Record Information
Version1.0
Creation date2010-04-08 22:10:11 UTC
Update date2019-11-26 03:06:52 UTC
Primary IDFDB012474
Secondary Accession NumbersNot Available
Chemical Information
FooDB NameXanthotoxin
DescriptionPresent in celery, especies the outer leaves, and other common grocery vegetables. Implicated in photodermatitis among grocery workers. Isolated from Aegle marmelos (bael) Methoxsalen (marketed under the trade name Oxsoralen) is a drug used to treat psoriasis, eczema, vitiligo, and some cutaneous Lymphomas in conjunction with exposing the skin to sunlight. Methoxsalen modifies the way skin cells receive the UVA radiation, allegedly clearing up the disease. The dosage comes in 10mg tablets, which are taken in the amount of 30mg 75 minutes before a PUVA light treatment. The substance is also present in bergamot oil which is used in many perfumes and aromatherapy oils.; Methoxsalen selectively inhibits the synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). The guanine and cytosine content correlates with the degree of Methoxsalen-induced cross-linking. At high concentrations of the drug, cellular RNA and protein synthesis are also suppressed.; Patients with high blood pressure or a history of liver problems are at risk for inflammation and irreparable damage to both liver and skin. The eyes must be protected from UVA radiation. Side effects include nausea, headaches, dizziness, and in rare cases insomnia. When Eau de Cologne was made, it became a popular perfume. It contained bergamot oil as one of its components. Ladies wearing the perfume on places where the skin was radiated by the sun, noticed that their skin turned brownish at those spots. This is due to the phototoxic effects of methoxsalen present in the bergamot oil. The methoxsalen was removed, and most modern formulations of perfumes containing bergamot are de-methoxsalenised. Xanthotoxin is found in many foods, some of which are parsley, wild celery, dill, and angelica.
CAS Number298-81-7
Structure
Thumb
Synonyms
SynonymSource
6-Hydroxy-7-methoxy-5-benzofuranacrylic acid delta-lactoneChEBI
8-Methoxy-2',3',6,7-furocoumarinChEBI
8-Methoxy-4',5':6,7-furocoumarinChEBI
8-Methoxy-[furano-3'.2':6.7-coumarin]ChEBI
8-MethoxyfuranocoumarinChEBI
8-MethoxypsoralenChEBI
8-MOPChEBI
8-MPChEBI
9-Methoxy-7H-furo[3,2-g][1]benzopyran-7-oneChEBI
MeladinineChEBI
MeloxineChEBI
O-MethylxanthotoxolChEBI
OxsoralenChEBI
Ultra mopChEBI
UvadexChEBI
XanthotoxinChEBI
6-Hydroxy-7-methoxy-5-benzofuranacrylate delta-lactoneGenerator
6-Hydroxy-7-methoxy-5-benzofuranacrylate δ-lactoneGenerator
6-Hydroxy-7-methoxy-5-benzofuranacrylic acid δ-lactoneGenerator
MethoxalenHMDB
XanthotoxineHMDB
XanthoxinHMDB
ZanthotoxinHMDB
8 MOPHMDB
Chinoin brand OF methoxsalenHMDB
DermoxHMDB
GeroxalenHMDB
ICN brand 2 OF methoxsalenHMDB
Methoxsalen mex-america brandHMDB
Oxsoralen ultraHMDB
Oxsoralen-ultraHMDB
8 MethoxypsoralenHMDB
AmmoidinHMDB
DB Brand OF methoxsalenHMDB
DeltasoralenHMDB
MeladininaHMDB
Methoxsalen Delta brandHMDB
Mex-america brand OF methoxsalenHMDB
MéladinineHMDB
Sanofi-synthelabo brand OF methoxsalenHMDB
8MOPHMDB
Boehringer ingelheim brand OF methoxsalenHMDB
Galderma brand OF methoxsalenHMDB
Methoxa-domeHMDB
Methoxsalen canderm brandHMDB
Methoxsalen chinoin brandHMDB
Methoxsalen dermatech brandHMDB
Methoxsalen sanofi-synthelabo brandHMDB
PuvalenHMDB
Sanofi synthelabo brand OF methoxsalenHMDB
UltramopHMDB
Canderm brand OF methoxsalenHMDB
Delta Brand OF methoxsalenHMDB
Dermatech brand OF methoxsalenHMDB
ICN brand 1 OF methoxsalenHMDB
ICN brand 3 OF methoxsalenHMDB
Methoxa domeHMDB
Mex america brand OF methoxsalenHMDB
6-hydroxy-7-methoxy-5-benzofuranacrylic acid delta-lactonebiospider
7-Furocoumarinbiospider
7H-Furo(3,2-g)(1)benzopyran-7-one, 9-methoxy-biospider
7H-Furo[3,2-g][1]benzopyran-7-one, 9-methoxy-biospider
8-Methoxybiospider
8-Methoxy-(furano-3'.2':6.7-coumarin)biospider
8-Methoxy-2',3',6, 7-furocoumarinbiospider
8-Methoxy-4',5',6,7-furocoumarinbiospider
8-Methoxy-6,7-furanocoumarinbiospider
8-Methoxy(furano-3'.2':6.7-coumarin)biospider
8-Methoxypsoralen with ultraviolet A therapybiospider
8-Methoxypsoralenebiospider
9-(methyloxy)-7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-onebiospider
9-metho xy-7H-furo(3,2-g)benzopyran-7-onebiospider
9-Methoxy-7H-furo(3,2-g)(1)benzopyran-7-onebiospider
