1.0 2011-09-21 00:10:33 UTC 2015-10-09 22:28:43 UTC FDB022227 Glycogen Glycogen is a highly-branched polymer of about 30,000 glucose residues and has a molecular weight between 106 and 107 daltons (4.8 million approx.). Most of Glc units are linked by alpha-1,4 glycosidic bonds, approximately 1 in 12 Glc residues also makes -1,6 glycosidic bond with a second Glc which results in the creation of a branch. Glycogen only has one reducing end and a large number of non-reducing ends with a free hydroxyl group at carbon 4. The glycogen granules contain both glycogen and the enzymes of glycogen synthesis (glycogenesis) and degradation (glycogenolysis). The enzymes are nested between the outer branches of the glycogen molecules and act on the non-reducing ends. Therefore, the many non-reducing end-branches of glycogen facilitate its rapid synthesis and breakdown. In hypoglycemia caused by excessive insulin, liver glycogen levels are high, but the high insulin level prevents the glycogenolysis necessary to maintain normal blood sugar levels. Glucagon is a common treatment for this type of hypoglycemia. Glycogen is a polysaccharide that is the principal storage form of glucose (Glc) in animal and human cells. Glycogen is found in the form of granules in the cytosol in many cell types. Hepatocytes (liver cells) have the highest concentration of it - up to 8% of the fresh weight in well fed state, or 100 to 120 g in an adult - giving liver a distinctive, 'starchy taste'. In the muscles, glycogen is found in a much lower concentration (1% of the muscle mass), but the total amount exceeds that in liver. Small amounts of glycogen are found in the kidneys, and even smaller amounts in certain glial cells in the brain and white blood cells. [HMDB] Animal starch Glycogen Liver starch Lyoglycogen Phytoglycogen C24H42O21 666.5777 666.221858406 (2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-{[(2R,3S,4R,5R,6R)-4,5-dihydroxy-6-{[(2R,3S,4R,5R,6S)-4,5,6-trihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]oxy}-2-({[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy}methyl)oxan-3-yl]oxy}-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol (2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-{[(2R,3S,4R,5R,6R)-4,5-dihydroxy-6-{[(2R,3S,4R,5R,6S)-4,5,6-trihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]oxy}-2-({[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy}methyl)oxan-3-yl]oxy}-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol 9005-79-2 OC[C@H]1O[C@H](OC[C@H]2O[C@H](O[C@H]3[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)O[C@@H]3CO)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]2O[C@H]2O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]2O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O InChI=1S/C24H42O21/c25-1-5-9(28)11(30)16(35)22(41-5)39-4-8-20(45-23-17(36)12(31)10(29)6(2-26)42-23)14(33)18(37)24(43-8)44-19-7(3-27)40-21(38)15(34)13(19)32/h5-38H,1-4H2/t5-,6-,7-,8-,9-,10-,11+,12+,13-,14-,15-,16-,17-,18-,19-,20-,21+,22+,23-,24-/m1/s1 BYSGBSNPRWKUQH-UJDJLXLFSA-N belongs to the class of organic compounds known as oligosaccharides. These are carbohydrates made up of 3 to 10 monosaccharide units linked to each other through glycosidic bonds. Oligosaccharides Organic compounds Organic oxygen compounds Organooxygen compounds Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates Aliphatic heteromonocyclic compounds Acetals Hemiacetals Hydrocarbon derivatives O-glycosyl compounds Oxacyclic compounds Oxanes Polyols Primary alcohols Secondary alcohols Acetal Alcohol Aliphatic heteromonocyclic compound Glycosyl compound Hemiacetal Hydrocarbon derivative O-glycosyl compound Oligosaccharide Organoheterocyclic compound Oxacycle Oxane Polyol Primary alcohol Secondary alcohol glycogens Solid logp -2.67 ALOGPS logs -0.29 ALOGPS solubility 3.43e+02 g/l ALOGPS logp -8.2 ChemAxon pka_strongest_acidic 11.19 ChemAxon pka_strongest_basic -3.7 ChemAxon iupac (2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-{[(2R,3S,4R,5R,6R)-4,5-dihydroxy-6-{[(2R,3S,4R,5R,6S)-4,5,6-trihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]oxy}-2-({[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy}methyl)oxan-3-yl]oxy}-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol