<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<compound>
  <version>1.0</version>
  <creation_date>2010-04-08 22:10:11 UTC</creation_date>
  <update_date>2019-11-26 03:06:52 UTC</update_date>
  <accession>FDB012474</accession>
  <name>Xanthotoxin</name>
  <description>Present in celery, especies the outer leaves, and other common grocery vegetables. Implicated in photodermatitis among grocery workers. Isolated from  Aegle marmelos (bael)

Methoxsalen (marketed under the trade name Oxsoralen) is a drug used to treat psoriasis, eczema, vitiligo, and some cutaneous Lymphomas in conjunction with exposing the skin to sunlight. Methoxsalen modifies the way skin cells receive the UVA radiation, allegedly clearing up the disease. The dosage comes in 10mg tablets, which are taken in the amount of 30mg 75 minutes before a PUVA light treatment. The substance is also present in bergamot oil which is used in many perfumes and aromatherapy oils.; Methoxsalen selectively inhibits the synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). The guanine and cytosine content correlates with the degree of Methoxsalen-induced cross-linking. At high concentrations of the drug, cellular RNA and protein synthesis are also suppressed.; Patients with high blood pressure or a history of liver problems are at risk for inflammation and irreparable damage to both liver and skin. The eyes must be protected from UVA radiation. Side effects include nausea, headaches, dizziness, and in rare cases insomnia. When Eau de Cologne was made, it became a popular perfume. It contained bergamot oil as one of its components. Ladies wearing the perfume on places where the skin was radiated by the sun, noticed that their skin turned brownish at those spots. This is due to the phototoxic effects of methoxsalen present in the bergamot oil. The methoxsalen was removed, and most modern formulations of perfumes containing bergamot are de-methoxsalenised. Xanthotoxin is found in many foods, some of which are parsley, wild celery, dill, and angelica.</description>
  <synonyms>
    <synonym>6-Hydroxy-7-methoxy-5-benzofuranacrylate delta-lactone</synonym>
    <synonym>6-Hydroxy-7-methoxy-5-benzofuranacrylate δ-lactone</synonym>
    <synonym>6-hydroxy-7-methoxy-5-benzofuranacrylic acid delta-lactone</synonym>
    <synonym>6-Hydroxy-7-methoxy-5-benzofuranacrylic acid δ-lactone</synonym>
    <synonym>7-Furocoumarin</synonym>
    <synonym>7H-Furo(3,2-g)(1)benzopyran-7-one, 9-methoxy-</synonym>
    <synonym>7H-Furo[3,2-g][1]benzopyran-7-one, 9-methoxy-</synonym>
    <synonym>8 Methoxypsoralen</synonym>
    <synonym>8 MOP</synonym>
    <synonym>8-Methoxy</synonym>
    <synonym>8-Methoxy-(furano-3'.2':6.7-coumarin)</synonym>
    <synonym>8-Methoxy-[furano-3'.2':6.7-coumarin]</synonym>
    <synonym>8-Methoxy-2',3',6, 7-furocoumarin</synonym>
    <synonym>8-Methoxy-2',3',6,7-furocoumarin</synonym>
    <synonym>8-Methoxy-4',5',6,7-furocoumarin</synonym>
    <synonym>8-Methoxy-4',5':6,7-furocoumarin</synonym>
    <synonym>8-Methoxy-6,7-furanocoumarin</synonym>
    <synonym>8-Methoxy(furano-3'.2':6.7-coumarin)</synonym>
    <synonym>8-Methoxyfuranocoumarin</synonym>
    <synonym>8-Methoxypsoralen</synonym>
    <synonym>8-Methoxypsoralen with ultraviolet A therapy</synonym>
    <synonym>8-Methoxypsoralene</synonym>
    <synonym>8-MOP</synonym>
    <synonym>8-MP</synonym>
    <synonym>8MOP</synonym>
    <synonym>9-(methyloxy)-7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one</synonym>
    <synonym>9-metho xy-7H-furo(3,2-g)benzopyran-7-one</synonym>
    <synonym>9-Methoxy-7H-furo(3,2-g)(1)benzopyran-7-one</synonym>
    <synonym>9-Methoxy-7H-furo(3,2-g)benzopyran-7-one</synonym>
    <synonym>9-Methoxy-7H-furo[3,2-g][1]benzopyran-7-one</synonym>
    <synonym>9-Methoxy-7H-furo[3,2-g][1]benzopyran-7-one, 9CI, 8CI</synonym>
    <synonym>9-Methoxy-7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one</synonym>
    <synonym>9-Methoxyfuro(3,2-g)chromen-7-one</synonym>
    <synonym>9-Methoxyfuro[3,2-g][1]benzopyran-7-one</synonym>
    <synonym>9-Methoxyfuro[3,2-g]chromen-7-one</synonym>
    <synonym>9-Methoxypsoralen</synonym>
    <synonym>Ammodin</synonym>
    <synonym>Ammoidin</synonym>
    <synonym>Boehringer ingelheim brand of methoxsalen</synonym>
    <synonym>Canderm brand of methoxsalen</synonym>
    <synonym>Chinoin brand of methoxsalen</synonym>
    <synonym>DB brand of methoxsalen</synonym>
    <synonym>Delta brand of methoxsalen</synonym>
    <synonym>Deltasoralen</synonym>
    <synonym>Dermatech brand of methoxsalen</synonym>
    <synonym>Dermox</synonym>
    <synonym>Galderma brand of methoxsalen</synonym>
    <synonym>Geroxalen</synonym>
    <synonym>ICN Brand 1 of Methoxsalen</synonym>
    <synonym>ICN Brand 2 of Methoxsalen</synonym>