9-Methoxy-7H-furo(3,2-g)benzopyran-7-onebiospider
9-Methoxy-7H-furo[3,2-g][1]benzopyran-7-one, 9CI, 8CIdb_source
9-Methoxy-7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-onebiospider
9-Methoxyfuro(3,2-g)chromen-7-onebiospider
9-Methoxyfuro[3,2-g][1]benzopyran-7-onebiospider
9-Methoxyfuro[3,2-g]chromen-7-onedb_source
9-Methoxypsoralendb_source
Ammodinbiospider
Boehringer ingelheim brand of methoxsalenbiospider
Canderm brand of methoxsalenbiospider
Chinoin brand of methoxsalenbiospider
DB brand of methoxsalenbiospider
Delta brand of methoxsalenbiospider
Dermatech brand of methoxsalenbiospider
Galderma brand of methoxsalenbiospider
ICN Brand 1 of Methoxsalenbiospider
ICN Brand 2 of Methoxsalenbiospider
ICN Brand 3 of Methoxsalenbiospider
Meladininbiospider
Meladinin (van)biospider
Meladoxenbiospider
Methoxa-Domedb_source
Methoxatenbiospider
MethoxsalenChEBI
Methoxsalen (JP15/USP)biospider
Methoxsalen [ban:jan]biospider
Methoxsalen delta brandbiospider
Methoxsalen plus ultraviolet radiationbiospider
Methoxsalen with ultra-violet a theraphybiospider
Methoxsalen, 8-biospider
Methoxsalen, BANdb_source
Methoxy-8-psoralenbiospider
Mex america brand of methoxsalenbiospider
Mex-america brand of methoxsalenbiospider
New-meladininbiospider
O-methylxanthotoxolbiospider
Oxoralenbiospider
Oxsoralen (TN)biospider
Oxsoralen lotionbiospider
Oxsoralen ul trabiospider
Oxypsoralenbiospider
Proralone-mopbiospider
Psoralen-mopbiospider
Psoralon-mopbiospider
Puvametbiospider
Sanofi synthelabo brand of methoxsalenbiospider
Sanofi-synthelabo brand of methoxsalenbiospider
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility0.16 g/LALOGPS
logP2.1ALOGPS
logP1.78ChemAxon
logS-3.1ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Basic)-2.9ChemAxon
Physiological Charge0ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count2ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count0ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area48.67 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count1ChemAxon
Refractivity56.85 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability20.98 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings3ChemAxon
BioavailabilityYesChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterYesChemAxon
Veber's RuleNoChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemAxon
Chemical FormulaC12H8O4
IUPAC name9-methoxy-7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one
InChI IdentifierInChI=1S/C12H8O4/c1-14-12-10-8(4-5-15-10)6-7-2-3-9(13)16-11(7)12/h2-6H,1H3
InChI KeyQXKHYNVANLEOEG-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Isomeric SMILESCOC1=C2OC(=O)C=CC2=CC2=C1OC=C2
Average Molecular Weight216.192
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight216.042258738
Classification
Description Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 8-methoxypsoralens. These are psoralens containing a methoxy group attached at the C8 position of the psoralen group.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassPhenylpropanoids and polyketides
ClassCoumarins and derivatives
Sub ClassFuranocoumarins
Direct Parent8-methoxypsoralens
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • 8-methoxypsoralen
  • Benzopyran
  • 1-benzopyran
  • Benzofuran
  • Anisole
  • Alkyl aryl ether
  • Pyranone
  • Pyran
  • Benzenoid
  • Furan
  • Heteroaromatic compound
  • Lactone
  • Oxacycle
  • Ether
  • Organoheterocyclic compound
  • Organic oxygen compound
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Organic oxide
  • Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAromatic heteropolycyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Ontology
Physiological effect

Health effect:

Disposition

Route of exposure:

Source:

Biological location:

Role

Indirect biological role:

Industrial application:

Biological role:

Physico-Chemical Properties
Physico-Chemical Properties - Experimental
PropertyValueReference
Physical stateSolid
Physical DescriptionNot Available
Mass CompositionC 66.67%; H 3.73%; O 29.60%DFC
Melting PointMp 148°DFC
Boiling PointNot Available
Experimental Water Solubility0.0476 mg/mL at 30 oCYALKOWSKY,SH & DANNENFELSER,RM (1992)
Experimental logPNot Available
Experimental pKaNot Available
Isoelectric pointNot Available
