| Description | Although zinc is an essential requirement for good health, excess zinc can be harmful. Excessive absorption of zinc suppresses copper and iron absorption. The free zinc ion in solution is highly toxic to plants, invertebrates, and even vertebrate fish. The Free Ion Activity Model is well-established in the literature, and shows that just micromolar amounts of the free ion kills some organisms. A recent example showed 6 micromolar killing 93% of all Daphnia in water.; Binary compounds of zinc are known for most of the metalloids and all the nonmetals except the noble gases. The oxide ZnO is a white powder that is nearly insoluble in neutral aqueous solutions, but is amphoteric, dissolving in both strong basic and acidic solutions. The other chalcogenides (ZnS, ZnSe, and ZnTe) have varied applications in electronics and optics. Pnictogenides (Zn3N2, Zn3P2, Zn3As2 and Zn3Sb2), the peroxide (ZnO2), the hydride (ZnH2), and the carbide (ZnC2) are also known. Of the four halides, ZnF2 has the most ionic character, whereas the others (ZnCl2, ZnBr2, and ZnI2) have relatively low melting points and are considered to have more covalent character.; Brass, which is an alloy of copper and zinc, has been used since at least the 10th century BC. Impure zinc metal was not produced in large scale until the 13th century in India, while the metal was unknown to Europe until the end of the 16th century. Alchemists burned zinc in air to form what they called "philosopher's wool" or "white snow". The element was probably named by the alchemist Paracelsus after the German word Zinke. German chemist Andreas Sigismund Marggraf is normally given credit for discovering pure metallic zinc in 1746. Work by Luigi Galvani and Alessandro Volta uncovered the electrochemical properties of zinc by 1800. Corrosion-resistant zinc plating of steel (hot-dip galvanizing) is the major application for zinc. Other applications are in batteries and alloys, such as brass. A variety of zinc compounds are commonly used, such as zinc carbonate and zinc gluconate (as dietary supplements), zinc chloride (in deodorants), zinc pyrithione (anti-dandruff shampoos), zinc sulfide (in luminescent paints), and zinc methyl or zinc diethyl in the organic laboratory.; Cadmium zinc telluride (CZT) is a semiconductive alloy that can be divided into an array of small sensing devices. These devices are similar to an integrated circuit and can detect the energy of incoming gamma ray photons. When placed behind an absorbing mask, the CZT sensor array can also be used to determine the direction of the rays. Zinc is used as the anode or fuel of the zinc-air battery/fuel cell providing the basis of the theorized zinc economy.; Groups at risk for zinc deficiency include the elderly, vegetarians, and those with renal insufficiency. The zinc chelator phytate, found in seeds and cereal bran, can contribute to zinc malabsorption in those with heavily vegetarian diets. There is a paucity of adequate zinc biomarkers, and the most widely used indicator, plasma zinc, has poor sensitivity and specificity. Diagnosing zinc deficiency is a persistent challenge.; In weak basic solutions containing Zn2+ ions, the hydroxide Zn(OH)2 forms as a white precipitate. In stronger alkaline solutions, this hydroxide is dissolved to form zincates ([Zn(OH)4]2?). The nitrate Zn(NO3)2, chlorate Zn(ClO3)2, sulfate ZnSO4, phosphate Zn3(PO4)2, molybdate ZnMoO4, cyanide Zn(CN)2, arsenite Zn(AsO2)2, arsenate Zn(AsO4)2?8H2O and the chromate ZnCrO4 (one of the few colored zinc compounds) are a few examples of other common inorganic compounds of zinc. One of the simplest examples of an organic compound of zinc is the acetate (Zn(O2CCH3)2).; Organozinc compounds are those that contain zinc?carbon covalent bonds. Diethylzinc ((C2H5)2Zn) is a reagent in synthetic chemistry. It was first reported in 1848 from the reaction of zinc and ethyl iodide, and was the first compound known to contain a metal?carbon sigma bond. Decamethyldizincocene contains a strong zinc?zinc bond at room temperature.; Other sources include fortified food and dietary supplements, which come in various forms. A 1998 review concluded that zinc oxide, one of the most common supplements in the United States, and zinc carbonate are nearly insoluble and poorly absorbed in the body. This review cited studies which found low plasma zinc concentrations after zinc oxide and zinc carbonate were consumed compared with those seen after consumption of zinc acetate and sulfate salts. However, harmful excessive supplementation is a problem among the relatively affluent, and should probably not exceed 20 mg/day in healthy people, although the U.S. National Research Council set a Tolerable Upper Intake of 40 mg/day.; Roughly one quarter of all zinc output, in