1.0 2010-04-08 22:05:52 UTC 2019-11-26 02:59:23 UTC FDB003575 Boron Boron (pronounced /?b?r?n/) is the chemical element with atomic number 5 and the chemical symbol B. Boron is a trivalent metalloid element which occurs abundantly in the evaporite ores borax and ulexite.; Boron is a part of neodymium magnet (Nd2Fe14B), which is the strongest type of permanent magnet. It is found in all kinds of domestic and professional electromechanical and electronic devices, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), various motors and actuators, computer HDDs, CD and DVD players, mobile phones, timer switches, speakers, etc.; Boron is a relatively rare element in the Earth's crust, representing only 0.001%. The worldwide commercial borate deposits are estimated as 10 million tonnes. Turkey and the United States are the world's largest producers of boron. Turkey has almost 72% of the world?s boron reserves. Boron does not appear on Earth in elemental form but is found combined in borax, boric acid, colemanite, kernite, ulexite and borates. Boric acid is sometimes found in volcanic spring waters. Ulexite is a borate mineral; it is a fibrous crystal where individual fibers can guide light like optical fibers.; Boron is an essential plant nutrient. Whereas lack of boron results in boron deficiency disorder, high soil concentrations of boron may also be toxic to plants. As an ultratrace element, boron is necessary for the optimal health of rats and presumably other mammals, though its physiological role in animals is not yet fully understood.; Boron is an important technological dopant for such important semiconductors as silicon, germanium and silicon carbide. Having one less valence electron than the host atom, it donates a hole resulting in p-type conductivity. Traditional method of introducing boron into semiconductors is via its atomic diffusion at high temperatures. This process uses either solid (B2O3), liquid (BBr3) or gaseous boron sources (B2H6 or BF3). However, after 1970s, it was mostly replaced by ion implantation, which relies mostly on BF3 as a boron source. Boron trichloride gas is also an important chemical in semiconductor industry, however not for doping but rather for plasma etching of metals and their oxides.; Boron is similar to carbon in its capability to form stable covalently bonded molecular networks. Even nominally disordered (amorphous) boron contains regular boron icosahedra which are, however, bonded randomly to each other without long-range order. Crystalline boron is a very hard, black material with a high melting point of above 2000 °C. It exists in four major polymorphs: ?, ?, ? and T. Whereas ?, ? and T phases are based on B12 icosahedra, the ?-phase can be described as a rocksalt-type arrangement of the icosahedra and B2 atomic pairs. It can be produced by compressing other boron phases to 12-20 GPa and heating to 1500-1800 °C; it remains stable after releasing the temperature and pressure. The T phase is produced at similar pressures, but higher temperatures of 1800-2200 °C. As to the ? and ? phases, they might both coexist at ambient conditions with the ? phase being more stable. Compressing boron above 160 GPa produces a boron phase with an as yet unknown structure, and this phase is a superconductor at temperatures 6-12 K.; Boron may be an essential nutrient for animals and humans. Physiologically, this metal/element exists as an ion in the body. Dietary boron influences the activity of many metabolic enzymes, as well as the metabolism of steroid hormones and several micronutrients, including calcium, magnesium, and vitamin D. Boron may also play a role in improving arthritis, plasma lipid profiles, and brain function.; Cosmic radiation will produce secondary neutrons if it hits spacecraft structures; and neutrons cause fission in 10B if it is present in the spacecraft's semiconductors, producing