Showing Compound Lithium (FDB004181)

Record Information

Version

1.0

Creation date

2010-04-08 22:06:07 UTC

Update date

2025-11-18 22:55:26 UTC

Primary ID

FDB004181

Secondary Accession Numbers

Not Available

Chemical Information

FooDB Name

Lithium

Description

Lithium (Li) is an alkali metal. First described as a mood stabilizer in 1949, it remains an efficacious treatment for bipolar disorders. Recent emerging evidence of its neuroprotective and neurogenic effects alludes to lithium's potential therapeutic use in stroke and neurodegenerative diseases. One intriguing clinical application is in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Ongoing clinical trials are evaluating lithium's abilities to lower tau and beta-amyloid levels in cerebrospinal fluid in Alzheimer's patients. Lithium reduces brain inositol levels by inhibiting the enzyme inositol monophosphatase. This suggests that inositol monophosphatase inhibition is a key mechanism of Li's therapeutic action and that design of new inositol monophosphatase inhibitors may be a practical strategy to create new compounds with Li-like therapeutic effects. Lithium reduces the severity of some behavioral complications of Alzheimer's disease (AD). And there are growing indications that Li may be of benefit to the underlying pathology of AD, as well as an array of other common CNS disorders, including stroke, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease. Physiologically, it exists as an ion in the body. Despite these demonstrated and prospective therapeutic benefits, Li's mechanism of action remains elusive, and opinions differ regarding the most relevant molecular targets. Lithium inhibits several enzymes; significant among these are inositol monophosphatase (IMPase), glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3), and the proteasome. Lithium has a narrow therapeutic range, and several well characterised adverse effects limit the potential usefulness of higher doses. Acute ingestion in Li-naive patients is generally associated with only short-lived exposure to high concentrations, due to extensive distribution of Li throughout the total body water compartment. Conversely, chronic toxicity and acute-on-therapeutic ingestion are associated with prolonged exposure to higher tissue concentrations and, therefore, greater toxicity. Lithium toxicity may be life threatening, or result in persistent cognitive and neurological impairment. Therefore, enhanced Li clearance has been explored as a means of minimizing exposure to high tissue concentrations. Although haemodialysis is highly effective in removing circulating Li, serum concentrations often rebound so repeated or prolonged treatment may be required. Continuous arteriovenous haemodiafiltration and continuous venovenous haemodiafiltration increase Li clearance, albeit to a lesser extent than haemodialysis, and are more widely accessible. Lithium reduces brain inositol levels by inhibiting IMPase, suggesting that IMPase's inhibition is a key mechanism of Li's therapeutic action and that design of new IMPase inhibitors may be a practical strategy to create new compounds with Li-like therapeutic effects. (PMID: 17688381, 17316163, 8110911, 17288494). Lithium is found in many foods, some of which are endive, yellow zucchini, romaine lettuce, and common bean.

CAS Number

7439-93-2

Structure

MOL SDF PDB SMILES InChI

Synonyms

Synonym	Source
3Li	ChEBI
Li	ChEBI
Litio	ChEBI
Normothymin-e	Kegg
Lithium-7	MeSH
Lithium 7	MeSH
Apo-lithium carbonate	biospider
Apo-lithium carbonate SR	biospider
Carbolith Cap 150mg	biospider
Carbolith Cap 300mg	biospider
Carbolith Capsules 600mg	biospider
Eskalith	biospider
Eskalith CR	biospider
LI	biospider
Li(+)	biospider
Li(+) cation	biospider
Li(+) ion	biospider
Li+	biospider
Lithane	biospider
Lithium atom	biospider
Lithium benziocum	biospider
Lithium carbonate	biospider
Lithium carbonicum	biospider
Lithium cation	biospider
Lithium citrate	biospider
Lithium element	biospider
Lithium ion	biospider
Lithium, ion	biospider
Lithium, ion (Li1+)	biospider
lithium(+1) cation	biospider
lithium(1+)	biospider
lithium(1+) ion	biospider
Lithium(I) cation	biospider
Lithobid	biospider
Pal-lithium carbonate	biospider
PHL-lithium carbonate	biospider
Pms-Lithium Carbonate - Cap 150mg	biospider
Pms-Lithium Carbonate - Cap 300mg	biospider
Pms-Lithium Carbonate - Cap 600mg	biospider
Pms-Lithium Citrate Syr 8mmo/5ml	biospider

Predicted Properties

Property	Value	Source
logP	0	ChemAxon
Physiological Charge	0	ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count	0	ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count	0	ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area	0 Å²	ChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count	0	ChemAxon
Refractivity	0 m³·mol⁻¹	ChemAxon
Polarizability	1.78 Å³	ChemAxon
Number of Rings	0	ChemAxon
Bioavailability	Yes	ChemAxon
Rule of Five	Yes	ChemAxon
Ghose Filter	No	ChemAxon
Veber's Rule	Yes	ChemAxon
MDDR-like Rule	No	ChemAxon

Chemical Formula

IUPAC name

lithium

InChI Identifier

InChI=1S/Li

InChI Key

WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Isomeric SMILES

[Li]

Average Molecular Weight

6.941

Monoisotopic Molecular Weight

7.016004049

Classification

Description

Belongs to the class of inorganic compounds known as homogeneous alkali metal compounds. These are inorganic compounds containing only metal atoms,with the largest atom being a alkali metal atom.