ChargeNot Available
Optical RotationNot Available
Spectroscopic UV Data301 (e 14400) (EtOH) (Berdy)DFC
DensityNot Available
Refractive IndexNot Available
Spectra
Spectra
EI-MS/GC-MS
TypeDescriptionSplash KeyView
EI-MSMass Spectrum (Electron Ionization)splash10-014i-9670000000-3e0fa2e9c81c3bc1d9362014-09-20View Spectrum
GC-MSXanthotoxin, non-derivatized, GC-MS Spectrumsplash10-00ri-6940000000-921a3e8adbbde5f7a0c3Spectrum
GC-MSXanthotoxin, non-derivatized, GC-MS Spectrumsplash10-003b-4950000000-4e2c001531825f6dddcaSpectrum
GC-MSXanthotoxin, non-derivatized, GC-MS Spectrumsplash10-00ri-6940000000-921a3e8adbbde5f7a0c3Spectrum
GC-MSXanthotoxin, non-derivatized, GC-MS Spectrumsplash10-003b-4950000000-4e2c001531825f6dddcaSpectrum
Predicted GC-MSXanthotoxin, non-derivatized, Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - 70eV, Positivesplash10-000i-1920000000-98f6cfda190045d0762aSpectrum
Predicted GC-MSXanthotoxin, non-derivatized, Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - 70eV, PositiveNot AvailableSpectrum
MS/MS
TypeDescriptionSplash KeyView
MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-qTof , Positivesplash10-014i-1590000000-f70cf2b0756e8c80c17b2017-09-14View Spectrum
MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-qTof , Positivesplash10-014i-0890000000-f76d6fb28854a5d7b6cd2017-09-14View Spectrum
MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-qTof , Positivesplash10-0fk9-0920000000-c2bd0b76c5aed757e9042017-09-14View Spectrum
MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positivesplash10-014i-0090000000-cecd035cc60695427f782017-09-14View Spectrum
MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positivesplash10-0gb9-0290000000-2e17076c991ea61ced1a2017-09-14View Spectrum
MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positivesplash10-0uk9-0970000000-59c3b8004baa44f8d3a52017-09-14View Spectrum
MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positivesplash10-014i-0190000000-cc04ec8c7265ba3a72972017-09-14View Spectrum
MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positivesplash10-0udi-0970000000-82c4c7eefd54ad509f692017-09-14View Spectrum
MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF , positivesplash10-00xs-0900000000-991b5b7dc028219e593b2017-09-14View Spectrum
MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Linear Ion Trap , positivesplash10-0udi-0970000000-dc6cd01d5d2e5eeaae302017-09-14View Spectrum
MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Linear Ion Trap , positivesplash10-0udi-0970000000-ee8aa480dca6e72a74fb2017-09-14View Spectrum
MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - , positivesplash10-014i-0890000000-f76d6fb28854a5d7b6cd2017-09-14View Spectrum
MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - , positivesplash10-014i-1590000000-f70cf2b0756e8c80c17b2017-09-14View Spectrum
MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - , positivesplash10-0fk9-0920000000-c2bd0b76c5aed757e9042017-09-14View Spectrum
MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - , positivesplash10-0gi0-1960000000-82bc07f73bc5b20446422017-09-14View Spectrum
MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - , positivesplash10-014i-0690000000-770dc5d0db7e86d8ba072017-09-14View Spectrum
MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - 50V, Positivesplash10-00dj-0900000000-b06196cd7070da3a2e982021-09-20View Spectrum
MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - 15V, Positivesplash10-014i-0090000000-ed4db851d39c50628cea2021-09-20View Spectrum
MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - 45V, Positivesplash10-0uxr-0490000000-6e7169196da6a70b89d62021-09-20View Spectrum
Predicted MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positivesplash10-014i-0090000000-4767833559e7bd183ce02015-04-24View Spectrum
Predicted MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positivesplash10-014i-0090000000-c471bf567e8a63e00e512015-04-24View Spectrum
Predicted MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positivesplash10-01bi-0930000000-72a72a3eb013e045bdb02015-04-24View Spectrum
Predicted MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negativesplash10-014i-0290000000-c9557f276875a3bf1d2b2015-04-25View Spectrum
Predicted MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negativesplash10-014i-0390000000-ff927b8db6ef70ef822d2015-04-25View Spectrum