a gamma ray, an alpha particle, and a lithium ion. The resultant fission products may then dump charge into nearby semiconductor 'chip' structures, causing data loss (bit flipping, or single event upset). In radiation hardened semiconductor designs, one countermeasure is to use depleted boron which is greatly enriched in 11B and contains almost no 10B. 11B is largely immune to radiation damage. Depleted boron is a by-product of the nuclear industry.; In future manned interplanetary spacecraft, 10B has a theoretical role as structural material (as boron fibers or BN nanotube material) which would also serve a special role in the radiation shield. One of the difficulties in dealing with cosmic rays, which are mostly high energy protons, is that some secondary radiation from interaction of cosmic rays and spacecraft materials is high energy spallation neutrons. Such neutrons can be moderated by materials high in light elements such as polyethylene, but the moderated neutrons continue to be a radiation hazard unless actively absorbed in the shielding. Among light elements that absorb thermal neutrons, 6Li and 10B appear as potential spacecraft structural materials which serve both for mechanical reinforcement and radiation protection.; Magnesium diboride is an important superconducting material with the transition temperature of 39 K. MgB2 wires are produced with the powder-in-tube process and applied in superconducting magnets.; Several allotropes of boron exist: amorphous boron is a brown powder; whereas crystalline boron is black, extremely hard (about 9.5 on Mohs' scale), and a poor conductor at room temperature. Elemental boron is used as a dopant in the semiconductor industry, while boron compounds play important roles as light structural materials, insecticides and preservatives, and reagents for chemical synthesis.; The 10B isotope is good at capturing thermal neutrons. Natural boron is about 20% 10B and 80%11B. The nuclear industry enriches natural boron to nearly pure 10B. The waste product, or depleted boron, is nearly pure 11B. 11B is a candidate as a fuel for aneutronic fusion and is used in the semiconductor industry. Enriched boron or 10B is used in both radiation shielding and in boron neutron capture therapy. In the latter, a compound containing 10B is attached to a muscle near a tumor. The patient is then treated with a relatively low dose of thermal neutrons. This causes energetic and short range alpha radiation from the boron to bombard the tumor.; There is a boron-containing natural antibiotic, boromycin, isolated from streptomyces. Boron is an essential plant nutrient, required primarily for maintaining the integrity of cell walls. Conversely, high soil concentrations of &gt; 1.0 ppm can cause marginal and tip necrosis in leaves as well as poor overall growth performance. Levels as low as 0.8 ppm can cause these same symptoms to appear in plants particularly sensitive to boron in the soil. Nearly all plants, even those somewhat tolerant of boron in the soil, will show at least some symptoms of boron toxicity when boron content in the soil is greater than 1.8 ppm. When this content exceeds 2.0 ppm, few plants will perform well and some may not survive. When boron levels in plant tissue exceed 200 ppm symptoms of boron toxicity are likely to appear.; Triethylborane is a substance which ignites the JP-7 fuel of the Pratt &amp; Whitney J58 turbojet/ramjet engines powering the Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird. It was also used to ignite the F-1 Engines on the Saturn V Rocket utilized by NASA's Apollo and Skylab programs from 1967 until 1973. Triethylborane is suitable for this because of its pyrophoric properties, especially the fact that it burns with very high temperature. Triethylborane is an industrial initiator in radical reactions, where it is effective even at low temperatures. It