the United States (2006), is consumed in the form of zinc compounds; a variety of which are used industrially. Zinc oxide is widely used as a white pigment in paints, and as a catalyst in the manufacture of rubber. It is also used as a heat disperser for the rubber and acts to protect its polymers from ultraviolet radiation (the same UV protection is conferred to plastics containing zinc oxide). The semiconductor properties of zinc oxide make it useful in varistors and photocopying products. The zinc zinc-oxide cycle is a two step thermochemical process based on zinc and zinc oxide for hydrogen production.; The Age-Related Eye Disease Study determined that zinc can be part of an effective treatment for age-related macular degeneration. Zinc supplementation is an effective treatment for acrodermatitis enteropathica, a genetic disorder affecting zinc absorption that was previously fatal to babies born with it.; The element is normally found in association with other base metals such as copper and lead in ores. Zinc is a chalcophile ("sulfur loving"), meaning the element has a low affinity for oxygen and prefers to bond with sulfur in highly insoluble sulfides. Chalcophiles formed as the crust solidified under the reducing conditions of the early Earth's atmosphere. Sphalerite, which is a form of zinc sulfide, is the most heavily mined zinc-containing ore because its concentrate contains 60?62% zinc.; The free zinc ion is a powerful Lewis acid up to the point of being corrosive. Stomach acid contains hydrochloric acid, in which metallic zinc dissolves readily to give corrosive zinc chloride. Swallowing a post-1982 American one cent piece (97.5% zinc) can cause damage to the stomach lining due to the high solubility of the zinc ion in the acidic stomach.; The metal is hard and brittle at most temperatures but becomes malleable between 100 and 150 °C. Above 210 °C, the metal becomes brittle again and can be pulverized by beating. Zinc is a fair conductor of electricity. For a metal, zinc has relatively low melting (420 °C) and boiling points (900 °C). Its melting point is the lowest of all the transition metals aside from mercury and cadmium.; The most common decay mode of an isotope of zinc with a mass number lower than 64 is electron capture. The decay product resulting from electron capture is an isotope of copper.; There are 2?4 grams of zinc distributed throughout the human body. Most zinc is in the brain, muscle, bones, kidney, and liver, with the highest concentrations in the prostate and parts of the eye. Semen is particularly rich in zinc, which is a key factor in prostate gland function and reproductive organ growth.; Various isolated examples of the use of impure zinc in ancient times have been discovered. A possibly prehistoric statuette containing 87.5% zinc was found in a Dacian archaeological site in Transylvania (modern Romania). Ornaments made of alloys that contain 80?90% zinc with lead, iron, antimony, and other metals making up the remainder, have been found that are 2500 years old. The Berne zinc tablet is a votive plaque dating to Roman Gaul made of an alloy that is mostly zincand is also, some ancient writings appear to mention zinc. The Greek historian Strabo, in a passage taken from an earlier writer of the 4th century BC, mentions "drops of false silver", which when mixed with copper make brass. This may refer to small quantities of zinc produced as a by-product of smelting sulfide ores. The Charaka Samhita, thought to have been written in 500 BC or before, mentions a metal which, when oxidized, produces pushpanjan, thought to be zinc oxide.; Zinc (pronounced /?z??k/ zingk, from German: Zink), also known as spelter, is a metallic chemical element; it has the symbol Zn and atomic number 30. It is the first element in group 12 of the periodic table. Zinc is, in some respects, chemically similar to magnesium, because its ion is of similar size and its only common oxidation state is +2. Zinc is the 24th most abundant element in the Earth's crust and has five stable isotopes. The most exploited zinc ore is sphalerite, a zinc sulfide. The largest exploitable deposits are found in Australia, Canada, and the United States. Zinc production includes froth flotation of the ore, roasting, and final extraction using electricity (electrowinning).; Zinc chemistry is similar to the chemistry of the late first-row transition metals, nickel and copper though it has a filled d-shell, so its compounds are diamagnetic and mostly colorless. The ionic radii of zinc and magnesium happen to be nearly identical. Because of this some of their salts have the same crystal structure and in circumstances where ionic radius is a determining factor zinc and magnesium chemistries have much in common. Otherwise there is little