Predicted MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negativesplash10-00di-0910000000-d2e511be224be1b3530e2015-04-25View Spectrum
NMR
TypeDescriptionView
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 90 MHz, CDCl3, experimental)Spectrum
ChemSpider ID3971
ChEMBL IDCHEMBL416
KEGG Compound IDC01864
Pubchem Compound ID4114
Pubchem Substance IDNot Available
ChEBI IDNot Available
Phenol-Explorer ID719
DrugBank IDDB00553
HMDB IDHMDB14693
CRC / DFC (Dictionary of Food Compounds) IDHHG12-C:HHG12-C
EAFUS IDNot Available
Dr. Duke ID8-METHOXY-PSORALEN|XANTHOTOXIN
BIGG IDNot Available
KNApSAcK IDC00000576
HET ID8MO
Food Biomarker OntologyNot Available
VMH IDNot Available
Flavornet IDNot Available
GoodScent IDNot Available
SuperScent IDNot Available
Wikipedia IDXanthotoxin
Phenol-Explorer Metabolite IDNot Available
Duplicate IDSNot Available
Old DFC IDSNot Available
Associated Foods
FoodContent Range AverageReference
FoodReference
Biological Effects and Interactions
Health Effects / Bioactivities
DescriptorIDDefinitionReference
Anti aflatoxin35222 An agent that neutralizes or removes aflatoxins, toxic compounds produced by mold, reducing the risk of liver damage and cancer. Therapeutically, it is used to prevent aflatoxin poisoning, commonly in food safety and liver protection applications, and may have potential in cancer prevention and treatment.DUKE
Anti-alopecic52217 An agent that promotes hair growth and prevents hair loss, commonly used to treat alopecia and other hair-related disorders, by inhibiting dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and stimulating hair follicle growth.DUKE
Anti bacterial33282 An agent that inhibits the growth of or destroys bacteria, playing a crucial role in preventing and treating infections. Therapeutically, it is used to combat bacterial infections, with key medical applications including treating pneumonia, tuberculosis, and skin infections, as well as preventing surgical site infections and sepsis.DUKE
Anti dermatitic50177 An agent that reduces skin inflammation and irritation, commonly used to treat dermatitis, eczema, and other skin disorders, providing relief from itching, redness, and swelling.DUKE
Anti feedantA substance that inhibits normal feeding behavior, found in certain plants, deterring insects and animals from consuming them. Its therapeutic applications include pest control, while key medical uses involve managing insect-borne diseases and reducing crop damage.DUKE
Anti histaminic37956 An agent that blocks histamine receptors, reducing allergic symptoms. Therapeutically, it alleviates itching, sneezing, and runny nose, commonly used in managing allergies, itching, and hives, as well as treating conditions like anaphylaxis and allergic rhinitis.DUKE
Anti-inflammatory35472 An agent that reduces inflammation, playing a biological role in suppressing immune responses and therapeutic applications in managing pain, swelling, and redness. Key medical uses include treating arthritis, allergies, and autoimmune disorders, as well as relieving symptoms of conditions such as asthma and dermatitis.DUKE
Anti keratoticAn agent that treats keratosis, reducing overgrowth of skin's horny tissue, commonly used to manage warts, calluses, and other skin thickening conditions, promoting healthy skin regeneration.DUKE
Anti-leucodermicAn agent used to treat vitiligo, promoting repigmentation by stimulating melanocyte function, and restoring skin color to areas with white patches, often caused by depigmentation.DUKE
Anti-lymphomicAn agent that targets and destroys lymphatic cells that form tumors, playing a crucial role in cancer treatment. Therapeutically, it is used to manage lymphomas, with key medical applications in chemotherapy and immunotherapy to combat blood cell cancers.DUKE
Anti mitoticAn agent that inhibits mitosis, or cell division, playing a crucial role in regulating cell growth. Therapeutically, it is used to treat cancer by blocking tumor cell proliferation. Key medical uses include chemotherapy for various cancers, such as breast, lung, and colon cancer, to prevent cancer cell division and growth.DUKE