is also injected into vapor deposition reactors as a boron source. Examples are the plasma deposition of boron-containing hard carbon films, silicon nitride-boron nitride films, and for doping of diamond film with boron. (cyclopropylmethyl)triphenylphosphonium bromide B b(3+) BOR Boracium BORE BORO Boron and compounds Boron metallic BORON, 90% BORON, 95% Boron, ion(3+) Boron, metallic Trona elemental boron BH3 13.835 14.032780562 borane borane 7440-42-8 B InChI=1S/BH3/h1H3 UORVGPXVDQYIDP-UHFFFAOYSA-N belongs to the class of inorganic compounds known as miscellaneous mixed metal/non-metals. These are inorganic compounds containing non-metal as well as metal atoms but not belonging to afore mentioned classes. Miscellaneous mixed metal/non-metals Inorganic compounds Mixed metal/non-metal compounds Miscellaneous mixed metal/non-metals Miscellaneous mixed metal/non-metal boranes mononuclear parent hydride Solid melting_point 2076 oC logp 0.12 ChemAxon iupac borane ChemAxon average_mass 13.835 ChemAxon mono_mass 14.032780562 ChemAxon smiles B ChemAxon formula BH3 ChemAxon inchi InChI=1S/BH3/h1H3 ChemAxon inchikey UORVGPXVDQYIDP-UHFFFAOYSA-N ChemAxon polar_surface_area 0 ChemAxon refractivity 2.4 ChemAxon polarizability 2.6 ChemAxon rotatable_bond_count 0 ChemAxon acceptor_count 0 ChemAxon donor_count 0 ChemAxon physiological_charge 0 ChemAxon formal_charge 0 ChemAxon Specdb::MsMs 104049 Specdb::MsMs 104050 Specdb::MsMs 104051 Specdb::MsMs 170235 Specdb::MsMs 170236 Specdb::MsMs 170237 HMDB02386 #<Reference:0x000055ce305e5818> #<Reference:0x000055ce305e5660> #<Reference:0x000055ce305e54a8> Allspice Type 1 specific Pimenta dioica 375272 1.7 1.7 1.7 mg/100 g Almond Type 1 specific Prunus dulcis 3755 2.3 2.3 2.3 mg/100 g American cranberry Type 1 specific Vaccinium macrocarpon 13750 0.45 0.45 0.45 mg/100 g Anise Type 1 specific Pimpinella anisum 271192 2.0 2.0 2.0 mg/100 g Apple Type 1 specific Malus pumila 283210 5.55 5.55 5.55 mg/100 g Apricot Type 1 specific Prunus armeniaca 36596 3.55 3.55 3.55 mg/100 g Asparagus Type 1 specific Asparagus officinalis 4686 5.5 5.5 5.5 mg/100 g Avocado Type 1 specific Persea americana 3435 0.9 0.9 0.9 mg/100 g Barley Type 1 specific Hordeum vulgare 4513 0.4 0.4 0.4 mg/100 g Bilberry Type 1 specific Vaccinium myrtillus 180763 0.53 0.53 0.53 mg/100 g Black walnut Type 1 specific Juglans nigra 16719 0.47 0.47 0.47 mg/100 g Black-eyed pea Type 1 specific Vigna unguiculata ssp. unguiculata 3920 Blackcurrant Type 1 specific Ribes nigrum 78511 3.25 3.25 3.25 mg/100 g Brazil nut Type 1 specific Bertholletia excelsa 3645 0.27 0.27 0.27 mg/100 g Breadfruit Type 1 specific Artocarpus altilis 194251 1.41 1.41 1.41 mg/100 g Broccoli Type 1 specific Brassica oleracea var. italica 36774 1.185 1.19 1.18 mg/100 g Brussel sprouts Type 1 specific Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera 178616 3.9 5.7 2.1 mg/100 g Butternut Type 1 specific Juglans cinerea 91214 0.7 0.7 0.7 mg/100 g Cabbage Type 1 specific Brassica oleracea var. capitata 3716 7.3 7.3 7.3 mg/100 g Cardamom Type 1 specific Elettaria cardamomum 105181 0.75 0.75 0.75 mg/100 g Carrot Type 1 specific Daucus carota ssp. sativus 79200 0.926667 1.85 0.45 mg/100 g Cashew nut Type 1 specific Anacardium occidentale 171929 0.32 0.32 0.32 mg/100 g Cassava Type 1 specific Manihot esculenta 3983 0.405 0.405 0.405 mg/100 g Ceylon cinnamon Type 1 specific Cinnamomum verum 128608 1.1 1.1 1.1 mg/100 g Chicory Type 1 specific Cichorium intybus 13427 2.0 2.0 2.0 mg/100 g Cloudberry Type 1 specific Rubus chamaemorus 57936 0.68 0.68 0.68 mg/100 g Cloves Type 1 specific Syzygium aromaticum 219868 2.5 2.5 2.5 mg/100 g Coconut Type 1 specific Cocos nucifera 13894 0.41 0.41 0.41 mg/100 g Common bean Type 1 specific Phaseolus vulgaris 3885 2.2525 2.255 2.25 mg/100 g Common buckwheat Type 1 specific Fagopyrum esculentum 3617 0.6 0.6 0.6 mg/100 g Common grape Type 1 