Kingdom

Inorganic compounds

Super Class

Homogeneous metal compounds

Class

Homogeneous alkali metal compounds

Sub Class

Not Available

Direct Parent

Homogeneous alkali metal compounds

Alternative Parents

Not Available

Substituents

Homogeneous alkali metal

Molecular Framework

Not Available

External Descriptors

alkali metal atom (CHEBI:30145 )

Ontology

No ontology term

Physico-Chemical Properties

Physico-Chemical Properties - Experimental

Property	Value	Reference
Physical state	Solid
Physical Description	Not Available
Mass Composition	Not Available
Melting Point	190 oC
Boiling Point	Not Available
Experimental Water Solubility	Not Available
Experimental logP	Not Available
Experimental pKa	Not Available
Isoelectric point	Not Available
Charge	Not Available
Optical Rotation	Not Available
Spectroscopic UV Data	Not Available
Density	Not Available
Refractive Index	Not Available

Spectra

EI-MS/GC-MS

Not Available

MS/MS

Type	Description	Splash Key	View
Predicted MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive	splash10-0a4i-9000000000-cbe4de9c65cbd09ee945	2016-08-03	View Spectrum
Predicted MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive	splash10-0a4i-9000000000-cbe4de9c65cbd09ee945	2016-08-03	View Spectrum
Predicted MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive	splash10-0a4i-9000000000-cbe4de9c65cbd09ee945	2016-08-03	View Spectrum
Predicted MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative	splash10-0a4i-9000000000-ae882b48ac0e9bfbedb2	2016-08-03	View Spectrum
Predicted MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative	splash10-0a4i-9000000000-ae882b48ac0e9bfbedb2	2016-08-03	View Spectrum
Predicted MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative	splash10-0a4i-9000000000-ae882b48ac0e9bfbedb2	2016-08-03	View Spectrum

NMR

Not Available

External Links

ChemSpider ID

26502

ChEMBL ID

Not Available

KEGG Compound ID

C15473

Pubchem Compound ID

28486

Pubchem Substance ID

Not Available

ChEBI ID

30145

Phenol-Explorer ID

Not Available

DrugBank ID

DB01356

HMDB ID

HMDB05949

CRC / DFC (Dictionary of Food Compounds) ID

Not Available

EAFUS ID

Not Available

Dr. Duke ID

LITHIUM

BIGG ID

Not Available

KNApSAcK ID

Not Available

HET ID

Food Biomarker Ontology

Not Available

VMH ID

Not Available

Flavornet ID

Not Available

GoodScent ID

Not Available

SuperScent ID

Not Available

Wikipedia ID

Lithium

Phenol-Explorer Metabolite ID

Not Available

Duplicate IDS

Not Available

Old DFC IDS

Not Available

Associated Foods

Food	Content Range	Average	Reference
Food			Reference

Biological Effects and Interactions

Health Effects / Bioactivities

Descriptor	ID	Definition	Reference
Anti depressant	52217	An agent that regulates mood, reducing symptoms of depression and anxiety by altering neurotransmitter levels in the brain, commonly used in managing depression, anxiety disorders, and other mood disorders.	DUKE
Anti hyperthyroid	52217	An agent that reduces thyroid hormone production, used to manage hyperthyroidism by decreasing thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroid hormone levels, commonly used to treat conditions such as Graves' disease and thyroid storm.	DUKE
Anti-manic		An agent that stabilizes mood by controlling symptoms of mania, used to manage bipolar disorder, reducing excessive excitement and impulsivity, and preventing manic episodes.	DUKE
Anti premenstrual syndrome	52217	An agent that alleviates symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (PMS), reducing physical and emotional discomfort. Its biological role involves regulating hormonal fluctuations, and its therapeutic applications include managing mood swings, bloating, and breast tenderness. Key medical uses include treating PMS, premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), and other menstrual-related disorders.	DUKE
Anti psychotic	35476	An agent that reduces psychotic symptoms, commonly used in managing schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and other mental health conditions by blocking dopamine receptors in the brain, thereby alleviating hallucinations, delusions, and disordered thinking.	DUKE
Anti-schizophrenic	52217	An agent that reduces psychotic symptoms, commonly used in managing schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders, by modulating dopamine and serotonin levels in the brain, thereby alleviating hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thinking.	DUKE
Anti-viral	22587	An agent that inhibits the replication of viruses, playing a crucial role in preventing and treating viral infections. Therapeutically, anti-virals are used to manage diseases such as HIV, herpes, and influenza, reducing symptoms and slowing disease progression. Key medical uses include treating viral hepatitis, respiratory syncytial virus, and COVID-19.	DUKE
Cholinergic	38323	An agent that stimulates the parasympathetic nervous system by mimicking acetylcholine, enhancing muscle contraction, and regulating various bodily functions. Therapeutically, it treats conditions like glaucoma, myasthenia gravis, and Alzheimer's disease, improving muscle tone, cognition, and eye pressure.	DUKE
Deliriant		A class of hallucinogen that induces solid hallucinations, seamlessly integrating into waking consciousness. It has no established therapeutic applications, but is sometimes used in research to study psychosis and altered states of consciousness. Medical uses are limited due to its potent hallucinogenic effects.	DUKE
Natriuretic		An agent that promotes the excretion of sodium in the urine, aiding in blood pressure regulation and fluid balance. It plays a biological role in managing hypertension and heart failure, with therapeutic applications in treating edema and cardiovascular diseases. Key medical uses include diuretic therapy and management of congestive heart failure.	DUKE
Nephrotoxic	50909	An agent that damages or harms the kidneys, disrupting their ability to filter waste. It has no therapeutic applications, but is often a side effect of certain medications, such as antibiotics and chemotherapy. Key medical uses involve monitoring and managing kidney damage in patients receiving nephrotoxic treatments.	DUKE