Anti-mutagenicAn agent that interferes with the mutagenicity of a substance, preventing DNA damage and mutations. Its biological role is to protect cells from genetic alterations, and it has therapeutic applications in cancer prevention and treatment, as well as key medical uses in reducing the risk of genetic disorders and birth defects.DUKE
Anti mycoticAn agent that destroys or prevents the growth of fungi, playing a crucial role in treating fungal infections. Therapeutically, it is used to manage conditions such as athlete's foot, ringworm, and candidiasis, and has key medical applications in dermatology and immunocompromised patient care.DUKE
Anti-pityriasicAn agent that relieves symptoms of skin diseases, such as pityriasis, characterized by fine, branny scales, reducing inflammation and itching, commonly used in treating conditions like seborrheic dermatitis and psoriasis.DUKE
Anti pruritic50177 An agent that relieves itching sensations, reducing scratching and discomfort. It plays a biological role in inhibiting histamine release and nerve signal transmission. Therapeutically, it's used to manage itching associated with allergies, eczema, and skin irritations, providing relief and preventing further skin damage.DUKE
Anti-psoriac52217 An agent that reduces psoriasis symptoms, commonly used in managing plaque psoriasis, scalp psoriasis, and other inflammatory skin conditions, by inhibiting cell growth, reducing inflammation, and modulating the immune system.DUKE
Anti scleromyxoedemic50177 An agent that reduces scleromyxoedema, a rare skin condition characterized by mucin deposition and fibrosis. It inhibits abnormal fibroblast activity, reducing skin thickening and lesions. Therapeutically, it's used to manage scleromyxoedema, lichen sclerosus, and other fibrotic skin disorders, improving skin texture and reducing symptoms.DUKE
Anti-spasmodic52217 An agent that relaxes smooth muscle, reducing muscle spasms and cramps. It plays a biological role in regulating muscle tone and is therapeutically applied to treat conditions such as irritable bowel syndrome, menstrual cramps, and muscle spasms, providing relief from abdominal pain and discomfort.DUKE
Anti-staphylococcic33282 An agent that combats Staphylococcus infections, playing a crucial role in preventing bacterial growth. Therapeutically, it is used to treat skin and soft tissue infections, respiratory tract infections, and bloodstream infections. Key medical uses include treating methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and other staphylococcal infections, reducing the risk of infection and promoting wound healing.DUKE
Antitumor35610 An agent that inhibits tumor growth and proliferation, playing a crucial role in cancer treatment. Therapeutically, antitumors are used to manage various types of cancer, including chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy, helping to reduce tumor size, prevent metastasis, and improve patient outcomes.DUKE
Antitumor promoter35610 An agent that inhibits tumor growth and progression, reducing cancer cell proliferation. Therapeutically, it prevents tumor development and spread, with key medical uses in cancer prevention and treatment, particularly in combating carcinogenesis and metastasis.DUKE
Anti-viral22587 An agent that inhibits the replication of viruses, playing a crucial role in preventing and treating viral infections. Therapeutically, anti-virals are used to manage diseases such as HIV, herpes, and influenza, reducing symptoms and slowing disease progression. Key medical uses include treating viral hepatitis, respiratory syncytial virus, and COVID-19.DUKE
Anti-vitiligicAn agent that prevents loss of skin pigmentation, characteristic of vitiligo, promoting melanocyte preservation and repigmentation, used therapeutically to manage vitiligo and other hypopigmentation disorders.DUKE
ArtemicideAn herbicidal agent that targets and eliminates weeds of the Artemisia genus, with potential therapeutic applications in allergy management and anti-inflammatory uses, particularly for conditions exacerbated by Artemisia allergens.DUKE
BufocideA cardiotonic steroid, bufocide plays a biological role in regulating cardiac function. Therapeutically, it has applications as a cardiostimulant and diuretic. Key medical uses include treating heart failure and edema, with potential in managing certain arrhythmias and hypertension.DUKE
