0.0123
0.0123
mg/100 g
Pacific ocean perch
Type 1
specific
Sebastes alutus
72055
0.0012
0.0012
0.0012
mg/100 g
Pak choy
Type 1
specific
Brassica rapa var. chinensis
93385
0.0
0.0
0.0
mg/100 g
Papaya
Type 1
specific
Carica papaya
3649
0.0
0.0
0.0
mg/100 g
Parsley
Type 1
specific
Petroselinum crispum
4043
0.01152
0.038
0.0028
mg/100 g
Parsnip
Type 1
specific
Pastinaca sativa
4041
6.842384
41.0
0.001
mg/100 g
Passion fruit
Type 1
specific
Passiflora edulis
78168
0.0
0.0
0.0
mg/100 g
Pasta
Type 2
specific
0.0024
0.004
0.0014
mg/100 g
Pastry
Type 2
specific
0.000432
0.008
0.0
mg/100 g
Pate
Type 2
specific
0.0025
0.0025
0.0025
mg/100 g
Peach
Type 1
specific
Prunus persica
3760
0.451775
3.5
0.0
mg/100 g
Peanut
Type 1
specific
Arachis hypogaea
3818
0.005556
0.008
0.0
mg/100 g
Pear
Type 1
specific
Pyrus communis
23211
0.00701
0.02785
0.0018
mg/100 g
Pecan nut
Type 1
specific
Carya illinoinensis
32201
0.0
0.0
0.0
mg/100 g
Pepper
Type 1
specific
Capsicum annuum
4072
0.002319
0.0273
0.0
mg/100 g
Pepper (C. frutescens)
Type 1
specific
Capsicum annuum var. annuum
40321
0.325
0.325
0.325
mg/100 g
Pepper (Spice)
Type 1
specific
Piper nigrum
13216
0.108333
0.325
0.0
mg/100 g
Peppermint
Type 1
specific
Mentha X piperita
34256
Perciformes
Type 1
specific
Perciformes
8111
0.0086
0.0086
0.0086
mg/100 g
Persimmon
Type 1
specific
Diospyros
13492
0.0
0.0
0.0
mg/100 g
Pikeperch
Type 1
specific
Sander lucioperca
283035
0.0054
0.0054
0.0054
mg/100 g
Pine nut
Type 1
specific
Pinus
3337
0.0
0.0
0.0
mg/100 g
Pineapple
Type 1
specific
Ananas comosus
4615
0.006843
0.011
0.0007
mg/100 g
Pistachio
Type 1
specific
Pistacia vera
55513
0.01752
0.06
0.0069
mg/100 g
Pizza
Type 2
specific
0.0
0.0
0.0
mg/100 g
Pleuronectidae (Dab, Halibut, Plaice)
Type 1
specific
Pleuronectidae
8256
0.000537
0.00161
0.0
mg/100 g
Pollock
Type 1
specific
Pollachius
8059
0.00062
0.00093
0.0
mg/100 g
Pomegranate
Type 1
specific
Punica granatum
22663
0.0
0.0
0.0
mg/100 g
Poppy
Type 1
specific
Papaver
3468
0.0752
0.0752
0.0752
mg/100 g
Port wine
Type 2
specific
0.003
0.003
0.003
mg/100 g
Potato
Type 1
specific
Solanum tuberosum
4113
0.007704
0.0701
0.0
mg/100 g
Prickly pear
Type 1
specific
Opuntia
106975
0.0
0.0
0.0
mg/100 g
Prunus (Cherry, Plum)
Type 1
specific
Prunus
3754
0.000075
0.0003
0.0
mg/100 g
Quince
Type 1
specific
Cydonia oblonga
36610
0.0
0.0
0.0
mg/100 g
Rabbit
Type 1
specific
Leporidae
9979
0.002
0.002
0.002
mg/100 g
Radish
Type 1
specific
Raphanus sativus
3726
0.00425
0.0075
0.001
mg/100 g
Rainbow trout
Type 1
specific
Oncorhynchus mykiss
8022
0.006973
0.02
0.00046
mg/100 g
Rape
Type 1
specific
Brassica napus var. napus
138011
0.0
0.0
0.0
mg/100 g
Red algae
Type 1
specific
Rhodophyta
2763
0.0
0.0
0.0
mg/100 g
Red beetroot
Type 1
specific
Beta vulgaris var. rubra
2.006955
20.0
0.0027
mg/100 g
Red bell pepper
Type 1