similarity. Zinc tends to form bonds with a greater degree of covalency and it forms much more stable complexes with N- and S- donors. Complexes of zinc are mostly 4- or 6- coordinate although 5-coordinate complexes are known.; Zinc chloride is often added to lumber as a fire retardant and can be used as a wood preservative. It is also used to make other chemicals. Zinc methyl (Zn(CH3)2) is used in a number of organic syntheses. Zinc sulfide (ZnS) is used in luminescent pigments such as on the hands of clocks, X-ray and television screens, and luminous paints. Crystals of ZnS are used in lasers that operate in the mid-infrared part of the spectrum. Zinc sulphate is a chemical in dyes and pigments. Zinc pyrithione is used in antifouling paints.; Zinc has an electron configuration of [Ar]3d104s2 and is a member of the group 12 of the periodic table. It is a moderately reactive metal and strong reducing agent. The surface of the pure metal tarnishes quickly, eventually forming a protective passivating layer of the basic zinc carbonate, Zn5(OH)6CO3, by reaction with atmospheric carbon dioxide. This layer helps prevent further reaction with air and water.; Zinc is a good Lewis acid, making it a useful catalytic agent in hydroxylation and other enzymatic reactions. The metal also has a flexible coordination geometry, which allows proteins using it to rapidly shift conformations to perform biological reactions. Two examples of zinc-containing enzymes are carbonic anhydrase and carboxypeptidase, which are vital to the processes of carbon dioxide (CO2) regulation and digestion of proteins, respectively.; Zinc is an essential element, necessary for sustaining all life.Physiologically, it exists as an ion in the body. It is estimated that 3000 of the hundreds of thousands of proteins in the human body contain zinc prosthetic groups. In addition, there are over a dozen types of cells in the human body that secrete zinc ions, and the roles of these secreted zinc signals in medicine and health are now being actively studied. Intriguingly, brain cells in the mammalian forebrain are one type of cell that secretes zinc, along with its other neuronal messenger substances. Cells in the salivary gland, prostate, immune system and intestine are other types that secrete zinc. Obtaining a sufficient zinc intake during pregnancy and in young children is a problem, especially among those who cannot afford a good and varied diet. Brain development is stunted by zinc deficiency in utero and in youth. Zinc is an activator of certain enzymes, such as carbonic anhydrase. Carbonic anhydrase is important in the transport of carbon dioxide in vertebrate blood. Even though zinc is an essential requirement for a healthy body, too much zinc can be harmful. Excessive absorption of zinc can also suppress copper and iron absorption. The free zinc ion in solution is highly toxic to plants, invertebrates, and even vertebrate fish. The Free Ion Activity Model (FIAM) is well-established in the literature, and shows that just micromolar amounts of the free ion kills some organisms.; Zinc is an essential mineral of "exceptional biologic and public health importance". Zinc deficiency affects about two billion people in the developing world and is associated with many diseases. In children it causes growth retardation, delayed sexual maturation, infection susceptibility, and diarrhea, contributing to the death of about 800,000 children worldwide per year. Enzymes with a zinc atom in the reactive center are widespread in biochemistry, such as alcohol dehydrogenase in humans. Consumption of excess zinc can cause ataxia, lethargy and copper deficiency.; Zinc is an essential trace element, necessary for plants, animals, and microorganisms. Zinc is found in nearly 100 specific enzymes (other sources say 300), serves as structural ions in transcription factors and is stored and transferred in metallothioneins. It is "typically the second most abundant transition metal in organisms" after iron and it is the only metal which appears in all enzyme classes.; Zinc powder is sometimes used as a propellant in model rockets. When a compressed mixture of 70% zinc and 30% sulfur powder is ignited there is a violent chemical reaction. This produces zinc sulfide, together with large amounts of hot gas, heat, and light. Zinc sheet metal is used to make zinc bars.; Zinc, also referred to in nonscientific contexts as spelter, is a bluish-white, lustrous, diamagnetic metal, though most common commercial grades of the metal have a dull finish. It is somewhat less dense than iron and has a hexagonal crystal structure. |
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| Health Effects / Bioactivities | | Descriptor | ID | Definition | Reference |