specific Vitis vinifera 29760 2.55 2.55 2.55 mg/100 g Common hazelnut Type 1 specific Corylus avellana 13451 1.8 1.8 1.8 mg/100 g Common oregano Type 1 specific Origanum vulgare 39352 3.1 3.1 3.1 mg/100 g Common pea Type 1 specific Pisum sativum 3888 1.25 1.25 1.25 mg/100 g Common persimmon Type 1 specific Diospyros virginiana 13493 2.325 2.7 1.95 mg/100 g Common sage Type 1 specific Salvia officinalis 38868 3.3 3.3 3.3 mg/100 g Common thyme Type 1 specific Thymus vulgaris 49992 4.1 4.1 4.1 mg/100 g Common walnut Type 1 specific Juglans regia 51240 0.625 0.625 0.625 mg/100 g Common wheat Type 1 specific Triticum aestivum 4565 0.85 0.85 0.85 mg/100 g Coriander Type 1 specific Coriandrum sativum 4047 1.9 1.9 1.9 mg/100 g Corn Type 1 specific Zea mays 4577 0.75 0.75 0.75 mg/100 g Corn salad Type 1 specific Valerianella locusta 59166 18.1 18.1 18.1 mg/100 g Cow milk, pasteurized, vitamin A + D added, 0% fat Type 2 specific Cow milk, pasteurized, vitamin A + D added, 1% fat Type 2 specific Cow milk, pasteurized, vitamin A + D added, 2% fat Type 2 specific Cow milk, pasteurized, vitamin D added, 3.25% fat Type 2 specific Cucumber Type 1 specific Cucumis sativus 3659 0.918869 2.35 0.37 mg/100 g Cumin Type 1 specific Cuminum cyminum 52462 4.2 4.2 4.2 mg/100 g Dandelion Type 1 specific Taraxacum officinale 50225 6.45 6.45 6.45 mg/100 g Date Type 1 specific Phoenix dactylifera 42345 0.7 0.7 0.7 mg/100 g Dill Type 1 specific Anethum graveolens 40922 1.79 3.9 0.64 mg/100 g Eggplant Type 1 specific Solanum melongena 4111 0.383333 0.45 0.33 mg/100 g Endive Type 1 specific Cichorium endivia 114280 1.25 1.25 1.25 mg/100 g European plum Type 1 specific Prunus domestica 3758 12.8 12.8 12.8 mg/100 g Evening primrose Type 1 specific Oenothera biennis 3942 3.95 3.95 3.95 mg/100 g Fennel Type 1 specific Foeniculum vulgare 48038 1.85 1.85 1.85 mg/100 g Fig Type 1 specific Ficus carica 3494 5.05 5.05 5.05 mg/100 g French plantain Type 1 specific Musa X paradisiaca 89151 Garden onion Type 1 specific Allium cepa 4679 1.443914 2.3 0.930295 mg/100 g Garden rhubarb Type 1 specific Rheum rhabarbarum 3621 1.805 1.805 1.805 mg/100 g Garden tomato Type 1 specific Solanum lycopersicum 4081 0.28 0.34 0.22 mg/100 g Garden tomato (var.) Type 1 specific Solanum lycopersicum var. lycopersicum 397755 4.8 4.8 4.8 mg/100 g Garlic Type 1 specific Allium sativum 4682 1.075 1.16 0.99 mg/100 g Ginger Type 1 specific Zingiber officinale 94328 0.25 0.25 0.25 mg/100 g Gooseberry Type 1 specific Ribes uva-crispa 135518 0.8 0.8 0.8 mg/100 g Green bell pepper Type 1 specific Capsicum annuum 4072 0.686667 0.95 0.51 mg/100 g Green zucchini Type 1 specific Cucurbita pepo var. cylindrica 0.556122 0.558558469 0.553685836 mg/100 g Highbush blueberry Type 1 specific Vaccinium corymbosum 69266 0.655 0.655 0.655 mg/100 g Horseradish Type 1 specific Armoracia rusticana 3704 1.65 1.65 1.65 mg/100 g Italian sweet red pepper Type 1 specific Capsicum annuum 4072 0.53 0.65 0.41 mg/100 g Japanese pumpkin Type 1 specific Cucurbita maxima 3661 0.485 0.57 0.4 mg/100 g Jerusalem artichoke Type 1 specific Helianthus tuberosus 4233 0.3 0.3 0.3 mg/100 g Lettuce Type 1 specific Lactuca sativa 4236 4.395 4.395 4.395 mg/100 g Lima bean Type 1 specific Phaseolus lunatus 3884 1.55 1.55 1.55 mg/100 g Mandarin orange (Clementine, Tangerine) Type 1 specific Citrus reticulata 85571 0.75 0.75 0.75 mg/100 g Mango Type 1 specific Mangifera indica 29780 0.9 0.9 0.9 mg/100 g Milk (Cow) Type 2 specific 49.957 67.5 6.475 uM Muskmelon Type 1 specific Cucumis melo 3656 0.875 0.875 0.875 mg/100 g Nutmeg Type 1 specific Myristica fragrans 51089 0.8 0.8 0.8 mg/100 g Oat Type 1 specific Avena sativa 4498 0.45 0.45 0.45 mg/100 g Olive Type 1 specific Olea europaea 4146 0.25 0.25 0.25 mg/100 g Opium poppy Type 1 specific Papaver somniferum 3469 5.5 5.5 5.5 mg/100 g Orange bell pepper Type 1 specific Capsicum annuum 4072 1.16146 