1.0 2010-04-08 22:05:57 UTC 2019-11-26 02:59:35 UTC FDB003792 Vanadium Vanadium is a steel-grey, corrosion-resistant metal, which exists in oxidation states ranging from -1 to +5. Metallic vanadium does not occur in nature, and the most common valence states are +3, +4, and +5. The pentavalent form (VO3-) predominates in extracellular body fluids whereas the quadrivalent form (VO+2) is the most common intracellular form. Because of its hardness and its ability to form alloys, vanadium (i.e., ferrovanadium) is a common component of hard steel alloys used in machines and tools. Although most foods contain low concentrations of vanadium (< 1 ng/g), food is the major source of exposure to vanadium for the general population. High air concentrations of vanadium occur in the occupation setting during boiler-cleaning operations as a result of the presence of vanadium oxides in the dust. The lungs absorb soluble vanadium compounds (V2O5) well, but the absorption of vanadium salts from the gastrointestinal tract is poor. The excretion of vanadium by the kidneys is rapid with a biological half-life of 20-40 hours in the urine. Physiologically, it exists as an ion in the body. Vanadium is probably an essential trace element, but a vanadium-deficiency disease has not been identified in humans. The estimated daily intake of the US population ranges from 10-60 micrograms V. Vanadyl sulfate is a common supplement used to enhance weight training in athletes at doses up to 60 mg/d. In vitro and animal studies indicate that vanadate and other vanadium compounds increase glucose transport activity and improve glucose metabolism. In general, the toxicity of vanadium compounds is low. Pentavalent compounds are the most toxic and the toxicity of vanadium compounds usually increases as the valence increases. Most of the toxic effects of vanadium compounds result from local irritation of the eyes and upper respiratory tract rather than systemic toxicity. The only clearly documented effect of exposure to vanadium dust is upper respiratory tract irritation characterized by rhinitis, wheezing, nasal hemorrhage, conjunctivitis, cough, sore throat, and chest pain. Case studies have described the onset of asthma after heavy exposure to vanadium compounds, but clinical studies to date have not detected an increased prevalence of asthma in workers exposed to vanadium. Vanadium is a trace element present in practically all cells in plants and animals. It exerts interesting actions in living systems. At pharmacological doses, vanadium compounds display relevant biological actions such as mimicking insulin and growth factors as well as having osteogenic activity. Some vanadium compounds also show antitumoral properties. The importance of vanadium in bone arises from the studies developed to establish the essentiality of this element in animals and humans. Bone tissue, where the element seems to play an important role, accumulates great amounts of vanadium. Among several metals, vanadium has emerged as an extremely potent agent with insulin-like properties. These insulin-like properties have been demonstrated in isolated cells, tissues, different animal models of type I and type II diabetes as well as a limited number of human subjects. Vanadium treatment has been found to improve abnormalities of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism and of gene expression in rodent models of diabetes. In isolated cells, it enhances glucose transport, glycogen and lipid synthesis, and inhibits gluconeogenesis and lipolysis. The molecular mechanism responsible for the insulin-like effects of vanadium compounds have been shown to involve the activation of several key components of insulin-signaling pathways that include the mitogen-activated-protein kinases (MAPKs) extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and p38MAPK, and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K)/protein kinase B (PKB). (PMID: 16998531, 16456236, 10382561). Vanadium is found in many foods, some of which are common persimmon, italian sweet red pepper, japanese pumpkin, and romaine lettuce. V(3+) VANADIUM ion Vanadium metallicum Vanadium, elemental Vanadium, ion(3+) Vanadium(III) V 50.9415 50.943963675 vanadium vanadium 22541-77-1 [V] InChI=1S/V LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N belongs to the class of inorganic compounds known as homogeneous transition metal compounds. These are inorganic compounds containing only metal atoms,with the largest atom being a transition metal atom. Homogeneous transition metal compounds Inorganic compounds Homogeneous metal compounds Homogeneous transition metal compounds Homogeneous transition metal elemental vanadium Solid melting_point 1910 oC logp 0 ChemAxon iupac vanadium ChemAxon average_mass 50.9415 ChemAxon mono_mass 50.943963675 ChemAxon smiles [V] ChemAxon formula V ChemAxon inchi InChI=1S/V ChemAxon inchikey LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N ChemAxon polar_surface_area 0 ChemAxon refractivity 0 ChemAxon polarizability 1.78 ChemAxon rotatable_bond_count 0 ChemAxon acceptor_count 0 ChemAxon donor_count 0 ChemAxon physiological_charge 0 ChemAxon formal_charge 0 ChemAxon Specdb::MsMs 68361 Specdb::MsMs 68362 Specdb::MsMs 68363 Specdb::MsMs 126372 Specdb::MsMs 126373 Specdb::MsMs 126374 HMDB02503 V #<Reference:0x000055ce305fadf8> #<Reference:0x000055ce305fac40> #<Reference:0x000055ce305faa88> #<Reference:0x000055ce305fa8d0> #<Reference:0x000055ce305fa718> #<Reference:0x000055ce305fa560> #<Reference:0x000055ce305fa380> Allspice