ChemAxon average_mass 666.5777 ChemAxon mono_mass 666.221858406 ChemAxon smiles OC[C@H]1O[C@H](OC[C@H]2O[C@H](O[C@H]3[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)O[C@@H]3CO)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]2O[C@H]2O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]2O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O ChemAxon formula C24H42O21 ChemAxon inchi InChI=1S/C24H42O21/c25-1-5-9(28)11(30)16(35)22(41-5)39-4-8-20(45-23-17(36)12(31)10(29)6(2-26)42-23)14(33)18(37)24(43-8)44-19-7(3-27)40-21(38)15(34)13(19)32/h5-38H,1-4H2/t5-,6-,7-,8-,9-,10-,11+,12+,13-,14-,15-,16-,17-,18-,19-,20-,21+,22+,23-,24-/m1/s1 ChemAxon inchikey BYSGBSNPRWKUQH-UJDJLXLFSA-N ChemAxon polar_surface_area 347.83 ChemAxon refractivity 133.16 ChemAxon polarizability 61.39 ChemAxon rotatable_bond_count 10 ChemAxon acceptor_count 21 ChemAxon donor_count 14 ChemAxon physiological_charge 0 ChemAxon formal_charge 0 ChemAxon Starch and Sucrose Metabolism SMP00058 map00500 Specdb::NmrOneD 1526 Specdb::NmrOneD 4984 Specdb::NmrTwoD 1037 Specdb::NmrTwoD 1472 Specdb::MsMs 26375 Specdb::MsMs 26376 Specdb::MsMs 26377 Specdb::MsMs 32933 Specdb::MsMs 32934 Specdb::MsMs 32935 Specdb::MsMs 2681565 Specdb::MsMs 2681566 Specdb::MsMs 2681567 Specdb::MsMs 3026646 Specdb::MsMs 3026647 Specdb::MsMs 3026648 Specdb::CMs 686075 Specdb::CMs 686076 Specdb::CMs 686077 Specdb::CMs 686078 Specdb::CMs 686079 Specdb::CMs 686080 Specdb::CMs 686081 Specdb::CMs 686082 Specdb::CMs 686083 Specdb::CMs 686084 Specdb::CMs 686085 Specdb::CMs 686086 Specdb::CMs 686087 Specdb::CMs 686088 Specdb::CMs 686089 Specdb::CMs 686090 Specdb::CMs 686091 Specdb::CMs 686092 Specdb::CMs 686093 Specdb::CMs 686094 Specdb::CMs 686095 Specdb::CMs 686096 Specdb::CMs 686097 Specdb::CMs 686098 Specdb::CMs 686099 HMDB00757 28087 #<Reference:0x000055ce328b4f88> #<Reference:0x000055ce328b4d58> #<Reference:0x000055ce328b4b28> #<Reference:0x000055ce328b48a8> #<Reference:0x000055ce328b4678> #<Reference:0x000055ce328b4448> #<Reference:0x000055ce328b41f0> #<Reference:0x000055ce328b3e58> #<Reference:0x000055ce328b3a98> #<Reference:0x000055ce328b37a0> #<Reference:0x000055ce328b3520> #<Reference:0x000055ce328b3340> #<Reference:0x000055ce328b3110> #<Reference:0x000055ce328b2e68> #<Reference:0x000055ce328b2c60> #<Reference:0x000055ce328b2a08> #<Reference:0x000055ce328b27d8> #<Reference:0x000055ce328b25d0> #<Reference:0x000055ce328b2378> #<Reference:0x000055ce328b20a8> Anatidae Type 1 specific Anatidae 8830 Beefalo Type 1 specific Bos taurus X Bison bison 297284 Bison Type 1 specific Bison bison 9901 Buffalo Type 1 specific Bubalus bubalis 89462 Cattle (Beef, Veal) Type 1 specific Bos taurus 9913 Chicken Type 1 specific Gallus gallus 9031 Columbidae (Dove, Pigeon) Type 1 specific Columbidae 8930 Deer Type 1 specific Cervidae 9850 Domestic goat Type 1 specific Capra aegagrus hircus 9925 Domestic pig Type 1 specific Sus scrofa domestica 9825 Elk Type 1 specific Cervus canadensis 1574408 Emu Type 1 specific Dromaius novaehollandiae 8790 European rabbit Type 1 specific Oryctolagus 9984 Greylag goose Type 1 specific Anser anser 8843 Guinea hen Type 1 specific Numida meleagris 8996 Horse Type 1 specific Equus caballus 9796 Mallard duck Type 1 specific Anas platyrhynchos 8839 Mountain hare Type 1 specific Lepus timidus 62621 Mule deer Type 1 specific Odocoileus 9871 Ostrich Type 1 specific Struthio camelus 8801 Pheasant Type 1 specific Phasianus colchicus 9054 Quail Type 1 specific Phasianidae 9005 Rabbit Type 1 specific Leporidae 9979 Rock ptarmigan Type 1 specific Lagopus muta 64668 Sheep (Mutton, Lamb) Type 1 specific Ovis aries 9940 Squab Type 1 specific Columba 8931 Turkey Type 1 specific Meleagris gallopavo 9103 Velvet duck Type 1 specific Melanitta fusca 371864 Wild boar Type 1 specific Sus scrofa 9823 Glycogen debranching enzyme P35573 AGL Glycogen phosphorylase, brain form P11216 PYGB Laforin O95278 EPM2A Maltase-glucoamylase, intestinal O43451 MGAM Protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 3B Q86XI6 PPP1R3B Protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 3C Q9UQK1 PPP1R3C