1.02010-04-08 22:05:52 UTC2019-11-26 02:59:23 UTCFDB003575BoronBoron (pronounced /?b?r?n/) is the chemical element with atomic number 5 and the chemical symbol B. Boron is a trivalent metalloid element which occurs abundantly in the evaporite ores borax and ulexite.; Boron is a part of neodymium magnet (Nd2Fe14B), which is the strongest type of permanent magnet. It is found in all kinds of domestic and professional electromechanical and electronic devices, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), various motors and actuators, computer HDDs, CD and DVD players, mobile phones, timer switches, speakers, etc.; Boron is a relatively rare element in the Earth's crust, representing only 0.001%. The worldwide commercial borate deposits are estimated as 10 million tonnes. Turkey and the United States are the world's largest producers of boron. Turkey has almost 72% of the world?s boron reserves. Boron does not appear on Earth in elemental form but is found combined in borax, boric acid, colemanite, kernite, ulexite and borates. Boric acid is sometimes found in volcanic spring waters. Ulexite is a borate mineral; it is a fibrous crystal where individual fibers can guide light like optical fibers.; Boron is an essential plant nutrient. Whereas lack of boron results in boron deficiency disorder, high soil concentrations of boron may also be toxic to plants. As an ultratrace element, boron is necessary for the optimal health of rats and presumably other mammals, though its physiological role in animals is not yet fully understood.; Boron is an important technological dopant for such important semiconductors as silicon, germanium and silicon carbide. Having one less valence electron than the host atom, it donates a hole resulting in p-type conductivity. Traditional method of introducing boron into semiconductors is via its atomic diffusion at high temperatures. This process uses either solid (B2O3), liquid (BBr3) or gaseous boron sources (B2H6 or BF3). However, after 1970s, it was mostly replaced by ion implantation, which relies mostly on BF3 as a boron source. Boron trichloride gas is also an important chemical in semiconductor industry, however not for doping but rather for plasma etching of metals and their oxides.; Boron is similar to carbon in its capability to form stable covalently bonded molecular networks. Even nominally disordered (amorphous) boron contains regular boron icosahedra which are, however, bonded randomly to each other without long-range order. Crystalline boron is a very hard, black material with a high melting point of above 2000 °C. It exists in four major polymorphs: ?, ?, ? and T. Whereas ?, ? and T phases are based on B12 icosahedra, the ?-phase can be described as a rocksalt-type arrangement of the icosahedra and B2 atomic pairs. It can be produced by compressing other boron phases to 12-20 GPa and heating to 1500-1800 °C; it remains stable after releasing the temperature and pressure. The T phase is produced at similar pressures, but higher temperatures of 1800-2200 °C. As to the ? and ? phases, they might both coexist at ambient conditions with the ? phase being more stable. Compressing boron above 160 GPa produces a boron phase with an as yet unknown structure, and this phase is a superconductor at temperatures 6-12 K.; Boron may be an essential nutrient for animals and humans. Physiologically, this metal/element exists as an ion in the body. Dietary boron influences the activity of many metabolic enzymes, as well as the metabolism of steroid hormones and several micronutrients, including calcium, magnesium, and