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| Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor | 35457 | An agent that blocks the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, reducing blood pressure and fluid retention. Therapeutically, it's used to treat hypertension, heart failure, and protect kidney function in diabetes, thereby reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease and stroke. | DUKE | | Analgesic | 35480 | An agent that relieves pain by reducing or blocking pain signals in the brain, commonly used to manage acute or chronic pain, inflammation, and fever, with therapeutic applications in surgery, injury, and disease treatment. | DUKE | | Anti-acne | 50177 | An agent that reduces acne symptoms, commonly used in managing acne vulgaris by minimizing oil production, preventing clogged pores, and decreasing bacterial growth, thereby reducing inflammation and promoting healthy skin. | DUKE | | Anti-acrodermatitic | 50177 | An agent that treats acrodermatitis, a skin condition characterized by inflammation and rash. It reduces symptoms, promotes healing, and prevents infection, commonly used in managing skin disorders, allergic reactions, and autoimmune diseases. | DUKE | | Anti-alcoholic | 52217 | An agent that reduces alcohol cravings and withdrawal symptoms, commonly used in managing alcohol dependence and addiction, aiding in the treatment of alcohol use disorder by blocking the rewarding aspects of alcohol consumption. | DUKE | | Anti-alopecic | 52217 | An agent that promotes hair growth and prevents hair loss, commonly used to treat alopecia and other hair-related disorders, by inhibiting dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and stimulating hair follicle growth. | DUKE | | Anti-Alzheimeran | 52217 | An agent that inhibits the progression of Alzheimer's disease, reducing beta-amyloid plaque formation and neuroinflammation. Therapeutically, it improves cognitive function and memory, commonly used in managing mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders. | DUKE | | Anti-angiogenic | 48422 | An agent that inhibits the formation of new blood vessels, playing a crucial role in cancer treatment by starving tumors of oxygen and nutrients. Therapeutically, it is used to manage cancer, age-related macular degeneration, and other diseases characterized by excessive angiogenesis, reducing tumor growth and slowing disease progression. | DUKE | | Anti-anorexic | 50780 | An agent that stimulates appetite, commonly used to manage weight gain, treat anorexia nervosa, and alleviate cachexia in chronic diseases, such as cancer and HIV/AIDS, by increasing food intake and promoting weight recovery. | DUKE | | Anti-arthritic | 52217 | An agent that reduces joint inflammation and alleviates symptoms of arthritis, commonly used in managing rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and other inflammatory joint disorders, to improve mobility and quality of life. | DUKE | | Anti benign prostatic hyperplasia | | An agent that alleviates symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia, such as urinary problems, by reducing prostate size and improving urine flow, commonly used to manage benign prostatic hyperplasia. | DUKE | | Anti-cancer | 35610 | An agent that inhibits the growth and proliferation of cancer cells, used to treat and manage various types of cancer, including chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy, to reduce tumor size, prevent metastasis, and improve patient survival. | DUKE | | Anti-cataract | 52217 | An agent that prevents or slows the formation of cataracts, reducing oxidative stress and inflammation in the lens of the eye, commonly used to manage age-related cataracts and other ocular disorders. | DUKE | | Anti-coeliac | 52217 | An agent that reduces or blocks the immune response to gluten, alleviating symptoms of coeliac disease. It helps manage intestinal inflammation and damage, promoting healing and improving nutrient absorption. Therapeutically, it's used to treat coeliac disease, dermatitis herpetiformis, and other gluten-related disorders, improving quality of life for affected individuals. | DUKE | | Anti-cold | 52217 | An agent that alleviates cold symptoms, commonly used to relieve congestion, cough, and sore throat. Its biological role is to suppress the replication of rhinoviruses, reducing inflammation in the respiratory tract. Therapeutically, it is used to manage upper respiratory tract infections, providing temporary relief from cold symptoms. Key medical uses include over-the-counter medications and prescription drugs to treat cold and flu symptoms. | DUKE | | Anti-colitic | 52217 | An agent that reduces inflammation in the colon, commonly used to manage ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, and other inflammatory