specific
Capsicum annuum
4072
0.010933
0.0273
0.0
mg/100 g
Red raspberry
Type 1
specific
Rubus idaeus
32247
1.3
1.3
1.3
mg/100 g
Red tea
Type 1
0.167616
0.335
0.000231
mg/100 g
Redcurrant
Type 1
specific
Ribes rubrum
175228
0.000794
0.00675
0.0
mg/100 g
Remoulade
Type 2
specific
0.0035
0.007
0.0
mg/100 g
Rice
Type 1
specific
Oryza sativa
4530
0.00112
0.0042
0.0
mg/100 g
Robusta coffee
Type 1
specific
Coffea canephora
49390
0.005538
0.023
0.0
mg/100 g
Rock ptarmigan
Type 1
specific
Lagopus muta
64668
0.0
0.0
0.0
mg/100 g
Romaine lettuce
Type 1
specific
Lactuca sativa L. var. longifolia
5.603842
28.0
0.0
mg/100 g
Roman camomile
Type 1
specific
Chamaemelum nobile
99037
0.6
0.6
0.6
mg/100 g
Rose hip
Type 1
specific
Rosa
3764
0.003
0.006
0.0
mg/100 g
Roselle
Type 1
specific
Hibiscus sabdariffa
183260
5.4
5.4
5.4
mg/100 g
Rubus (Blackberry, Raspberry)
Type 1
specific
Rubus
23216
0.0008
0.003
0.0
mg/100 g
Rum
Type 2
specific
0.0
0.0
0.0
mg/100 g
Rye
Type 1
specific
Secale cereale
4550
0.001425
0.004
0.0
mg/100 g
Rye bread
Type 2
specific
0.005218
0.0101
0.0
mg/100 g
Safflower
Type 1
specific
Carthamus tinctorius
4222
0.62
3.1
0.0
mg/100 g
Salad dressing
Type 2
specific
0.000261
0.003
0.0
mg/100 g
Salmonidae (Salmon, Trout)
Type 1
specific
Salmonidae
8015
0.004189
0.02
0.0
mg/100 g
Salt
Type 2
specific
0.005
0.01
0.0
mg/100 g
Sauce
Type 2
specific
0.0
0.0
0.0
mg/100 g
Sausage
Type 2
specific
0.004653
0.012
0.0
mg/100 g
Savoy cabbage
Type 1
specific
Brassica oleracea var. sabauda
1216010
0.0
0.0
0.0
mg/100 g
Scarlet bean
Type 1
specific
Phaseolus coccineus
3886
0.022
0.022
0.022
mg/100 g
Scombridae (Bonito, Mackerel, Tuna)
Type 1
specific
Scombridae
8224
0.000684
0.000684
0.000684
mg/100 g
Semolina
Type 2
specific
0.0
0.0
0.0
mg/100 g
Sesame
Type 1
specific
Sesamum orientale
4182
0.027371
0.14
0.0
mg/100 g
Sheep (Mutton, Lamb)
Type 1
specific
Ovis aries
9940
0.006647
0.0081
0.001
mg/100 g
Sherry
Type 2
specific
0.003
0.003
0.003
mg/100 g
Shrimp
Type 1
specific
Caridea
6694
0.00192
0.0021
0.00156
mg/100 g
Snail
Type 1
specific
Gastropoda
6448
0.0
0.0
0.0
mg/100 g
Soft drink
Type 2
specific
0.0013
0.0033
0.0003
mg/100 g
Soft-necked garlic
Type 1
specific
Allium sativum L. var. sativum
4682
0.875
0.875
0.875
mg/100 g
Sorrel
Type 1
specific
Rumex acetosa
41241
0.0
0.0
0.0
mg/100 g
Soup
Type 2
specific
0.0
0.0
0.0
mg/100 g
Soy bean
Type 1
specific
Glycine max
3847
0.008582
0.023
0.0
mg/100 g
Soy milk
Type 2
specific
0.0
0.0
0.0
mg/100 g
Soy sauce
Type 2
specific
0.0
0.0
0.0
mg/100 g
Spinach
Type 1
specific
Spinacia oleracea
3562
0.015029
0.0306
0.005
mg/100 g
Spiny dogfish
Type 1
specific
Squalus acanthias
7797
0.0005
0.0005
0.0005
mg/100 g
Spirit
Type 2
specific
0.0
0.0
0.0
mg/100 g
Spirulina
Type 1
specific
Spirulina
551299
Star fruit
Type 1
specific
Averrhoa carambola
28974
0.0
0.0