vitamin D. Boron may also play a role in improving arthritis, plasma lipid profiles, and brain function.; Cosmic radiation will produce secondary neutrons if it hits spacecraft structures; and neutrons cause fission in 10B if it is present in the spacecraft's semiconductors, producing a gamma ray, an alpha particle, and a lithium ion. The resultant fission products may then dump charge into nearby semiconductor 'chip' structures, causing data loss (bit flipping, or single event upset). In radiation hardened semiconductor designs, one countermeasure is to use depleted boron which is greatly enriched in 11B and contains almost no 10B. 11B is largely immune to radiation damage. Depleted boron is a by-product of the nuclear industry.; In future manned interplanetary spacecraft, 10B has a theoretical role as structural material (as boron fibers or BN nanotube material) which would also serve a special role in the radiation shield. One of the difficulties in dealing with cosmic rays, which are mostly high energy protons, is that some secondary radiation from interaction of cosmic rays and spacecraft materials is high energy spallation neutrons. Such neutrons can be moderated by materials high in light elements such as polyethylene, but the moderated neutrons continue to be a radiation hazard unless actively absorbed in the shielding. Among light elements that absorb thermal neutrons, 6Li and 10B appear as potential spacecraft structural materials which serve both for mechanical reinforcement and radiation protection.; Magnesium diboride is an important superconducting material with the transition temperature of 39 K. MgB2 wires are produced with the powder-in-tube process and applied in superconducting magnets.; Several allotropes of boron exist: amorphous boron is a brown powder; whereas crystalline boron is black, extremely hard (about 9.5 on Mohs' scale), and a poor conductor at room temperature. Elemental boron is used as a dopant in the semiconductor industry, while boron compounds play important roles as light structural materials, insecticides and preservatives, and reagents for chemical synthesis.; The 10B isotope is good at capturing thermal neutrons. Natural boron is about 20% 10B and 80%11B. The nuclear industry enriches natural boron to nearly pure 10B. The waste product, or depleted boron, is nearly pure 11B. 11B is a candidate as a fuel for aneutronic fusion and is used in the semiconductor industry. Enriched boron or 10B is used in both radiation shielding and in boron neutron capture therapy. In the latter, a compound containing 10B is attached to a muscle near a tumor. The patient is then treated with a relatively low dose of thermal neutrons. This causes energetic and short range alpha radiation from the boron to bombard the tumor.; There is a boron-containing natural antibiotic, boromycin, isolated from streptomyces. Boron is an essential plant nutrient, required primarily for maintaining the integrity of cell walls. Conversely, high soil concentrations of > 1.0 ppm can cause marginal and tip necrosis in leaves as well as poor overall growth performance. Levels as low as 0.8 ppm can cause these same symptoms to appear in plants particularly sensitive to boron in the soil. Nearly all plants, even those somewhat tolerant of boron in the soil, will show at least some symptoms of boron toxicity when boron content in the soil is greater than 1.8 ppm. When this content exceeds 2.0 ppm, few plants will perform well and some may not survive. When boron levels in plant tissue exceed 200 ppm symptoms of boron toxicity are likely to appear.; Triethylborane