Calcium antagonist48706 A medication that blocks calcium ion entry into cells, reducing muscle contraction and vascular resistance. It treats hypertension, angina, and arrhythmias by dilating blood vessels and decreasing cardiac workload, commonly used in managing cardiovascular diseases.DUKE
Cancer preventive35610 An agent that inhibits the development and progression of cancer, reducing tumor formation and growth. It plays a biological role in blocking carcinogenic pathways, and has therapeutic applications in chemoprevention. Key medical uses include reducing the risk of cancer in high-risk individuals and preventing cancer recurrence.DUKE
CandidicideAn agent that kills Candida species, such as Candida albicans, reducing fungal infections. Therapeutically, it is used to treat candidiasis, with key medical applications in managing oral thrush, vaginal yeast infections, and other fungal diseases.DUKE
Carcinogenic50903 An agent that causes cancer, damaging cellular DNA and disrupting normal cell growth. It has no therapeutic applications, but understanding its biological role informs cancer prevention and treatment strategies, with key medical uses in oncology research and risk assessment.DUKE
Cytotoxic52209 An agent that kills or damages cells, playing a biological role in immune responses and therapeutic applications in cancer treatment. Key medical uses include chemotherapy, targeting and destroying cancer cells, and treating certain autoimmune diseases by eliminating harmful cells.DUKE
DermatitigenicAn agent that causes inflammation of the skin (dermatitis), triggering allergic reactions and immune responses. Its biological role involves activating immune cells, leading to skin irritation. Therapeutically, it is used to test skin sensitivity and develop treatments for dermatitis. Key medical uses include diagnosing skin allergies and researching dermatitis treatments.DUKE
EmeticAn agent that induces vomiting, playing a biological role in expelling toxins from the body. Therapeutically, it is used to treat poisoning, overdose, or gastrointestinal obstruction. Key medical uses include managing drug toxicity and aiding in stomach pumping procedures.DUKE
Fungicide24127 An agent that kills or inhibits the growth of fungi, playing a biological role in preventing fungal infections. Therapeutically, it is used to treat fungal diseases, with key medical applications including athlete's foot, ringworm, and candidiasis, as well as agricultural uses to protect crops from fungal damage.DUKE
FungistatAn agent that inhibits fungal growth, used to prevent fungal infections, commonly applied in therapeutic applications such as treating skin and nail infections, and managing fungal diseases in immunocompromised patients.DUKE
Hepatoprotective62868 An agent that protects the liver from damage, promoting liver health and function. It plays a biological role in reducing oxidative stress and inflammation, and has therapeutic applications in managing liver diseases, such as hepatitis and cirrhosis, and key medical uses in treating drug-induced liver injury and toxicities.DUKE
Herbicide24527 A chemical agent that kills or inhibits plant growth, used in agriculture to control weeds and pests. It has no direct biological role or therapeutic applications in human medicine, but its development has led to the creation of related compounds with potential medical uses, such as anticancer agents.DUKE
HypertrichoticAn agent that stimulates excessive hair growth, used therapeutically to treat conditions like alopecia and hair loss, with potential applications in dermatology and cosmetic medicine.DUKE
Immunosuppressant35705 An agent that suppresses the immune system, reducing inflammation and preventing rejection in organ transplants, and treating autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus.DUKE
Insecticide24852 An agent that kills or repels insects, used to control pests and prevent disease transmission. Therapeutically, insecticides have applications in public health and veterinary medicine, key medical uses include controlling insect-borne diseases such as malaria, typhus, and Lyme disease.DUKE