bowel diseases, promoting healing and relieving symptoms. | DUKE | | Anti coronary | 52217 | An agent that reduces the risk of coronary artery disease, lowering blood pressure and cholesterol levels. It helps prevent heart attacks, strokes, and other cardiovascular events, commonly used in managing hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and atherosclerosis. | DUKE | | Anti-Crohn's | 52217 | An agent that reduces inflammation and modulates the immune system, commonly used in managing Crohn's disease and other inflammatory bowel disorders, to alleviate symptoms and induce remission. | DUKE | | Anti-dandruff | | An agent that reduces the production or flaking of dandruff, treating scalp conditions like seborrheic dermatitis, psoriasis, and eczema, by inhibiting fungal growth and inflammation, promoting a healthy scalp. | DUKE | | Anti-dementia | 52217 | An agent that slows or prevents cognitive decline, reducing symptoms of dementia. It plays a biological role in neuroprotection, enhancing neuronal function and survival. Therapeutically, it is used to manage Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, and other neurodegenerative disorders, improving memory, cognition, and daily functioning. | DUKE | | Anti-diabetic | 52217 | An agent that regulates blood sugar levels, enhancing insulin sensitivity or secretion. Therapeutically, it's used to manage diabetes, reducing symptoms and complications, and commonly prescribed to treat type 1 and 2 diabetes, as well as gestational diabetes. | DUKE | | Antidote | 50247 | An agent that counteracts a poison or toxin, neutralizing its harmful effects. It plays a biological role in reversing toxicity, and has therapeutic applications in treating poisoning, overdose, and envenomation. Key medical uses include emergency treatment for snake bites, drug overdose, and chemical exposure. | DUKE | | Anti dysgeuzic | | An agent that relieves taste distortion, characteristic of dysgeusia, by targeting taste receptors. Its biological role is to restore normal taste perception. Therapeutically, it has applications in managing taste disorders. Key medical uses include treating chemotherapy-induced dysgeusia, zinc deficiency, and other conditions affecting taste. | DUKE | | Anti eczemic | 52217 | An agent that reduces inflammation and itching, commonly used to manage eczema symptoms, atopic dermatitis, and other skin allergies, providing relief and preventing flare-ups. | DUKE | | Anti-encephalopathic | 52217 | An agent that protects against encephalopathy, a brain disease or damage. It plays a biological role in reducing brain inflammation and oxidative stress. Therapeutically, it is used to manage conditions such as hepatic encephalopathy, traumatic brain injury, and stroke, helping to improve cognitive function and overall brain health. | DUKE | | Anti epileptic | 52217 | An agent that reduces seizure frequency and severity, commonly used in managing epilepsy, seizure disorders, and neuropathic pain. It stabilizes neuronal membranes, modulates neurotransmitter release, and inhibits abnormal electrical activity in the brain, providing therapeutic relief from convulsions and seizures. | DUKE | | Anti-fibrotic | | An agent that inhibits excessive fibrous tissue formation, reducing scarring and organ damage. Therapeutically, it's used to treat conditions like pulmonary fibrosis, liver cirrhosis, and kidney fibrosis, slowing disease progression and improving organ function. | DUKE | | Anti-furuncular | | An agent that relieves skin sores, reducing inflammation and promoting healing. It plays a biological role in combating bacterial infections, and has therapeutic applications in treating furuncles (boils) and carbuncles. Key medical uses include managing skin abscesses and preventing infection spread. | DUKE | | Anti-hangover | 52217 | An agent that alleviates hangover symptoms, such as headaches and nausea, by replenishing essential nutrients and electrolytes, and supporting liver function, commonly used to relieve post-alcohol consumption discomfort. | DUKE | | Anti-herpetic | 22587 | An agent that inhibits the replication of herpes viruses, reducing symptoms and severity of infections. Therapeutically, it is used to treat herpes simplex (HSV-1 and HSV-2) and varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infections, commonly used in managing genital herpes, cold sores, and shingles. | DUKE | | Anti HIV | 22587 | An agent that prevents the replication of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), used to treat and manage HIV infection and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), reducing viral load and slowing disease progression. | DUKE | | Anti-impotence | 52217 | An agent that enhances erectile function, treating erectile dysfunction by