    <synonym>ICN Brand 3 of Methoxsalen</synonym>
    <synonym>Meladinin</synonym>
    <synonym>Meladinin (van)</synonym>
    <synonym>Meladinina</synonym>
    <synonym>Meladinine</synonym>
    <synonym>Meladoxen</synonym>
    <synonym>Meloxine</synonym>
    <synonym>Methoxa dome</synonym>
    <synonym>Methoxa-Dome</synonym>
    <synonym>Methoxalen</synonym>
    <synonym>Methoxaten</synonym>
    <synonym>Methoxsalen</synonym>
    <synonym>Methoxsalen (JP15/USP)</synonym>
    <synonym>Methoxsalen [ban:jan]</synonym>
    <synonym>Methoxsalen canderm brand</synonym>
    <synonym>Methoxsalen chinoin brand</synonym>
    <synonym>Methoxsalen delta brand</synonym>
    <synonym>Methoxsalen dermatech brand</synonym>
    <synonym>Methoxsalen mex-america brand</synonym>
    <synonym>Methoxsalen plus ultraviolet radiation</synonym>
    <synonym>Methoxsalen sanofi-synthelabo brand</synonym>
    <synonym>Methoxsalen with ultra-violet a theraphy</synonym>
    <synonym>Methoxsalen, 8-</synonym>
    <synonym>Methoxsalen, BAN</synonym>
    <synonym>Methoxy-8-psoralen</synonym>
    <synonym>Mex america brand of methoxsalen</synonym>
    <synonym>Mex-america brand of methoxsalen</synonym>
    <synonym>New-meladinin</synonym>
    <synonym>O-methylxanthotoxol</synonym>
    <synonym>Oxoralen</synonym>
    <synonym>Oxsoralen</synonym>
    <synonym>Oxsoralen (TN)</synonym>
    <synonym>Oxsoralen lotion</synonym>
    <synonym>Oxsoralen ul tra</synonym>
    <synonym>Oxsoralen ultra</synonym>
    <synonym>Oxsoralen-ultra</synonym>
    <synonym>Oxypsoralen</synonym>
    <synonym>Proralone-mop</synonym>
    <synonym>Psoralen-mop</synonym>
    <synonym>Psoralon-mop</synonym>
    <synonym>Puvalen</synonym>
    <synonym>Puvamet</synonym>
    <synonym>Sanofi synthelabo brand of methoxsalen</synonym>
    <synonym>Sanofi-synthelabo brand of methoxsalen</synonym>
    <synonym>Ultra mop</synonym>
    <synonym>Ultramop</synonym>
    <synonym>Uvadex</synonym>
    <synonym>Xanthotoxine</synonym>
    <synonym>Xanthoxin</synonym>
    <synonym>Zanthotoxin</synonym>
  </synonyms>
  <chemical_formula>C12H8O4</chemical_formula>
  <average_molecular_weight>216.192</average_molecular_weight>
  <monisotopic_moleculate_weight>216.042258738</monisotopic_moleculate_weight>
  <iupac_name>9-methoxy-7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one</iupac_name>
  <traditional_iupac>methoxsalen</traditional_iupac>
  <cas_registry_number>298-81-7</cas_registry_number>
  <smiles>COC1=C2OC(=O)C=CC2=CC2=C1OC=C2</smiles>
  <inchi>InChI=1S/C12H8O4/c1-14-12-10-8(4-5-15-10)6-7-2-3-9(13)16-11(7)12/h2-6H,1H3</inchi>
  <inchikey>QXKHYNVANLEOEG-UHFFFAOYSA-N</inchikey>
  <taxonomy>
    <description> belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 8-methoxypsoralens. These are psoralens containing a methoxy group attached at the C8 position of the psoralen group.</description>
    <direct_parent>8-methoxypsoralens</direct_parent>
    <kingdom>Organic compounds</kingdom>
    <super_class>Phenylpropanoids and polyketides</super_class>
    <class>Coumarins and derivatives</class>
    <sub_class>Furanocoumarins</sub_class>
    <molecular_framework>Aromatic heteropolycyclic compounds</molecular_framework>
    <alternative_parents>
      <alternative_parent>1-benzopyrans</alternative_parent>
      <alternative_parent>Alkyl aryl ethers</alternative_parent>
      <alternative_parent>Anisoles</alternative_parent>
      <alternative_parent>Benzofurans</alternative_parent>
      <alternative_parent>Furans</alternative_parent>
      <alternative_parent>Heteroaromatic compounds</alternative_parent>
      <alternative_parent>Hydrocarbon derivatives</alternative_parent>
      <alternative_parent>Lactones</alternative_parent>
      <alternative_parent>Organic oxides</alternative_parent>
      <alternative_parent>Oxacyclic compounds</alternative_parent>
      <alternative_parent>Pyranones and derivatives</alternative_parent>
    </alternative_parents>
    <substituents>
      <substituent>1-benzopyran</substituent>
      <substituent>8-methoxypsoralen</substituent>
      <substituent>Alkyl aryl ether</substituent>
      <substituent>Anisole</substituent>
      <substituent>Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound</substituent>
      <substituent>Benzenoid</substituent>
      <substituent>Benzofuran</substituent>
      <substituent>Benzopyran</substituent>
      <substituent>Ether</substituent>
      <substituent>Furan</substituent>
      <substituent>Heteroaromatic compound</substituent>
      <substituent>Hydrocarbon derivative</substituent>
      <substituent>Lactone</substituent>
      <substituent>Organic oxide</substituent>
      <substituent>Organic oxygen compound</substituent>
      <substituent>Organoheterocyclic compound</substituent>