LipolyticAn agent that stimulates hydrolysis of fats into fatty acids and glycerol, playing a key biological role in fat metabolism. Therapeutically, lipolytics have applications in managing obesity and hypertriglyceridemia, with medical uses including weight loss and improving lipid profiles.DUKE
LymphocytogenicAn agent that stimulates production of lymphocytes, enhancing immune response. Therapeutically, it promotes lymphocyte growth, aiding in cancer treatment and immune system disorders. Key medical uses include immunotherapy and treating lymphopenia, or low lymphocyte count, to boost the body's natural defense mechanisms.DUKE
MelaninogenicAn agent that stimulates melanin production, determining skin and hair color. It has therapeutic applications in treating hypopigmentation disorders, such as vitiligo, and key medical uses include skin pigmentation and protection against UV radiation.DUKE
MitogenicA substance that stimulates cell division, triggering mitosis, with roles in growth, development, and tissue repair. Therapeutically, mitogens are used to enhance wound healing, tissue regeneration, and in cancer treatments to stimulate immune response. Key medical uses include promoting cell growth in damaged tissues and supporting hematopoiesis.DUKE
Molluscicide33904 An agent that kills mollusks, particularly snails and slugs, playing a key role in controlling vectors of parasitic diseases. Therapeutically, it is used to prevent the spread of schistosomiasis and other snail-borne diseases, with medical applications in public health and epidemiology.DUKE
MutagenicAn agent that induces genetic mutations, altering DNA sequences. It plays a biological role in evolution and adaptation. Therapeutically, mutagenic agents are used in cancer treatment, such as chemotherapy, and in gene therapy to introduce beneficial traits. Key medical uses include oncology and genetic research.DUKE
Pesticide25944 An agent that kills or repels pests, playing a biological role in controlling insect, weed, and fungal populations. Therapeutically, pesticides have limited applications, but some are used to treat ectoparasitic infestations, such as lice and scabies. Key medical uses include topical treatments for head lice and scabies, highlighting their role in managing parasitic infections.DUKE
PhotodermatitigenicAn agent that, when activated by light, triggers an allergic response, causing a rash or systemic effects, used to study skin sensitivity and photosensitivity disorders, with applications in dermatology and allergy testing.DUKE
PhototoxicAn agent that causes skin damage, such as sunburn or blisters, upon exposure to light, especially ultraviolet light, with no therapeutic applications but key medical uses in diagnosing photosensitivity disorders.DUKE
Phytoalexin26115 A plant-derived compound that plays a biological role in defense against pathogens. It has therapeutic applications as an antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory agent, with key medical uses in managing infections, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases.DUKE
PiscicideA substance poisonous to fish, used to eliminate dominant or invasive fish species, and combat parasitic fish, allowing for population control and management of aquatic ecosystems.DUKE
EnzymesNot Available
PathwaysNot Available
MetabolismNot Available
BiosynthesisNot Available
Organoleptic Properties
Flavours
FlavorCitations
bitter
  1. Ayana Wiener, Marina Shudler, Anat Levit, Masha Y. Niv. BitterDB: a database of bitter compounds. Nucleic Acids Res 2012, 40(Database issue):D413-419. DOI:10.1093/nar/gkr755
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References
Synthesis ReferenceNot Available
General ReferenceNot Available
Content Reference— Shinbo, Y., et al. 'KNApSAcK: a comprehensive species-metabolite relationship database.' Plant Metabolomics. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. 165-181.
— Duke, James. 'Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases. United States Department of Agriculture.' Agricultural Research Service, Accessed April 27 (2004).
— Rothwell JA, Pérez-Jiménez J, Neveu V, Medina-Ramon A, M'Hiri N, Garcia Lobato P, Manach C, Knox K, Eisner R, Wishart D, Scalbert A. (2013) Phenol-Explorer 3.0: a major update of the Phenol-Explorer database to incorporate data on the effects of food processing on polyphenol content. Database, 10.1093/database/bat070.