1.0 2010-04-08 22:10:45 UTC 2025-11-18 23:45:18 UTC FDB013496 Leptin Implicated in the regulation of food intake, energy expenditure and whole-body energy balance Although leptin is a circulating signal that reduces appetite, in general, obese people have an unusually high circulating concentration of leptin. These people are said to be resistant to the effects of leptin, in much the same way that people with type 2 diabetes are resistant to the effects of insulin. The high sustained concentrations of leptin from the enlarged adipose stores result in leptin desensitization. The pathway of leptin control in obese people might be flawed at some point so the body doesn't adequately receive the satiety feeling subsequent to eating.; In addition to being a biomarker for body fat, serum leptin levels also reflect individual energy balance. Several studies have shown that fasting or following a very low calorie diet (VLCD) lowers leptin levels. It might be that on short term leptin is an indicator of energy balance. This system is more sensitive to starvation than to overfeeding. That is, leptin levels do not rise extensively after overfeeding. It might be that the dynamics of leptin due to an acute change in energy balance are related to appetite and eventually to food intake. Although this is a new hypothesis, there is already some data that supports it.; In fetal lung leptin is induced in the alveolar interstitial fibroblasts ("lipofibroblasts") by the action of PTHrP secreted by formative alveolar epithelium (endoderm) under moderate stretch. The leptin from the mesenchyme in turn acts back on the epithelium at the leptin receptor carried in the alveolar type II pneumocytes and induces surfactant expression which is one of the main functions of these type II pneumocytes.; Leptin (Greek leptos meaning thin) is a 16 kDa protein hormone that plays a key role in regulating energy intake and energy expenditure, including appetite and metabolism. Leptin is one of the most important adipose derived hormones. The Ob(Lep) gene (Ob for obese, Lep for leptin) is located on chromosome 7 in humans.; Once leptin has bound to the Ob-Rb receptor, it activates the stat3, which is phosphorylated and travels to the nucleus to, presumably, effect changes in gene expression. One of the main effects on gene expression is the down-regulation of the expression of endocannabinoids, responsible for increasing appetite. There are other intracellular pathways activated by leptin, but less is known about how they function in this system. In response to leptin, receptor neurons have been shown to remodel themselves, changing the number and types of synapses that fire onto them.; The role of Leptin/Leptin receptors in modulation of T cell activity in immune system was shown in experimentation with mice. It modulates the immune response to atherosclerosis, which is a predisposing factor in patients with obesity.; Thus, circulating leptin levels give the brain input regarding energy storage so it can regulate appetite and metabolism. Leptin works by inhibiting the activity of neurons that contain neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti-related peptide (AgRP), and by increasing the activity of neurons expressing ?