increasing blood flow to the penis, commonly used in managing conditions such as impotence and erectile disorders, improving sexual health and quality of life. | DUKE | | Anti-infective | 52217 | An agent that combats infections by targeting microorganisms, reducing their growth and proliferation. Therapeutically, it is used to treat bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic infections, playing a crucial role in managing infectious diseases and preventing their spread. Key medical uses include treating pneumonia, tuberculosis, and sepsis. | DUKE | | Anti-infertility | 52217 | An agent that enhances reproductive health, promoting fertility and conception. Its biological role involves regulating hormonal balance and improving reproductive function. Therapeutically, it is used to treat infertility disorders, with key medical applications in assisted reproduction, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and unexplained infertility. | DUKE | | Anti-insomniac | 52217 | An agent that promotes sleep, reducing insomnia symptoms. It regulates the body's sleep-wake cycle, commonly used in managing sleep disorders, such as chronic insomnia, and improving overall sleep quality. | DUKE | | Anti-lepric | 33282 | An agent that combats leprosy, a chronic bacterial infection. It plays a biological role in inhibiting the growth of Mycobacterium leprae, reducing inflammation and nerve damage. Therapeutically, anti-leprics are used to treat leprosy, preventing disability and disfigurement, with key medical uses including multidrug therapy regimens to cure the disease. | DUKE | | Anti leukonychic | | An agent that treats leukonychia, characterized by abnormal nail whiteness. Its biological role is to restore normal nail pigmentation. Therapeutically, it is used to manage nail discoloration, with key medical applications in dermatology for treating nail disorders and cosmetic improvement. | DUKE | | Anti-lymphomic | | An agent that targets and destroys lymphatic cells that form tumors, playing a crucial role in cancer treatment. Therapeutically, it is used to manage lymphomas, with key medical applications in chemotherapy and immunotherapy to combat blood cell cancers. | DUKE | | Anti-maculitic | | An agent that reduces macular inflammation, commonly used in managing age-related macular degeneration and diabetic macular edema, promoting vision preservation and reducing disease progression. | DUKE | | Anti metastatic | 35610 | An agent that inhibits cancer cell spread, reducing tumor metastasis. It plays a biological role in blocking cell migration and invasion, and has therapeutic applications in cancer treatment. Key medical uses include preventing cancer recurrence and improving survival rates in patients with various types of cancer. | DUKE | | Anti neuropathic | | An agent that relieves symptoms such as pain, numbness, and tingling caused by damage or disease affecting the somatosensory nervous system, commonly used in managing conditions like diabetes, shingles, and nerve injuries. | DUKE | | Anti nyctalopic | | An agent that enhances sight in dim light or at night, countering nyctalopia (night blindness). Its biological role is to improve visual acuity in low-light conditions. Therapeutically, it has applications in treating night blindness and other visual impairments. Key medical uses include managing vitamin A deficiency, a common cause of night blindness, and improving visual function in individuals with impaired low-light vision. | DUKE | | Anti-obesity | 52217 | An agent that reduces body weight, commonly used in managing obesity and related disorders, by regulating appetite, metabolism, and fat storage, with therapeutic applications in preventing chronic diseases such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease. | DUKE | | Anti osteoporotic | 52217 | An agent that prevents or treats osteoporosis by promoting bone density, reducing bone resorption, and increasing calcium absorption, commonly used in managing osteoporosis, osteopenia, and preventing fractures. | DUKE | | Anti periodontitic | | An agent that reduces inflammation of tissue around teeth, preventing gum shrinkage and tooth loosening, commonly used to treat periodontal disease and promote oral health. | DUKE | | Anti-plaque | | An agent that removes or prevents the formation of dental plaque, a biofilm of bacteria, to prevent tooth decay and gum disease, commonly used in oral care products and therapeutic applications for periodontal health. | DUKE | | Anti prolactin | | An agent that inhibits prolactin production, a hormone regulating lactation and reproductive processes. Therapeutically, it's used to treat hyperprolactinemia, prolactinomas, and associated disorders, such as galactorrhea, infertility, and menstrual irregularities. | DUKE | | Anti-prostatitic | | An agent that relieves prostatitis, reducing inflammation of the prostate gland, and is used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and chronic pelvic pain syndrome. | DUKE | | Anti-rheumatic | 52217 | An agent that reduces inflammation and alleviates symptoms of rheumatic diseases, such as arthritis. It plays a biological role in modulating the immune system and inhibiting pro-inflammatory pathways. Therapeutically, anti-rheumatics are used to manage conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and osteoarthritis, reducing pain, swelling, and joint damage. Key medical uses include slowing disease progression and improving quality of life for patients with chronic rheumatic conditions. | DUKE | | Anti septic | 33281 | An agent that prevents or reduces the growth of microorganisms, such as bacteria, fungi, or viruses, to promote wound healing and prevent infection. Therapeutically, anti septics are used to treat minor cuts, scrapes, and burns, and are commonly applied topically to reduce the risk of infection and promote tissue repair. Key medical uses include wound care, surgical site preparation, and skin infection management. | DUKE | | Anti spare-tire | | An agent that reduces abdominal fat accumulation, commonly used in managing obesity and related metabolic disorders, with potential therapeutic applications in improving insulin sensitivity and reducing cardiovascular risk factors. | DUKE | | Anti-stomatitic | | An agent that relieves inflammation of the mucous membrane of the mouth, reducing oral discomfort and pain. Its biological role is to soothe and protect the mucosa, with therapeutic applications in managing mouth ulcers, oral thrush, and other stomatitis-related conditions. Key medical uses include treating oral inflammation, irritation, and infections. | DUKE | | Anti syndrome-X | 52217 | An agent that improves insulin sensitivity, reducing glucose and lipid levels. It plays a biological role in regulating metabolic pathways, and has therapeutic applications in managing insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease, making it a key medical use in preventing and treating metabolic syndrome. | DUKE | | Anti tinnitic | | An agent that relieves symptoms of tinnitus, reducing constant noise or ringing in the ears, used to manage related hearing disorders and improve quality of life. | DUKE | | Anti triglyceride | 35222 | An agent that reduces triglyceride levels, lowering cardiovascular disease risk. It inhibits triglyceride synthesis or increases clearance, commonly used in managing hypertriglyceridemia, preventing pancreatitis, and reducing cardiovascular events. | DUKE | | Anti ulcer | 49201 | An agent that reduces stomach acid and protects the mucous lining, preventing ulcer formation. It is used to treat conditions like gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcers, and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, promoting healing and relieving symptoms. | DUKE | | Anti-viral | 22587 | An agent that inhibits the replication of viruses, playing a crucial role in preventing and treating viral infections. Therapeutically, anti-virals are used to manage diseases such as HIV, herpes, and influenza, reducing symptoms and slowing disease progression. Key medical uses include treating viral hepatitis, respiratory syncytial virus, and COVID-19. | DUKE | | Astringent | 74783 | An agent that constricts or shrinks tissues, reducing bleeding and inflammation. It plays a biological role in wound healing and has therapeutic applications in treating hemorrhoids, diarrhea, and skin irritations. Key medical uses include reducing swelling, stopping bleeding, and protecting mucous membranes, making it useful in various topical and oral preparations. | DUKE | | Collagenic | | An agent that stimulates collagen production, the primary protein in connective tissue, promoting tissue repair and regeneration. It has therapeutic applications in wound healing, orthopedics, and dermatology, with key medical uses including skin rejuvenation, joint health, and bone fracture repair. | DUKE | | Copper antagonist | 48706 | An agent that blocks the activity of copper, reducing its biological effects. It has therapeutic applications in managing copper-related disorders, such as Wilson's disease and Alzheimer's disease, by inhibiting copper's role in oxidative stress and neurodegeneration. Key medical uses include treating copper toxicity and neurodegenerative diseases. | DUKE | | Deodorant | | A substance that removes or conceals unpleasant smells, especially bodily odors, playing a hygienic role in reducing sweat-induced bacteria growth, with therapeutic applications in managing body odor disorders, and key medical uses in treating hyperhidrosis and