1.35999843 0.95 mg/100 g Papaya Type 1 specific Carica papaya 3649 1.0 1.0 1.0 mg/100 g Parsley Type 1 specific Petroselinum crispum 4043 2.9 2.9 2.9 mg/100 g Parsnip Type 1 specific Pastinaca sativa 4041 1.131743 1.45 0.912859758 mg/100 g Peach Type 1 specific Prunus persica 3760 7.55 7.55 7.55 mg/100 g Peanut Type 1 specific Arachis hypogaea 3818 1.15 1.15 1.15 mg/100 g Pear Type 1 specific Pyrus communis 23211 4.15 4.15 4.15 mg/100 g Pepper Type 1 specific Capsicum annuum 4072 0.95 0.95 0.95 mg/100 g Pepper (C. frutescens) Type 1 specific Capsicum annuum var. annuum 40321 1.05 1.05 1.05 mg/100 g Pepper (Spice) Type 1 specific Piper nigrum 13216 0.925 0.925 0.925 mg/100 g Pineapple Type 1 specific Ananas comosus 4615 0.02 0.02 0.02 mg/100 g Pistachio Type 1 specific Pistacia vera 55513 1.1 1.1 1.1 mg/100 g Pot marjoram Type 1 specific Origanum onites 452416 3.8 3.8 3.8 mg/100 g Potato Type 1 specific Solanum tuberosum 4113 0.72 0.98 0.45 mg/100 g Quince Type 1 specific Cydonia oblonga 36610 12.25 12.25 12.25 mg/100 g Radish Type 1 specific Raphanus sativus 3726 3.23 3.23 3.23 mg/100 g Red beetroot Type 1 specific Beta vulgaris var. rubra 1.776667 4.05 0.58 mg/100 g Red bell pepper Type 1 specific Capsicum annuum 4072 0.785305 0.95 0.641737368 mg/100 g Red raspberry Type 1 specific Rubus idaeus 32247 0.7 0.7 0.7 mg/100 g Redcurrant Type 1 specific Ribes rubrum 175228 4.05 4.05 4.05 mg/100 g Romaine lettuce Type 1 specific Lactuca sativa L. var. longifolia 0.467216 0.728718637 0.26 mg/100 g Rosemary Type 1 specific Rosmarinus officinalis 39367 3.05 3.05 3.05 mg/100 g Sesame Type 1 specific Sesamum orientale 4182 0.85 0.85 0.85 mg/100 g Soft-necked garlic Type 1 specific Allium sativum L. var. sativum 4682 0.45 0.45 0.45 mg/100 g Sour cherry Type 1 specific Prunus cerasus 140311 4.05 4.05 4.05 mg/100 g Soursop Type 1 specific Annona muricata 13337 0.3 0.3 0.3 mg/100 g Soy bean Type 1 specific Glycine max 3847 1.1 1.1 1.1 mg/100 g Spinach Type 1 specific Spinacia oleracea 3562 1.37 2.12 0.98 mg/100 g Star fruit Type 1 specific Averrhoa carambola 28974 0.43 0.43 0.43 mg/100 g Sugar apple Type 1 specific Annona squamosa 301693 10.7 10.7 10.7 mg/100 g Summer savory Type 1 specific Satureja hortensis 49987 3.1 3.1 3.1 mg/100 g Sunburst squash (pattypan squash) Type 1 specific Cucurbita pepo var. clypeata 0.586153 0.950432487 0.29 mg/100 g Sweet basil Type 1 specific Ocimum basilicum 39350 2.45 2.45 2.45 mg/100 g Sweet bay Type 1 specific Laurus nobilis 85223 1.25 1.25 1.25 mg/100 g Sweet marjoram Type 1 specific Origanum majorana 268884 3.8 3.8 3.8 mg/100 g Sweet orange Type 1 specific Citrus sinensis 2711 1.4695 1.4695 1.4695 mg/100 g Sweet potato Type 1 specific Ipomoea batatas 4120 1.04 1.04 1.04 mg/100 g Taro Type 1 specific Colocasia esculenta 4460 0.3775 0.395 0.36 mg/100 g Turmeric Type 1 specific Curcuma longa 136217 0.35 0.35 0.35 mg/100 g Turnip Type 1 specific Brassica rapa var. rapa 51350 0.705 0.79 0.62 mg/100 g Watermelon Type 1 specific Citrullus lanatus 3654 0.25 0.25 0.25 mg/100 g White cabbage Type 1 specific Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata L. f. alba DC. 2.78 7.3 0.3 mg/100 g Wild carrot Type 1 specific Daucus carota 4039 1.85 1.85 1.85 mg/100 g Wild celery Type 1 specific Apium graveolens 4045 5.275 5.35 5.2 mg/100 g Winter savory Type 1 specific Satureja montana 49988 3.1 3.1 3.1 mg/100 g Yautia Type 1 specific Xanthosoma sagittifolium 28478 0.37 0.37 0.37 mg/100 g Yellow bell pepper Type 1 specific Capsicum annuum 4072 1.048776 1.104677339 0.95 mg/100 g Yellow zucchini Type 1 specific Cucurbita pepo var. cylindrica 0.315 0.32 0.31 mg/100 g Androgenic 60 Anti osteoarthritic 494 Any substance introduced into a living organism with therapeutic or diagnostic purpose. Anti osteoporotic 495 Any substance introduced into a living organism with therapeutic or diagnostic purpose. Estrogenic 922