      <substituent>Organooxygen compound</substituent>
      <substituent>Oxacycle</substituent>
      <substituent>Pyran</substituent>
      <substituent>Pyranone</substituent>
    </substituents>
    <external_descriptors>
      <external_descriptor>Furanocoumarins</external_descriptor>
      <external_descriptor>Polyketides</external_descriptor>
      <external_descriptor>an 8-methoxyfurocoumarin</external_descriptor>
      <external_descriptor>aromatic ether</external_descriptor>
      <external_descriptor>psoralens</external_descriptor>
    </external_descriptors>
  </taxonomy>
  <state>Solid</state>
  <predicted_properties>
    <property>
      <kind>logp</kind>
      <value>2.10</value>
      <source>ALOGPS</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>logs</kind>
      <value>-3.12</value>
      <source>ALOGPS</source>
    </property>
    <property>
      <kind>solubility</kind>
      <value>1.64e-01 g/l</value>
      <source>ALOGPS</source>
    </property>
  </predicted_properties>
  <experimental_properties>
    <property>
      <kind>melting_point</kind>
      <value>Mp 148°</value>
    </property>
  </experimental_properties>
  <property>
    <kind>logp</kind>
    <value>1.78</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>pka_strongest_basic</kind>
    <value>-2.9</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>iupac</kind>
    <value>9-methoxy-7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>average_mass</kind>
    <value>216.192</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>mono_mass</kind>
    <value>216.042258738</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>smiles</kind>
    <value>COC1=C2OC(=O)C=CC2=CC2=C1OC=C2</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>formula</kind>
    <value>C12H8O4</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>inchi</kind>
    <value>InChI=1S/C12H8O4/c1-14-12-10-8(4-5-15-10)6-7-2-3-9(13)16-11(7)12/h2-6H,1H3</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>inchikey</kind>
    <value>QXKHYNVANLEOEG-UHFFFAOYSA-N</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>polar_surface_area</kind>
    <value>48.67</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>refractivity</kind>
    <value>56.85</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>polarizability</kind>
    <value>20.98</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>rotatable_bond_count</kind>
    <value>1</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>acceptor_count</kind>
    <value>2</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>donor_count</kind>
    <value>0</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>physiological_charge</kind>
    <value>0</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <property>
    <kind>formal_charge</kind>
    <value>0</value>
    <source>ChemAxon</source>
  </property>
  <pathways>
  </pathways>
  <spectra>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::NmrOneD</type>
      <spectrum_id>2325</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::EiMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>527</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>7721</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>7722</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>7723</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>14393</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>14394</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>14395</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>374288</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>374549</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>374590</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>445477</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>445483</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>445484</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>449522</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>449524</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>449525</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>449610</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>449611</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>450539</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>450780</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>451210</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>452179</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>452180</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>2227199</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>2227531</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::MsMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>2227605</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>5634</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>32267</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>32268</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>100152</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>100153</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