-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (?-MSH). The NPY neurons are a key element in the regulation of appetite; small doses of NPY injected into the brains of experimental animals stimulates feeding, while selective destruction of the NPY neurons in mice causes them to become anorexic. Conversely, ?-MSH is an important mediator of satiety, and differences in the gene for the receptor at which ?-MSH acts in the brain are linked to obesity in humans. Ob gene product C87H138N22O28S2 2004.31 2002.94923424 (3S)-3-{[(2S)-2-{[(2S)-2-{[(2S)-2-{[(2S)-2-{[(2S)-2-{[(2S)-2-{[(2S)-2-{[(2S)-2-{[(2S)-2-[(2-{[(2S)-2-{[(2S)-2-amino-1-hydroxy-4-methylpentylidene]amino}-1-hydroxy-4-(C-hydroxycarbonimidoyl)butylidene]amino}-1-hydroxyethylidene)amino]-1,3-dihydroxypropylidene]amino}-1-hydroxy-4-methylpentylidene]amino}-1-hydroxy-4-(C-hydroxycarbonimidoyl)butylidene]amino}-3-carboxy-1-hydroxypropylidene]amino}-1-hydroxy-4-(methylsulfanyl)butylidene]amino}-1-hydroxy-4-methylpentylidene]amino}-1-hydroxy-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propylidene]amino}-1-hydroxy-4-(C-hydroxycarbonimidoyl)butylidene]amino}-1-hydroxy-4-methylpentylidene]amino}-3-{[(1S)-1-{[(2S)-1-[(2S)-2-[({[(1R)-1-carboxy-2-sulfanylethyl]-C-hydroxycarbonimidoyl}methyl)-C-hydroxycarbonimidoyl]pyrrolidin-1-yl]-3-hydroxy-1-oxopropan-2-yl]-C-hydroxycarbonimidoyl}-3-methylbutyl]-C-hydroxycarbonimidoyl}propanoic acid (3S)-3-{[(2S)-2-{[(2S)-2-{[(2S)-2-{[(2S)-2-{[(2S)-2-{[(2S)-2-{[(2S)-2-{[(2S)-2-{[(2S)-2-[(2-{[(2S)-2-{[(2S)-2-amino-1-hydroxy-4-methylpentylidene]amino}-1-hydroxy-4-(C-hydroxycarbonimidoyl)butylidene]amino}-1-hydroxyethylidene)amino]-1,3-dihydroxypropylidene]amino}-1-hydroxy-4-methylpentylidene]amino}-1-hydroxy-4-(C-hydroxycarbonimidoyl)butylidene]amino}-3-carboxy-1-hydroxypropylidene]amino}-1-hydroxy-4-(methylsulfanyl)butylidene]amino}-1-hydroxy-4-methylpentylidene]amino}-1-hydroxy-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propylidene]amino}-1-hydroxy-4-(C-hydroxycarbonimidoyl)butylidene]amino}-1-hydroxy-4-methylpentylidene]amino}-3-{[(1S)-1-{[(2S)-1-[(2S)-2-[({[(1R)-1-carboxy-2-sulfanylethyl]-C-hydroxycarbonimidoyl}methyl)-C-hydroxycarbonimidoyl]pyrrolidin-1-yl]-3-hydroxy-1-oxopropan-2-yl]-C-hydroxycarbonimidoyl}-3-methylbutyl]-C-hydroxycarbonimidoyl}propanoic acid 169494-85-3 [H][C@](N)(CC(C)C)C(O)=N[C@@]([H])(CCC(O)=N)C(O)=NCC(O)=N[C@@]([H])(CO)C(O)=N[C@@]([H])(CC(C)C)C(O)=N[C@@]([H])(CCC(O)=N)C(O)=N[C@@]([H])(CC(O)=O)C(O)=N[C@@]([H])(CCSC)C(O)=N[C@@]([H])(CC(C)C)C(O)=N[C@@]([H])(CC1=CNC2=CC=CC=C12)C(O)=N[C@@]([H])(CCC(O)=N)C(O)=N[C@@]([H])(CC(C)C)C(O)=N[C@@]([H])(CC(O)=O)C(O)=N[C@@]([H])(CC(C)C)C(O)=N[C@@]([H])(CO)C(=O)N1CCC[C@@]1([H])C(O)=NCC(O)=N[C@@]([H])(CS)C(O)=O