1.0 2011-09-21 00:13:41 UTC 2019-11-26 03:21:03 UTC FDB022416 Leukotriene B4 Leukotriene B4 is the major metabolite in neutrophil polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Leukotrienes are metabolites of arachidonic acid derived from the action of 5-LO (5-lipoxygenase). The immediate product of 5-LO is LTA4 (leukotriene A4), which is enzymatically converted into either LTB4 (leukotriene B4) by LTA4 hydrolase or LTC4 (leukotriene C4) by LTC4 synthase. The regulation of leukotriene production occurs at various levels, including expression of 5-LO, translocation of 5-LO to the perinuclear region and phosphorylation to either enhance or inhibit the activity of 5-LO. Biologically active LTB4 is metabolized by w-oxidation carried out by specific cytochrome P450s (CYP4F) followed by b-oxidation from the w-carboxy position and after CoA ester formation. Other specific pathways of leukotriene metabolism include the 12-hydroxydehydrogenase/ 15-oxo-prostaglandin-13-reductase that form a series of conjugated diene metabolites that have been observed to be excreted into human urine. Metabolism of LTC4 occurs by sequential peptide cleavage reactions involving a gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase that forms LTD4 (leukotriene D4) and a membrane-bound dipeptidase that converts LTD4 into LTE4 (leukotriene E4) before w-oxidation. These metabolic transformations of the primary leukotrienes are critical for termination of their biological activity, and defects in expression of participating enzymes may be involved in specific genetic disease. The term leukotriene was coined to indicate the presence of three conjugated double bonds within the 20-carbon structure of arachidonic acid as well as the fact that these compounds were derived from leucocytes such as PMNNs or transformed mast cells. Interestingly, most of the cells known to express 5-LO are of myeloid origin, which includes neutrophils, eosinophils, mast cells, macrophages, basophils and monocytes. Leukotriene biosynthesis begins with the specific oxidation of arachidonic acid by a free radical mechanism as a consequence of interaction with 5-LO. The first enzymatic step involves the abstraction of a hydrogen atom from C-7 of arachidonate followed by the addition of molecular oxygen to form 5-HpETE (5-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid). A second enzymatic step is also catalysed by 5-LO and involves removal of a hydrogen atom from C-10, resulting in formation of the conjugated triene epoxide LTA4. LTA4 must then be released by 5-LO and encounter either LTA4-H (LTA4 hydrolase) or LTC4-S [LTC4 (leukotriene C4) synthase]. LTA4-H can stereospecifically add water to C-12 while retaining a specific double-bond geometry, leading to LTB4 [leukotriene B4, 5(S),12(R)-dihydroxy-6,8,10,14-(Z,E,E,Z)-eicosatetraenoic acid]. If LTA4 encounters LTC4-S, then the reactive epoxide is opened at C-6 by the thiol anion of glutathione to form the product LTC4 [5(S)-hydroxy-6(R)-S-glutathyionyl-7,9,11,14- (E,E,Z,Z)-eicosatetraenoic acid], essentially a glutathionyl adduct of oxidized arachidonic acid. Both of these terminal leukotrienes are biologically active in that specific GPCRs recognize these chemical structures and receptor recognition initiates complex intracellular signalling cascades. In order for these molecules to serve as lipid mediators, however, they must be released from the biosynthetic cell into the extracellular milieu so that they can encounter the corresponding GPCRs. Surprising features of this cascade include the recognition of the assembly of critical enzymes at the perinuclear region of the cell and even localization of 5-LO within the nucleus of some cells. Under some situations, the budding phagosome has been found to assemble these proteins. Non-enzymatic proteins such as FLAP are now known as critical partners of this protein-machine assembly. An unexpected pathway of leukotriene biosynthesis involves the transfer of the chemically reactive intermediate, LTA4, from the biosynthetic cell followed by conversion into LTB4 or LTC4 by other cells that do not express 5-LO. (PMID 17623009) Leukotrienes are eicosanoids. The eicosanoids consist of the prostaglandins (PGs), thromboxanes (TXs), leukotrienes (LTs) and lipoxins (LXs). The PGs and TXs are collectively identified as prostanoids. Prostaglandins were originally shown to be synthesized in the prostate gland, thromboxanes from platelets (thrombocytes) and