<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<compound>
  <version>1.0</version>
  <creation_date>2010-04-08 22:09:28 UTC</creation_date>
  <update_date>2018-05-28 22:26:20 UTC</update_date>
  <accession>FDB011121</accession>
  <name>Paraquat dichloride</name>
  <description>Constituent of numerous proprietary herbicides [DFC]

Paraquat is the trade name for N,N?-dimethyl-4,4?-bipyridinium dichloride, one of the most widely used herbicides in the world. Paraquat, a viologen, is quick-acting and non-selective, killing green plant tissue on contact. It is also toxic to human beings and animals. Research has shown that it is linked to development of Parkinson's disease. [Wikipedia].</description>
  <synonyms>
    <synonym>1, 1'-Dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridynium dichloride</synonym>
    <synonym>1,1 -Dimethyl-4,4 -bipyridinium</synonym>
    <synonym>1,1-Dimethyl-4,4-dipyridilium dichloride</synonym>
    <synonym>1,1'-Dimethyl-[4,4'-bipyridin]-1,1'-diium dichloride</synonym>
    <synonym>1,1'-Dimethyl-4, 4'-dipyridylium chloride</synonym>
    <synonym>1,1'-Dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinium dichloride</synonym>
    <synonym>1,1'-Dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinium dichloride hydrate</synonym>
    <synonym>1,1'-Dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridynium dichloride</synonym>
    <synonym>1,1'-Dimethyl-4,4'-dipyridinium-dichlorid</synonym>
    <synonym>1,1'-Dimethyl-4,4'-dipyridylium dichloride</synonym>
    <synonym>4,4'-Bipyridinium, 1,1'-dimethyl-, dichloride</synonym>
    <synonym>4,4'-Dimethyldipyridyl dichloride</synonym>
    <synonym>Bipyridinium, 1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-, dichloride</synonym>
    <synonym>Cekuquat</synonym>
    <synonym>Crisquat</synonym>
    <synonym>Dextrone X</synonym>
    <synonym>Dextrone-x</synonym>
    <synonym>Dexuron</synonym>
    <synonym>Dimethyl viologen chloride</synonym>
    <synonym>Dimethyldipyridyl chloride</synonym>
    <synonym>Dwuchlorek 1,1'-dwumetylo-4,4'-dwupirydyniowy</synonym>
    <synonym>Esgram</synonym>
    <synonym>Galokson</synonym>
    <synonym>Goldquat 276</synonym>
    <synonym>Gramixel</synonym>
    <synonym>Gramoxone</synonym>
    <synonym>Gramoxone d</synonym>
    <synonym>Gramoxone dichloride</synonym>
    <synonym>Gramoxone s</synonym>
    <synonym>Gramoxone w</synonym>
    <synonym>Gramuron</synonym>
    <synonym>Herbaxon</synonym>
    <synonym>Herboxone</synonym>
    <synonym>Methyl viologen</synonym>
    <synonym>Methyl viologen (reduced)</synonym>
    <synonym>Methyl viologen dichloride</synonym>
    <synonym>Methyl-viologen</synonym>
    <synonym>Methylviologen chloride</synonym>
    <synonym>N,N'-dimethyl-4, 4'-dipyridylium dichloride</synonym>
    <synonym>N,N'-Dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinium dichloride</synonym>
    <synonym>N,N'-Dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridylium dichloride</synonym>
    <synonym>N,N'-Dimethyl-4,4'-dipyridylium dichloride</synonym>
    <synonym>N,N'-Dimethylviologen</synonym>
    <synonym>ortho Paraquat CL</synonym>
    <synonym>Parakwat</synonym>
    <synonym>Paraquat chloride</synonym>
    <synonym>Paraquat CL</synonym>
    <synonym>Paraquat dichloride</synonym>
    <synonym>Paraquat-dichloride</synonym>
    <synonym>Paraquat, dichloride</synonym>
    <synonym>Pathclear</synonym>
    <synonym>Pillarquat</synonym>
    <synonym>Pillarxone</synonym>
    <synonym>Toxer total</synonym>
  </synonyms>
  <chemical_formula>C12H14Cl2N2</chemical_formula>
  <average_molecular_weight>257.159</average_molecular_weight>
  <monisotopic_moleculate_weight>256.053403872</monisotopic_moleculate_weight>
  <iupac_name>1-methyl-4-(1-methylpyridin-1-ium-4-yl)pyridin-1-ium dichloride</iupac_name>
  <traditional_iupac>starfire dichloride</traditional_iupac>
  <cas_registry_number>1910-42-5</cas_registry_number>
  <smiles>[Cl-].[Cl-].C[N+]1=CC=C(C=C1)C1=CC=[N+](C)C=C1</smiles>
  <inchi>InChI=1S/C12H14N2.2ClH/c1-13-7-3-11(4-8-13)12-5-9-14(2)10-6-12;;/h3-10H,1-2H3;2*1H/q+2;;/p-2</inchi>
  <inchikey>FIKAKWIAUPDISJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L</inchikey>
  <taxonomy>
    <description> belongs to the class of organic compounds known as bipyridines and oligopyridines. These are organic compounds containing two pyridine rings linked to each other.</description>
    <direct_parent>Bipyridines and oligopyridines</direct_parent>
    <kingdom>Organic compounds</kingdom>
    <super_class>Organoheterocyclic compounds</super_class>
    <class>Pyridines and derivatives</class>
    <sub_class>Bipyridines and oligopyridines</sub_class>
    <molecular_framework>Aromatic heteromonocyclic compounds</molecular_framework>
    <alternative_parents>
      <alternative_parent>Azacyclic compounds</alternative_parent>