is a substance which ignites the JP-7 fuel of the Pratt & Whitney J58 turbojet/ramjet engines powering the Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird. It was also used to ignite the F-1 Engines on the Saturn V Rocket utilized by NASA's Apollo and Skylab programs from 1967 until 1973. Triethylborane is suitable for this because of its pyrophoric properties, especially the fact that it burns with very high temperature. Triethylborane is an industrial initiator in radical reactions, where it is effective even at low temperatures. It is also injected into vapor deposition reactors as a boron source. Examples are the plasma deposition of boron-containing hard carbon films, silicon nitride-boron nitride films, and for doping of diamond film with boron.(cyclopropylmethyl)triphenylphosphonium bromideBb(3+)BORBoraciumBOREBOROBoron and compoundsBoron metallicBORON, 90%BORON, 95%Boron, ion(3+)Boron, metallicTrona elemental boronBH313.83514.032780562boraneborane7440-42-8BInChI=1S/BH3/h1H3UORVGPXVDQYIDP-UHFFFAOYSA-N belongs to the class of inorganic compounds known as miscellaneous mixed metal/non-metals. These are inorganic compounds containing non-metal as well as metal atoms but not belonging to afore mentioned classes.Miscellaneous mixed metal/non-metalsInorganic compoundsMixed metal/non-metal compoundsMiscellaneous mixed metal/non-metalsMiscellaneous mixed metal/non-metalboranesmononuclear parent hydrideSolidmelting_point2076 oClogp0.12iupacboraneaverage_mass13.835mono_mass14.032780562smilesBformulaBH3inchiInChI=1S/BH3/h1H3inchikeyUORVGPXVDQYIDP-UHFFFAOYSA-Npolar_surface_area0refractivity2.4polarizability2.6rotatable_bond_count0acceptor_count0donor_count0physiological_charge0formal_charge0Specdb::MsMs104049Specdb::MsMs104050Specdb::MsMs104051Specdb::MsMs170235Specdb::MsMs170236Specdb::MsMs170237HMDB02386#<Reference:0x0000555674753c60>#<Reference:0x0000555674753a80>#<Reference:0x00005556747538c8>AllspiceType 1specificPimenta dioica3752721.71.71.7mg/100 gAlmondType 1specificPrunus dulcis37552.32.32.3mg/100 gAmerican cranberryType 1specificVaccinium macrocarpon137500.450.450.45mg/100 gAniseType 1specificPimpinella anisum2711922.02.02.0mg/100 gAppleType 1specificMalus pumila2832105.555.555.55mg/100 gApricotType 1specificPrunus armeniaca365963.553.553.55mg/100 gAsparagusType 1specificAsparagus officinalis46865.55.55.5mg/100 gAvocadoType 1specificPersea americana34350.90.90.9mg/100 gBarleyType 1specificHordeum vulgare45130.40.40.4mg/100 gBilberryType 1specificVaccinium myrtillus1807630.530.530.53mg/100 gBlack walnutType 1specificJuglans nigra167190.470.470.47mg/100 gBlack-eyed peaType 1specificVigna unguiculata ssp. unguiculata3920BlackcurrantType 1specificRibes nigrum785113.253.253.25mg/100 gBrazil nutType 1specificBertholletia excelsa36450.270.270.27mg/100 gBreadfruitType 1specificArtocarpus altilis1942511.411.411.41mg/100 gBroccoliType 1specificBrassica oleracea var. italica367741.1851.191.18mg/100 gBrussel sproutsType 1specificBrassica oleracea var. gemmifera1786163.95.72.1mg/100 gButternutType 1specificJuglans cinerea912140.70.70.7mg/100 gCabbageType 1specificBrassica oleracea var. capitata37167.37.37.3mg/100 gCardamomType 1specificElettaria cardamomum1051810.750.750.75mg/100 gCarrotType 1specificDaucus carota ssp. sativus792000.9266671.850.45mg/100 gCashew nutType 1specificAnacardium occidentale1719290.320.320.32mg/100 gCassavaType 1specificManihot esculenta39830.4050.4050.405mg/100 gCeylon cinnamonType 1specificCinnamomum verum1286081.11.11.1mg/100 gChicoryType 1specificCichorium intybus134272.02.02.0mg/100 gCloudberryType 1specificRubus