    <spectrum>
      <type>Specdb::CMs</type>
      <spectrum_id>170266</spectrum_id>
    </spectrum>
  </spectra>
  <hmdb_id>HMDB14693</hmdb_id>
  <pubchem_compound_id/>
  <chemspider_id/>
  <kegg_id/>
  <chebi_id/>
  <biocyc_id/>
  <het_id>8MO</het_id>
  <wikipidia/>
  <vmh_id/>
  <fbonto_id/>
  <foodb_id/>
  <general_references>
  </general_references>
  <foods>
    <food>
      <name>Angelica</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Angelica keiskei</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>357850</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Anise</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Pimpinella anisum</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>271192</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Caraway</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Carum carvi</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>48032</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Carrot</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Daucus carota ssp. sativus</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>79200</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
      <average_value>0.095</average_value>
      <max_value>0.16</max_value>
      <min_value>0.03</min_value>
      <unit>mg/100 g</unit>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Celery stalks</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Apium graveolens var. dulce</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>117781</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
      <average_value>0.757429</average_value>
      <max_value>0.757428578</max_value>
      <min_value>0.757428578</min_value>
      <unit>mg/100 g</unit>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Coriander</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Coriandrum sativum</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>4047</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Corn</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Zea mays</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>4577</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Dill</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Anethum graveolens</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>40922</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Fennel</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Foeniculum vulgare</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>48038</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
      <average_value>0.05</average_value>
      <max_value>0.05</max_value>
      <min_value>0.05</min_value>
      <unit>mg/100 g</unit>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Fig</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Ficus carica</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>3494</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Fruits</name>
      <food_type>Unknown</food_type>
      <category>generic</category>
      <name_scientific/>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id/>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Green vegetables</name>
      <food_type>Unknown</food_type>
      <category>generic</category>
      <name_scientific/>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id/>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Lambsquarters</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Chenopodium album</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>3559</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Lovage</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Levisticum officinale</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>48042</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
      <average_value>0.05</average_value>
      <max_value>0.05</max_value>
      <min_value>0.05</min_value>
      <unit>mg/100 g</unit>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Parsley</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Petroselinum crispum</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>4043</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
      <average_value>4.969375</average_value>
      <max_value>14.6</max_value>
      <min_value>0.25</min_value>
      <unit>mg/100 g</unit>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Parsnip</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Pastinaca sativa</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>4041</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