0.0
mg/100 g
Strawberry
Type 1
specific
Fragaria X ananassa
3747
0.000663
0.003
0.0
mg/100 g
Sturgeon
Type 1
specific
Acipenseridae
7900
0.0
0.0
0.0
mg/100 g
Sugar
Type 2
specific
0.000714
0.002
0.0
mg/100 g
Sugar substitute
Type 2
specific
0.0
0.0
0.0
mg/100 g
Sunburst squash (pattypan squash)
Type 1
specific
Cucurbita pepo var. clypeata
0.00628
0.010515246
0.0
mg/100 g
Sunflower
Type 1
specific
Helianthus annuus
4232
0.0032
0.0038
0.0026
mg/100 g
Swede
Type 1
specific
Brassica napus
3708
0.0005
0.0005
0.0005
mg/100 g
Sweet orange
Type 1
specific
Citrus sinensis
2711
0.003814
0.0195
0.0002
mg/100 g
Sweet potato
Type 1
specific
Ipomoea batatas
4120
0.00015
0.0006
0.0
mg/100 g
Swiss chard
Type 1
specific
Beta vulgaris ssp. cicla
1527200
0.0
0.0
0.0
mg/100 g
Syrup
Type 2
specific
0.005
0.005
0.005
mg/100 g
Tallow
Type 2
specific
0.001285
0.0039
0.0
mg/100 g
Tamarind
Type 1
specific
Tamarindus indica
58860
0.0
0.0
0.0
mg/100 g
Tea
Type 1
specific
Camellia sinensis
4442
0.134092
0.335
0.0
mg/100 g
Thistle
Type 1
specific
Cirsium
41549
0.0
0.0
0.0
mg/100 g
Thunnus
Type 1
specific
Thunnus
8234
0.007013
0.009
0.00105
mg/100 g
Toffee
Type 2
specific
0.0085
0.017
0.0
mg/100 g
Tofu
Type 2
specific
0.0
0.0
0.0
mg/100 g
True frog
Type 1
specific
Ranidae
8397
0.0
0.0
0.0
mg/100 g
True oyster
Type 1
specific
Ostreidae
6563
0.0123
0.0123
0.0123
mg/100 g
True seal
Type 1
specific
Phocidae
9709
0.0
0.0
0.0
mg/100 g
True sole
Type 1
specific
Soleidae
30948
0.0005
0.0005
0.0005
mg/100 g
Turbot
Type 1
specific
Scophthalmus maximus
52904
0.0
0.0
0.0
mg/100 g
Turkey
Type 1
specific
Meleagris gallopavo
9103
0.004875
0.016
0.0
mg/100 g
Turmeric
Type 1
specific
Curcuma longa
136217
0.6
0.6
0.6
mg/100 g
Turnip
Type 1
specific
Brassica rapa var. rapa
51350
56.20592
281.0
0.0005
mg/100 g
Unclassified food or beverage
Type 2
specific
0.0
0.0
0.0
mg/100 g
Vaccinium (Blueberry, Cranberry, Huckleberry)
Type 1
specific
Vaccinium
13749
0.0
0.0
0.0
mg/100 g
Vegetable juice
Type 2
specific
0.00218
0.00218
0.00218
mg/100 g
Vermouth
Type 2
specific
0.003
0.003
0.003
mg/100 g
Vinegar
Type 2
specific
0.0
0.0
0.0
mg/100 g
Vodka
Type 2
specific
0.0
0.0
0.0
mg/100 g
Walnut
Type 1
specific
Juglans
16718
0.0004
0.0012
0.0
mg/100 g
Water
Type 2
specific
0.000175
0.0003
0.00005
mg/100 g
Watercress
Type 1
specific
Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum
135518
0.0
0.0
0.0
mg/100 g
Watermelon
Type 1
specific
Citrullus lanatus
3654
0.0
0.0
0.0
mg/100 g
Wheat
Type 1
specific
Triticum
4564
0.001063
0.0044
0.0
mg/100 g
Wheat bread
Type 2
specific
0.004643
0.0093
0.0
mg/100 g
Whey
Type 2
specific
0.0
0.0
0.0
mg/100 g
Whisky
Type 2
specific
0.0
0.0
0.0
mg/100 g
White bread
Type 1
0.0027
0.0027
0.0027
mg/100 g
White cabbage
Type 1
specific
Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata L. f. alba DC.