chamaemorus579360.680.680.68mg/100 gClovesType 1specificSyzygium aromaticum2198682.52.52.5mg/100 gCoconutType 1specificCocos nucifera138940.410.410.41mg/100 gCommon beanType 1specificPhaseolus vulgaris38852.25252.2552.25mg/100 gCommon buckwheatType 1specificFagopyrum esculentum36170.60.60.6mg/100 gCommon grapeType 1specificVitis vinifera297602.552.552.55mg/100 gCommon hazelnutType 1specificCorylus avellana134511.81.81.8mg/100 gCommon oreganoType 1specificOriganum vulgare393523.13.13.1mg/100 gCommon peaType 1specificPisum sativum38881.251.251.25mg/100 gCommon persimmonType 1specificDiospyros virginiana134932.3252.71.95mg/100 gCommon sageType 1specificSalvia officinalis388683.33.33.3mg/100 gCommon thymeType 1specificThymus vulgaris499924.14.14.1mg/100 gCommon walnutType 1specificJuglans regia512400.6250.6250.625mg/100 gCommon wheatType 1specificTriticum aestivum45650.850.850.85mg/100 gCorianderType 1specificCoriandrum sativum40471.91.91.9mg/100 gCornType 1specificZea mays45770.750.750.75mg/100 gCorn saladType 1specificValerianella locusta5916618.118.118.1mg/100 gCow milk, pasteurized, vitamin A + D added, 0% fatType 2specificCow milk, pasteurized, vitamin A + D added, 1% fatType 2specificCow milk, pasteurized, vitamin A + D added, 2% fatType 2specificCow milk, pasteurized, vitamin D added, 3.25% fatType 2specificCucumberType 1specificCucumis sativus36590.9188692.350.37mg/100 gCuminType 1specificCuminum cyminum524624.24.24.2mg/100 gDandelionType 1specificTaraxacum officinale502256.456.456.45mg/100 gDateType 1specificPhoenix dactylifera423450.70.70.7mg/100 gDillType 1specificAnethum graveolens409221.793.90.64mg/100 gEggplantType 1specificSolanum melongena41110.3833330.450.33mg/100 gEndiveType 1specificCichorium endivia1142801.251.251.25mg/100 gEuropean plumType 1specificPrunus domestica375812.812.812.8mg/100 gEvening primroseType 1specificOenothera biennis39423.953.953.95mg/100 gFennelType 1specificFoeniculum vulgare480381.851.851.85mg/100 gFigType 1specificFicus carica34945.055.055.05mg/100 gFrench plantainType 1specificMusa X paradisiaca89151Garden onionType 1specificAllium cepa46791.4439142.30.930295mg/100 gGarden rhubarbType 1specificRheum rhabarbarum36211.8051.8051.805mg/100 gGarden tomatoType 1specificSolanum lycopersicum40810.280.340.22mg/100 gGarden tomato (var.)Type 1specificSolanum lycopersicum var. lycopersicum3977554.84.84.8mg/100 gGarlicType 1specificAllium sativum46821.0751.160.99mg/100 gGingerType 1specificZingiber officinale943280.250.250.25mg/100 gGooseberryType 1specificRibes uva-crispa1355180.80.80.8mg/100 gGreen bell pepperType 1specificCapsicum annuum40720.6866670.950.51mg/100 gGreen zucchiniType 1specificCucurbita pepo var. cylindrica0.5561220.5585584690.553685836mg/100 gHighbush blueberryType 1specificVaccinium corymbosum692660.6550.6550.655mg/100 gHorseradishType 1specificArmoracia rusticana37041.651.651.65mg/100 gItalian sweet red pepperType 1specificCapsicum annuum40720.530.650.41mg/100 gJapanese pumpkinType 1specificCucurbita maxima36610.4850.570.4mg/100 gJerusalem artichokeType 1specificHelianthus tuberosus42330.30.30.3mg/100 gLettuceType 1specificLactuca sativa42364.3954.3954.395mg/100 gLima beanType 1specificPhaseolus lunatus38841.551.551.55mg/100 gMandarin orange (Clementine, Tangerine)Type 1specificCitrus reticulata855710.750.750.75mg/100 gMangoType 1specificMangifera indica297800.90.90.9mg/100 gMilk (Cow)Type 2specific49.95767.56.475uMMuskmelonType 1specificCucumis melo36560.8750.8750.875mg/100 gNutmegType 1specificMyristica fragrans510890.80.80.8mg/100 gOatType 1specificAvena sativa44980.450.450.45mg/100 gOliveType 