bromhidrosis. | DUKE | | Detoxicant | 50247 | An agent that facilitates the removal of toxins from the body, playing a crucial role in reducing oxidative stress and inflammation. Therapeutically, detoxicants are used to treat poisoning, heavy metal exposure, and liver diseases, promoting overall health and well-being by neutralizing harmful substances. | DUKE | | Ergogenic | | An agent that enhances athletic performance or facilitates physical exercise, used to improve strength, speed, and endurance. Therapeutic applications include rehabilitation and sports medicine, with key medical uses in treating physical disabilities and injuries, as well as optimizing athletic performance. | DUKE | | Hypotensive | | An agent that lowers blood pressure, playing a biological role in regulating cardiovascular function. Therapeutically, it's used to manage hypertension, heart failure, and angina, with key medical applications in preventing stroke, kidney disease, and cardiac complications. | DUKE | | Immunomodulator | 50846 | An agent that regulates the immune system, modifying its response to maintain balance. Therapeutically, it's used to treat autoimmune diseases, prevent transplant rejection, and manage chronic inflammatory conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis. | DUKE | | Immunostimulant | 50847 | An agent that stimulates the immune system, enhancing its response to infections and diseases. Therapeutically, it boosts the body's natural defenses, commonly used to treat immunodeficiency disorders, prevent infections, and support cancer treatment, as well as manage chronic conditions like hepatitis and HIV. | DUKE | | Immunosuppressant | 35705 | An agent that suppresses the immune system, reducing inflammation and preventing rejection in organ transplants, and treating autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus. | DUKE | | Insulinogenic | | An agent that stimulates insulin production and release by the pancreas, used therapeutically to manage diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance, and medically to treat conditions like hypoglycemia and insulin resistance. | DUKE | | Leptingenic | | An agent that stimulates leptin synthesis, regulating energy balance by inhibiting hunger, with potential therapeutic applications in obesity and weight management, and key medical uses in treating metabolic disorders and appetite regulation. | DUKE | | Mucogenic | | An agent that promotes mucus formation, playing a biological role in protecting and lubricating epithelial surfaces. Therapeutically, mucogenics are used to treat dryness and irritation in respiratory, gastrointestinal, and ocular systems, with key medical applications in managing conditions like dry eye, coughs, and gastrointestinal ulcers. | DUKE | | NF-kappa-B inhibitor | 35222 | An agent that blocks the activity of NF-kappa-B, a protein complex involved in inflammation and immune responses, reducing inflammation and cell proliferation. Therapeutically, it is used to treat conditions such as cancer, autoimmune disorders, and inflammatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis and asthma. | DUKE | | Pesticide | 25944 | An agent that kills or repels pests, playing a biological role in controlling insect, weed, and fungal populations. Therapeutically, pesticides have limited applications, but some are used to treat ectoparasitic infestations, such as lice and scabies. Key medical uses include topical treatments for head lice and scabies, highlighting their role in managing parasitic infections. | DUKE | | Spermigenic | | An agent that induces sperm production, playing a biological role in male fertility. It has therapeutic applications in treating infertility and low sperm count, with key medical uses including assisted reproduction and hormonal regulation. | DUKE | | Testosteronigenic | | An agent that stimulates production of testosterone, playing a key biological role in male development and fertility. Therapeutically, it is used to treat hypogonadism, low testosterone levels, and certain hormonal imbalances, with medical applications including hormone replacement therapy and treatment of erectile dysfunction. | DUKE | | Trichomonicide | | An agent that kills Trichomonas organisms, used to treat Trichomonas vaginalis infections, commonly causing vaginitis, and other related genital tract infections. | DUKE | | Vulnerary | 73336 | An agent that promotes wound healing, tissue repair, and skin regeneration. It facilitates the biological process of recovery, reducing inflammation and infection. Therapeutically, vulneraries are used to treat cuts, burns, ulcers, and other skin injuries, supporting the body's natural healing mechanisms and minimizing scarring. | DUKE |
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