      <average_value>65.65</average_value>
      <max_value>80.0</max_value>
      <min_value>51.3</min_value>
      <unit>mg/100 g</unit>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Wild carrot</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Daucus carota</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>4039</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
      <average_value>0.095</average_value>
      <max_value>0.16</max_value>
      <min_value>0.03</min_value>
      <unit>mg/100 g</unit>
    </food>
    <food>
      <name>Wild celery</name>
      <food_type>Type 1</food_type>
      <category>specific</category>
      <name_scientific>Apium graveolens</name_scientific>
      <ncbi_taxonomy_id>4045</ncbi_taxonomy_id>
      <average_value>0.04125</average_value>
      <max_value>0.05</max_value>
      <min_value>0.0325</min_value>
      <unit>mg/100 g</unit>
    </food>
  </foods>
  <flavors>
    <flavor>
      <name>bitter</name>
    </flavor>
  </flavors>
  <enzymes>
  </enzymes>
  <health_effects>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Anti aflatoxin</name>
      <id>92</id>
      <definition>A substance that diminishes the rate of a chemical reaction.</definition>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Anti bacterial</name>
      <id>145</id>
      <definition>A substance that kills or slows the growth of bacteria.</definition>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Anti dermatitic</name>
      <id>225</id>
      <definition>A drug used to treat or prevent skin disorders or for the routine care of skin.</definition>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Anti feedant</name>
      <id>275</id>
      <definition/>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Anti histaminic</name>
      <id>331</id>
      <definition>Histamine antagonists are the drugs that bind to but do not activate histamine receptors, thereby blocking the actions of histamine or histamine agonists.</definition>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Anti keratotic</name>
      <id>380</id>
      <definition/>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Anti mitotic</name>
      <id>441</id>
      <definition/>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Anti mycotic</name>
      <id>456</id>
      <definition/>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Anti pruritic</name>
      <id>558</id>
      <definition>A drug used to treat or prevent skin disorders or for the routine care of skin.</definition>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Anti scleromyxoedemic</name>
      <id>596</id>
      <definition>A drug used to treat or prevent skin disorders or for the routine care of skin.</definition>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Anti-alopecic</name>
      <id>104</id>
      <definition>Any substance introduced into a living organism with therapeutic or diagnostic purpose.</definition>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Anti-inflammatory</name>
      <id>370</id>
      <definition>A substance that reduces or suppresses inflammation.</definition>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Anti-leucodermic</name>
      <id>392</id>
      <definition/>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Anti-lymphomic</name>
      <id>414</id>
      <definition/>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Anti-mutagenic</name>
      <id>451</id>
      <definition/>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Anti-pityriasic</name>
      <id>529</id>
      <definition/>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Anti-psoriac</name>
      <id>562</id>
      <definition>Any substance introduced into a living organism with therapeutic or diagnostic purpose.</definition>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Anti-spasmodic</name>
      <id>619</id>
      <definition>Any substance introduced into a living organism with therapeutic or diagnostic purpose.</definition>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Anti-staphylococcic</name>
      <id>627</id>
      <definition>A substance that kills or slows the growth of bacteria.</definition>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Anti-viral</name>
      <id>689</id>
      <definition>A substance that destroys or inhibits replication of viruses.</definition>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Anti-vitiligic</name>
      <id>690</id>
      <definition/>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Antitumor</name>
      <id>672</id>
      <definition>A substance that inhibits or prevents the proliferation of neoplasms.</definition>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Antitumor promoter</name>