Type 1 specific Pimenta dioica 375272 0.02 0.02 0.02 mg/100 g Almond Type 1 specific Prunus dulcis 3755 0.002 0.002 0.002 mg/100 g Asparagus Type 1 specific Asparagus officinalis 4686 0.115 0.115 0.115 mg/100 g Black walnut Type 1 specific Juglans nigra 16719 0.003 0.003 0.003 mg/100 g Black-eyed pea Type 1 specific Vigna unguiculata ssp. unguiculata 3920 Brazil nut Type 1 specific Bertholletia excelsa 3645 0.001 0.001 0.001 mg/100 g Broccoli Type 1 specific Brassica oleracea var. italica 36774 0.0016 0.0019 0.0013 mg/100 g Butternut Type 1 specific Juglans cinerea 91214 0.002 0.002 0.002 mg/100 g Cabbage Type 1 specific Brassica oleracea var. capitata 3716 0.749 0.749 0.749 mg/100 g Carrot Type 1 specific Daucus carota ssp. sativus 79200 0.001 0.0013 0.0007 mg/100 g Cashew nut Type 1 specific Anacardium occidentale 171929 0.002 0.002 0.002 mg/100 g Coconut Type 1 specific Cocos nucifera 13894 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 mg/100 g Common bean Type 1 specific Phaseolus vulgaris 3885 5.262 5.262 5.262 mg/100 g Common hazelnut Type 1 specific Corylus avellana 13451 0.001 0.001 0.001 mg/100 g Common persimmon Type 1 specific Diospyros virginiana 13493 0.0735 0.0875 0.0595 mg/100 g Corn Type 1 specific Zea mays 4577 0.07 0.07 0.07 mg/100 g Cow milk, pasteurized, vitamin A + D added, 0% fat Type 2 specific Cow milk, pasteurized, vitamin A + D added, 1% fat Type 2 specific Cow milk, pasteurized, vitamin A + D added, 2% fat Type 2 specific Cow milk, pasteurized, vitamin D added, 3.25% fat Type 2 specific Cucumber Type 1 specific Cucumis sativus 3659 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 mg/100 g Dill Type 1 specific Anethum graveolens 40922 0.00115 0.0013 0.001 mg/100 g Eggplant Type 1 specific Solanum melongena 4111 0.0007 0.0007 0.0007 mg/100 g Flaxseed Type 1 specific Linum usitatissimum 4006 Garden onion Type 1 specific Allium cepa 4679 0.00026 0.000274256 0.000245364 mg/100 g Garden tomato Type 1 specific Solanum lycopersicum 4081 0.00035 0.0004 0.0003 mg/100 g Garden tomato (var.) Type 1 specific Solanum lycopersicum var. lycopersicum 397755 0.3 0.3 0.3 mg/100 g Garlic Type 1 specific Allium sativum 4682 0.00115 0.0013 0.001 mg/100 g Green bell pepper Type 1 specific Capsicum annuum 4072 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 mg/100 g Green zucchini Type 1 specific Cucurbita pepo var. cylindrica 0.000076 0.00007739 0.00007466 mg/100 g Italian sweet red pepper Type 1 specific Capsicum annuum 4072 0.00025 0.0003 0.0002 mg/100 g Japanese pumpkin Type 1 specific Cucurbita maxima 3661 0.00045 0.0005 0.0004 mg/100 g Lettuce Type 1 specific Lactuca sativa 4236 1.0285 1.0285 1.0285 mg/100 g Lima bean Type 1 specific Phaseolus lunatus 3884 0.161 0.161 0.161 mg/100 g Milk (Cow) Type 2 specific 0.432682 1.698 0.00422 uM Parsnip Type 1 specific Pastinaca sativa 4041 125.000356 375.0 0.000495905 mg/100 g Pear Type 1 specific Pyrus communis 23211 0.039 0.039 0.039 mg/100 g Pistachio Type 1 specific Pistacia vera 55513 0.001 0.001 0.001 mg/100 g Potato Type 1 specific Solanum tuberosum 4113 0.0008 0.001 0.0006 mg/100 g Red beetroot Type 1 specific Beta vulgaris var. rubra 8.00035 16.0 0.0007 mg/100 g Romaine lettuce Type 1 specific Lactuca sativa L. var. longifolia 48.500179 194.0 0.000205801 mg/100 g Spinach Type 1 specific Spinacia oleracea 3562 0.0032 0.0033 0.0031 mg/100 g Sunburst squash (pattypan squash) Type 1 specific Cucurbita pepo var. clypeata 0.000857 0.0018 0.000382901 mg/100 g Turnip Type 1 specific Brassica rapa var. rapa 51350 63.6671 191.0 0.0006 mg/100 g White cabbage Type 1 specific Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata L. f. alba DC. 0.249833 0.749 0.0002 mg/100 g Yellow zucchini Type 1 specific Cucurbita pepo var. cylindrica 0.0007 0.0008 0.0006 mg/100 g Anti insulinogenic 373 Anti syndrome-X 638 Any substance introduced into a living organism with therapeutic or diagnostic purpose. Anti-atherosclerotic 138 A drug used for the treatment or prevention of cardiac arrhythmias. Anti-arrhythmia drugs may affect the polarisation-repolarisation phase of the action potential, its excitability or refractoriness, or impulse conduction or membrane responsiveness within cardiac fibres. Anti-diabetic 228 Any substance introduced into a living organism with therapeutic or diagnostic purpose. Anti-infertility 369 Any substance introduced into a living organism with therapeutic or diagnostic purpose. Anti-manic 418 ATPase inhibitor 716 A compound or agent that combines with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction. Cancer preventive 754 A substance that inhibits or prevents the proliferation of neoplasms. Cardioprotective 769 A drug used for the treatment or prevention of cardiac arrhythmias. Anti-arrhythmia drugs may affect the polarisation-repolarisation phase of the action potential, its excitability or refractoriness, or impulse conduction or membrane responsiveness within cardiac fibres. Hypocholesterolemic 1016 Hypoglycemic 1017 A drug which lowers the blood glucose level. Hypotensive 1021 Hypotriglyceridemic 1024 Nephrotoxic 1148 A role played by a chemical compound exihibiting itself through the ability to induce damage to the kidney in animals. Pancreatoxic 1194 A role played by the molecular entity or part thereof which causes the development of a pathological process. Toxic 1371 A role played by the molecular entity or part thereof which causes the development of a pathological process.