      <alternative_parent>Heteroaromatic compounds</alternative_parent>
      <alternative_parent>Hydrocarbon derivatives</alternative_parent>
      <alternative_parent>N-methylpyridinium compounds</alternative_parent>
      <alternative_parent>Organic chloride salts</alternative_parent>
      <alternative_parent>Organonitrogen compounds</alternative_parent>
      <alternative_parent>Organopnictogen compounds</alternative_parent>
      <alternative_parent>Pyridinium derivatives</alternative_parent>
    </alternative_parents>
    <substituents>
      <substituent>4,4p-bipyridinium</substituent>
      <substituent>Aromatic heteromonocyclic compound</substituent>
      <substituent>Azacycle</substituent>
      <substituent>Bipyridine</substituent>
      <substituent>Heteroaromatic compound</substituent>
      <substituent>Hydrocarbon derivative</substituent>
      <substituent>N-methylpyridinium</substituent>
      <substituent>Organic chloride salt</substituent>
      <substituent>Organic nitrogen compound</substituent>
      <substituent>Organic salt</substituent>
      <substituent>Organonitrogen compound</substituent>
      <substituent>Organopnictogen compound</substituent>
      <substituent>Pyridinium</substituent>
    </substituents>
    <external_descriptors>
      <external_descriptor>organic chloride salt</external_descriptor>
    </external_descriptors>
  </taxonomy>
  <state/>
  <predicted_properties>
    <property>
      <kind>logp</kind>
      <value>-3.50</value>
      <source>ALOGPS</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>logs</kind>
      <value>-5.83</value>
      <source>ALOGPS</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>solubility</kind>
      <value>3.77e-04 g/l</value>
      <source>ALOGPS</source>
    </property>
  </predicted_properties>
  <experimental_properties>
    <property>
      <kind>melting_point</kind>
      <value>Mp 300 approx.° dec.</value>
    </property>
  </experimental_properties>
  <property>
    <kind>logp</kind>
    <value>-6.7</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>iupac</kind>
    <value>1-methyl-4-(1-methylpyridin-1-ium-4-yl)pyridin-1-ium dichloride</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>average_mass</kind>
    <value>257.159</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>mono_mass</kind>
    <value>256.053403872</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>smiles</kind>
    <value>[Cl-].[Cl-].C[N+]1=CC=C(C=C1)C1=CC=[N+](C)C=C1</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>formula</kind>
    <value>C12H14Cl2N2</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>inchi</kind>
    <value>InChI=1S/C12H14N2.2ClH/c1-13-7-3-11(4-8-13)12-5-9-14(2)10-6-12;;/h3-10H,1-2H3;2*1H/q+2;;/p-2</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>inchikey</kind>
    <value>FIKAKWIAUPDISJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>polar_surface_area</kind>
    <value>7.76</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>refractivity</kind>
    <value>59.19</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>polarizability</kind>
    <value>22.01</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>rotatable_bond_count</kind>
    <value>1</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>acceptor_count</kind>
    <value>0</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>donor_count</kind>
    <value>0</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>physiological_charge</kind>
    <value>2</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>formal_charge</kind>
    <value>0</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <pathways>
  </pathways>
  <spectra>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>2270</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>2970</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>9410</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>110049</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>110050</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>110051</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>177633</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>177634</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>177635</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
  </spectra>
  <hmdb_id>HMDB33121</hmdb_id>
  <pubchem_compound_id/>
  <chemspider_id/>
  <kegg_id/>
  <chebi_id>28786</chebi_id>
  <biocyc_id/>
  <het_id/>
  <wikipidia/>
  <vmh_id/>
  <fbonto_id/>
  <foodb_id/>
  <general_references>
    <reference>#&lt;Reference:0x000055ce304fc820&gt;</reference>
    <reference>#&lt;Reference:0x000055ce304fc668&gt;</reference>
  </general_references>
  <foods>
  </foods>
  <flavors>
  </flavors>
  <enzymes>
  </enzymes>
  <health_effects>
  </health_effects>
</compound>