1specificOlea europaea41460.250.250.25mg/100 gOpium poppyType 1specificPapaver somniferum34695.55.55.5mg/100 gOrange bell pepperType 1specificCapsicum annuum40721.161461.359998430.95mg/100 gPapayaType 1specificCarica papaya36491.01.01.0mg/100 gParsleyType 1specificPetroselinum crispum40432.92.92.9mg/100 gParsnipType 1specificPastinaca sativa40411.1317431.450.912859758mg/100 gPeachType 1specificPrunus persica37607.557.557.55mg/100 gPeanutType 1specificArachis hypogaea38181.151.151.15mg/100 gPearType 1specificPyrus communis232114.154.154.15mg/100 gPepperType 1specificCapsicum annuum40720.950.950.95mg/100 gPepper (C. frutescens)Type 1specificCapsicum annuum var. annuum403211.051.051.05mg/100 gPepper (Spice)Type 1specificPiper nigrum132160.9250.9250.925mg/100 gPineappleType 1specificAnanas comosus46150.020.020.02mg/100 gPistachioType 1specificPistacia vera555131.11.11.1mg/100 gPot marjoramType 1specificOriganum onites4524163.83.83.8mg/100 gPotatoType 1specificSolanum tuberosum41130.720.980.45mg/100 gQuinceType 1specificCydonia oblonga3661012.2512.2512.25mg/100 gRadishType 1specificRaphanus sativus37263.233.233.23mg/100 gRed beetrootType 1specificBeta vulgaris var. rubra1.7766674.050.58mg/100 gRed bell pepperType 1specificCapsicum annuum40720.7853050.950.641737368mg/100 gRed raspberryType 1specificRubus idaeus322470.70.70.7mg/100 gRedcurrantType 1specificRibes rubrum1752284.054.054.05mg/100 gRomaine lettuceType 1specificLactuca sativa L. var. longifolia0.4672160.7287186370.26mg/100 gRosemaryType 1specificRosmarinus officinalis393673.053.053.05mg/100 gSesameType 1specificSesamum orientale41820.850.850.85mg/100 gSoft-necked garlicType 1specificAllium sativum L. var. sativum46820.450.450.45mg/100 gSour cherryType 1specificPrunus cerasus1403114.054.054.05mg/100 gSoursopType 1specificAnnona muricata133370.30.30.3mg/100 gSoy beanType 1specificGlycine max38471.11.11.1mg/100 gSpinachType 1specificSpinacia oleracea35621.372.120.98mg/100 gStar fruitType 1specificAverrhoa carambola289740.430.430.43mg/100 gSugar appleType 1specificAnnona squamosa30169310.710.710.7mg/100 gSummer savoryType 1specificSatureja hortensis499873.13.13.1mg/100 gSunburst squash (pattypan squash)Type 1specificCucurbita pepo var. clypeata0.5861530.9504324870.29mg/100 gSweet basilType 1specificOcimum basilicum393502.452.452.45mg/100 gSweet bayType 1specificLaurus nobilis852231.251.251.25mg/100 gSweet marjoramType 1specificOriganum majorana2688843.83.83.8mg/100 gSweet orangeType 1specificCitrus sinensis27111.46951.46951.4695mg/100 gSweet potatoType 1specificIpomoea batatas41201.041.041.04mg/100 gTaroType 1specificColocasia esculenta44600.37750.3950.36mg/100 gTurmericType 1specificCurcuma longa1362170.350.350.35mg/100 gTurnipType 1specificBrassica rapa var. rapa513500.7050.790.62mg/100 gWatermelonType 1specificCitrullus lanatus36540.250.250.25mg/100 gWhite cabbageType 1specificBrassica oleracea L. var. capitata L. f. alba DC.2.787.30.3mg/100 gWild carrotType 1specificDaucus carota40391.851.851.85mg/100 gWild celeryType 1specificApium graveolens40455.2755.355.2mg/100 gWinter savoryType 1specificSatureja montana499883.13.13.1mg/100 gYautiaType 1specificXanthosoma sagittifolium284780.370.370.37mg/100 gYellow bell pepperType 1specificCapsicum annuum40721.0487761.1046773390.95mg/100 gYellow zucchiniType 1specificCucurbita pepo var. cylindrica0.3150.320.31mg/100 gandrogenic60anti osteoarthritic494Any substance introduced into a living organism with therapeutic or diagnostic purpose.anti osteoporotic495Any substance introduced into a living organism with therapeutic or diagnostic purpose.estrogenic922