0.112438
0.43505
0.0017
mg/100 g
White mustard
Type 1
specific
Sinapis alba
3728
1.86
1.86
1.86
mg/100 g
Whitefish
Type 1
specific
Coregonus
27772
0.0021
0.0021
0.0021
mg/100 g
Whiting
Type 1
specific
Merlangius merlangus
8058
0.0061
0.0061
0.0061
mg/100 g
Wild carrot
Type 1
specific
Daucus carota
4039
0.07525
0.07525
0.07525
mg/100 g
Wild celery
Type 1
specific
Apium graveolens
4045
0.00185
0.00235
0.0016
mg/100 g
Yam
Type 1
specific
Dioscorea
4672
0.866667
2.6
0.0
mg/100 g
Yellow bell pepper
Type 1
specific
Capsicum annuum
4072
0.014838
0.0273
0.0
mg/100 g
Yellow zucchini
Type 1
specific
Cucurbita pepo var. cylindrica
0.0046
0.0085
0.0
mg/100 g
Ymer
Type 2
specific
0.000052
0.000052
0.000052
mg/100 g
Yogurt
Type 2
specific
0.000399
0.003
0.000052
mg/100 g
amphiglycemic
52
anti acne
78
A drug used to treat or prevent skin disorders or for the routine care of skin.
anti advanced glycation end products
93
Any substance introduced into a living organism with therapeutic or diagnostic purpose.
anti aging
95
Any substance introduced into a living organism with therapeutic or diagnostic purpose.
anti atherosclerotic
138
A drug used for the treatment or prevention of cardiac arrhythmias. Anti-arrhythmia drugs may affect the polarisation-repolarisation phase of the action potential, its excitability or refractoriness, or impulse conduction or membrane responsiveness within cardiac fibres.
anti CFS
174
anti corneotic
206
anti diabetic
228
Any substance introduced into a living organism with therapeutic or diagnostic purpose.
anti fatigue
274
Any substance introduced into a living organism with therapeutic or diagnostic purpose.
anti glycosuric
305
anti obesity
486
Any substance introduced into a living organism with therapeutic or diagnostic purpose.
anti syndrome-X
638
Any substance introduced into a living organism with therapeutic or diagnostic purpose.
anti triglyceride
668
A substance that diminishes the rate of a chemical reaction.
antidote
236
Any protective agent counteracting or neutralizing the action of poisons.
cardioprotective
769
A drug used for the treatment or prevention of cardiac arrhythmias. Anti-arrhythmia drugs may affect the polarisation-repolarisation phase of the action potential, its excitability or refractoriness, or impulse conduction or membrane responsiveness within cardiac fibres.
energizer
905
hypocholesterolemic
1016
hypoglycemic
1017
A drug which lowers the blood glucose level.
hypotensive
1021
immunomodulator
1031
Biologically active substance whose activity affects or plays a role in the functioning of the immune system.
insulinogenic
1046
memorigenic
1097