InChI=1S/C87H138N22O28S2/c1-41(2)27-48(88)72(121)97-50(18-21-65(89)112)73(122)93-36-68(115)95-61(38-110)84(133)104-54(28-42(3)4)77(126)98-52(20-23-67(91)114)75(124)106-59(33-70(117)118)82(131)100-53(24-26-139-11)76(125)102-55(29-43(5)6)78(127)105-58(32-46-35-92-49-16-13-12-15-47(46)49)81(130)99-51(19-22-66(90)113)74(123)101-56(30-44(7)8)79(128)107-60(34-71(119)120)83(132)103-57(31-45(9)10)80(129)108-62(39-111)86(135)109-25-14-17-64(109)85(134)94-37-69(116)96-63(40-138)87(136)137/h12-13,15-16,35,41-45,48,50-64,92,110-111,138H,14,17-34,36-40,88H2,1-11H3,(H2,89,112)(H2,90,113)(H2,91,114)(H,93,122)(H,94,134)(H,95,115)(H,96,116)(H,97,121)(H,98,126)(H,99,130)(H,100,131)(H,101,123)(H,102,125)(H,103,132)(H,104,133)(H,105,127)(H,106,124)(H,107,128)(H,108,129)(H,117,118)(H,119,120)(H,136,137)/t48-,50-,51-,52-,53-,54-,55-,56-,57-,58-,59-,60-,61-,62-,63-,64-/m0/s1 NRYBAZVQPHGZNS-ZSOCWYAHSA-N belongs to the class of organic compounds known as polypeptides. These are peptides containing ten or more amino acid residues. Polypeptides Organic compounds Organic Polymers Polypeptides Aromatic heteropolycyclic compounds 3-alkylindoles Alkylthiols Alpha amino acid amides Amino acids Aspartic acid and derivatives Azacyclic compounds Benzenoids Carbonyl compounds Carboxylic acids Cysteine and derivatives Dialkylthioethers Glutamine and derivatives Heteroaromatic compounds Hydrocarbon derivatives Leucine and derivatives Methionine and derivatives Monoalkylamines N-acyl amines N-acyl-L-alpha-amino acids N-acylpyrrolidines Organic oxides Organopnictogen compounds Peptides Primary alcohols Primary carboxylic acid amides Proline and derivatives Pyrrolidinecarboxamides Secondary carboxylic acid amides Serine and derivatives Substituted pyrroles Sulfenyl compounds Tertiary carboxylic acid amides Tricarboxylic acids and derivatives Tryptamines and derivatives 3-alkylindole Alcohol Alkylthiol Alpha peptide Alpha-amino acid amide Alpha-amino acid or derivatives Amine Amino acid Amino acid or derivatives Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound Aspartic acid or derivatives Azacycle Benzenoid Carbonyl group Carboxamide group Carboxylic acid Carboxylic acid derivative Cysteine or derivatives Dialkylthioether Fatty acyl Fatty amide Glutamine or derivatives Heteroaromatic compound Hydrocarbon derivative Indole Indole or derivatives Leucine or derivatives Methionine or derivatives N-acyl-alpha amino acid or derivatives N-acyl-alpha-amino acid N-acyl-amine N-acyl-l-alpha-amino acid N-acylpyrrolidine N-substituted-alpha-amino acid Organic nitrogen compound Organic oxide Organic oxygen compound Organoheterocyclic compound Organonitrogen compound Organooxygen compound Organopnictogen compound Organosulfur compound Polypeptide Primary alcohol Primary aliphatic amine Primary amine Primary carboxylic acid amide Proline or derivatives Pyrrole Pyrrolidine Pyrrolidine carboxylic acid or derivatives Pyrrolidine-2-carboxamide Secondary carboxylic