      <id>673</id>
      <definition>A substance that inhibits or prevents the proliferation of neoplasms.</definition>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Artemicide</name>
      <id>707</id>
      <definition/>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Bufocide</name>
      <id>747</id>
      <definition/>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Calcium antagonist</name>
      <id>748</id>
      <definition>Substance that attaches to and blocks cell receptors that normally bind naturally occurring substances.</definition>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Cancer preventive</name>
      <id>754</id>
      <definition>A substance that inhibits or prevents the proliferation of neoplasms.</definition>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Candidicide</name>
      <id>756</id>
      <definition/>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Carcinogenic</name>
      <id>762</id>
      <definition>A role played by a chemical compound which is known to  induce a process of carcinogenesis  by corrupting  normal cellular pathways, leading to the acquistion of tumoral capabilities.</definition>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Cytotoxic</name>
      <id>859</id>
      <definition>A role played by the molecular entity or part thereof which causes the development of a pathological process.</definition>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Dermatitigenic</name>
      <id>875</id>
      <definition/>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Emetic</name>
      <id>899</id>
      <definition/>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Fungicide</name>
      <id>940</id>
      <definition>A substance used to destroy fungal pests.</definition>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Fungistat</name>
      <id>942</id>
      <definition/>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Hepatoprotective</name>
      <id>981</id>
      <definition>Any compound that is able to prevent damage to the liver.</definition>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Herbicide</name>
      <id>986</id>
      <definition>A substance used to destroy plant pests.</definition>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Hypertrichotic</name>
      <id>1010</id>
      <definition/>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Immunosuppressant</name>
      <id>1033</id>
      <definition>An agent that suppresses immune function by one of several mechanisms of action. Classical cytotoxic immunosuppressants act by inhibiting DNA synthesis. Others may act through activation of T-cells or by inhibiting the activation of helper cells. In addition, an immunosuppressive agent is a role played by a compound which is exhibited by a capability to diminish the extent and/or voracity of an immune response.</definition>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Insecticide</name>
      <id>1040</id>
      <definition>Strictly, a substance intended to kill members of the class Insecta.  In common usage, any substance used for preventing, destroying, repelling or controlling insects.</definition>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Lipolytic</name>
      <id>1074</id>
      <definition/>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Lymphocytogenic</name>
      <id>1083</id>
      <definition/>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Melaninogenic</name>
      <id>1094</id>
      <definition/>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Mitogenic</name>
      <id>1108</id>
      <definition/>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Molluscicide</name>
      <id>1113</id>
      <definition>A substance used to destroy pests of the phylum Mollusca.</definition>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Mutagenic</name>
      <id>1125</id>
      <definition/>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Pesticide</name>
      <id>1210</id>
      <definition>Strictly, a substance intended to kill pests. In common usage, any substance used for controlling, preventing, or destroying animal, microbiological or plant pests.</definition>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Photodermatitigenic</name>
      <id>1220</id>
      <definition/>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Phototoxic</name>
      <id>1222</id>
      <definition/>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Phytoalexin</name>
      <id>1223</id>
      <definition>A toxin made by a plant that acts against an organism attacking it.</definition>
    </health_effect>
    <health_effect>
      <name>Piscicide</name>
      <id>1228</id>
      <definition/>
    </health_effect>
  </health_effects>
</compound>