acid amide Serine or derivatives Substituted pyrrole Sulfenyl compound Tertiary carboxylic acid amide Thioether Tricarboxylic acid or derivatives Triptan logp 0.86 ALOGPS logs -4.44 ALOGPS solubility 7.20e-02 g/l ALOGPS logp 6.88 ChemAxon pka_strongest_acidic 2.65 ChemAxon iupac (3S)-3-{[(2S)-2-{[(2S)-2-{[(2S)-2-{[(2S)-2-{[(2S)-2-{[(2S)-2-{[(2S)-2-{[(2S)-2-{[(2S)-2-[(2-{[(2S)-2-{[(2S)-2-amino-1-hydroxy-4-methylpentylidene]amino}-1-hydroxy-4-(C-hydroxycarbonimidoyl)butylidene]amino}-1-hydroxyethylidene)amino]-1,3-dihydroxypropylidene]amino}-1-hydroxy-4-methylpentylidene]amino}-1-hydroxy-4-(C-hydroxycarbonimidoyl)butylidene]amino}-3-carboxy-1-hydroxypropylidene]amino}-1-hydroxy-4-(methylsulfanyl)butylidene]amino}-1-hydroxy-4-methylpentylidene]amino}-1-hydroxy-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propylidene]amino}-1-hydroxy-4-(C-hydroxycarbonimidoyl)butylidene]amino}-1-hydroxy-4-methylpentylidene]amino}-3-{[(1S)-1-{[(2S)-1-[(2S)-2-[({[(1R)-1-carboxy-2-sulfanylethyl]-C-hydroxycarbonimidoyl}methyl)-C-hydroxycarbonimidoyl]pyrrolidin-1-yl]-3-hydroxy-1-oxopropan-2-yl]-C-hydroxycarbonimidoyl}-3-methylbutyl]-C-hydroxycarbonimidoyl}propanoic acid ChemAxon average_mass 2004.31 ChemAxon mono_mass 2002.94923424 ChemAxon smiles [H][C@](N)(CC(C)C)C(O)=N[C@@]([H])(CCC(O)=N)C(O)=NCC(O)=N[C@@]([H])(CO)C(O)=N[C@@]([H])(CC(C)C)C(O)=N[C@@]([H])(CCC(O)=N)C(O)=N[C@@]([H])(CC(O)=O)C(O)=N[C@@]([H])(CCSC)C(O)=N[C@@]([H])(CC(C)C)C(O)=N[C@@]([H])(CC1=CNC2=CC=CC=C12)C(O)=N[C@@]([H])(CCC(O)=N)C(O)=N[C@@]([H])(CC(C)C)C(O)=N[C@@]([H])(CC(O)=O)C(O)=N[C@@]([H])(CC(C)C)C(O)=N[C@@]([H])(CO)C(=O)N1CCC[C@@]1([H])C(O)=NCC(O)=N[C@@]([H])(CS)C(O)=O ChemAxon formula C87H138N22O28S2 ChemAxon inchi InChI=1S/C87H138N22O28S2/c1-41(2)27-48(88)72(121)97-50(18-21-65(89)112)73(122)93-36-68(115)95-61(38-110)84(133)104-54(28-42(3)4)77(126)98-52(20-23-67(91)114)75(124)106-59(33-70(117)118)82(131)100-53(24-26-139-11)76(125)102-55(29-43(5)6)78(127)105-58(32-46-35-92-49-16-13-12-15-47(46)49)81(130)99-51(19-22-66(90)113)74(123)101-56(30-44(7)8)79(128)107-60(34-71(119)120)83(132)103-57(31-45(9)10)80(129)108-62(39-111)86(135)109-25-14-17-64(109)85(134)94-37-69(116)96-63(40-138)87(136)137/h12-13,15-16,35,41-45,48,50-64,92,110-111,138H,14,17-34,36-40,88H2,1-11H3,(H2,89,112)(H2,90,113)(H2,91,114)(H,93,122)(H,94,134)(H,95,115)(H,96,116)(H,97,121)(H,98,126)(H,99,130)(H,100,131)(H,101,123)(H,102,125)(H,103,132)(H,104,133)(H,105,127)(H,106,124)(H,107,128)(H,108,129)(H,117,118)(H,119,120)(H,136,137)/t48-,50-,51-,52-,53-,54-,55-,56-,57-,58-,59-,60-,61-,62-,63-,64-/m0/s1 ChemAxon inchikey NRYBAZVQPHGZNS-ZSOCWYAHSA-N ChemAxon polar_surface_area 868.16 ChemAxon refractivity 536.3 ChemAxon polarizability 212.12 ChemAxon rotatable_bond_count 65 ChemAxon acceptor_count 48 ChemAxon donor_count 30 ChemAxon physiological_charge -9 ChemAxon formal_charge 0 ChemAxon Specdb::MsMs 3605527 Specdb::MsMs 3605528 Specdb::MsMs 3605529 Specdb::MsMs 3605530 Specdb::MsMs 3605531 Specdb::MsMs 3605532