leukotrienes from leukocytes, hence the derivation of their names. All mammalian cells except erythrocytes synthesize eicosanoids. These molecules are extremely potent, able to cause profound physiological effects at very dilute concentrations. All eicosanoids function locally at the site of synthesis, through receptor-mediated G-protein linked signaling pathways. [HMDB]. Leukotriene B4 is found in many foods, some of which are tarragon, pepper (c. annuum), black cabbage, and kai-lan. (5S,12R,6Z,8e,10e,14Z)-5,12-Dihydroxy-6,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoate (5S,12R,6Z,8e,10e,14Z)-5,12-Dihydroxy-6,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (5S,6Z,8e,10e,12R,14Z)-5,12-Dihydroxyeicosa-6,8,10,14-tetraenoate (5S,6Z,8e,10e,12R,14Z)-5,12-Dihydroxyeicosa-6,8,10,14-tetraenoic acid (6z,8e,10e,14z)-(5s,12r)-5,12-dihydroxyicosa-6,8,10,14-tetraenoate (6z,8e,10e,14z)-(5s,12r)-5,12-dihydroxyicosa-6,8,10,14-tetraenoic acid (S-(R*,s*-(e,Z,e,Z)))-5,12-dihydroxy-6,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoate (S-(R*,s*-(e,Z,e,Z)))-5,12-dihydroxy-6,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid 5,12-DiHETE 5,12-dihydroxy-6,10-trans -8,14-cis -eicosatetraenoate 5,12-dihydroxy-6,10-trans -8,14-cis -eicosatetraenoic acid 5,12-Hete 5(S),12(R)-Dihydroxy-6(Z),8(e),10(e),14(Z)-eicosatetraenoate 5(S),12(R)-Dihydroxy-6(Z),8(e),10(e),14(Z)-eicosatetraenoic acid 5(S),12(R)-Dihydroxy-6(Z),8(e),10(e),14(Z)-icosatetraenoate 5(S),12(R)-Dihydroxy-6(Z),8(e),10(e),14(Z)-icosatetraenoic acid 5S,12R-Dihydroxy-6Z,8e,10e,14Z-eicosatetraenoate 5S,12R-Dihydroxy-6Z,8e,10e,14Z-eicosatetraenoic acid leukotriene B4 ethanol solution LTB4 C20H32O4 336.4657 336.230059512 (5S,12R)-5,12-dihydroxyicosa-6,8,10,14-tetraenoic acid (5S,12R)-5,12-dihydroxyicosa-6,8,10,14-tetraenoic acid 71160-24-2 [H]C(C=CC=C[C@]([H])(O)CC=CCCCCC)=C[C@@]([H])(O)CCCC(O)=O InChI=1S/C20H32O4/c1-2-3-4-5-6-9-13-18(21)14-10-7-8-11-15-19(22)16-12-17-20(23)24/h6-11,14-15,18-19,21-22H,2-5,12-13,16-17H2,1H3,(H,23,24)/t18-,19-/m1/s1 VNYSSYRCGWBHLG-RTBURBONSA-N belongs to the class of organic compounds known as leukotrienes. These are eicosanoids containing a hydroxyl group attached to the aliphatic chain of an arachidonic acid. Leukotrienes have four double bonds, three (and only three) of which are conjugated. Leukotrienes Organic compounds Lipids and lipid-like molecules Fatty Acyls Eicosanoids Aliphatic acyclic compounds Carbonyl compounds Carboxylic acids Hydrocarbon derivatives Hydroxy fatty acids Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids Long-chain fatty acids Monocarboxylic acids and derivatives Organic oxides Secondary alcohols Unsaturated fatty acids Alcohol Aliphatic acyclic compound Carbonyl group Carboxylic acid Carboxylic acid derivative Fatty acid Hydrocarbon derivative Hydroxy fatty acid Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid Leukotriene Long-chain fatty acid Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives Organic oxide Organic oxygen compound Organooxygen compound Secondary alcohol Unsaturated fatty acid Solid logp 5.46 ALOGPS logs -4.34 ALOGPS solubility 1.52e-02 g/l ALOGPS logp 4.13 ChemAxon pka_strongest_acidic 4.65 ChemAxon pka_strongest_basic -1.3 ChemAxon iupac (5S,12R)-5,12-dihydroxyicosa-6,8,10,14-tetraenoic acid ChemAxon average_mass 336.4657 ChemAxon mono_mass 336.230059512 ChemAxon smiles [H]C(C=CC=C[C@]([H])(O)CC=CCCCCC)=C[C@@]([H])(O)CCCC(O)=O ChemAxon formula C20H32O4 ChemAxon inchi InChI=1S/C20H32O4/c1-2-3-4-5-6-9-13-18(21)14-10-7-8-11-15-19(22)16-12-17-20(23)24/h6-11,14-15,18-19,21-22H,2-5,12-13,16-17H2,1H3,(H,23,24)/t18-,19-/m1/s1 ChemAxon inchikey VNYSSYRCGWBHLG-RTBURBONSA-N ChemAxon polar_surface_area 77.76 ChemAxon refractivity 102.98 ChemAxon polarizability 41.44 ChemAxon rotatable_bond_count 14 ChemAxon acceptor_count 4 ChemAxon donor_count 3 ChemAxon physiological_charge -1 ChemAxon formal_charge 0 ChemAxon Arachidonic Acid Metabolism SMP00075 map00590 HMDB01085 #<Reference:0x000055ce328a6b40> #<Reference:0x000055ce328a6988> #<Reference:0x000055ce328a67d0> #<Reference:0x000055ce328a6550> #<Reference:0x000055ce328a5d58> #<Reference:0x000055ce328a5b00> #<Reference:0x000055ce328a5628> #<Reference:0x000055ce328a5178> #<Reference:0x000055ce328a4d68> #<Reference:0x000055ce328a4930> #<Reference:0x000055ce328a4520> #<Reference:0x000055ce328a4318> #<Reference:0x000055ce328a4110> #<Reference:0x000055ce328a3e90> #<Reference:0x000055ce328a3c88> #<Reference:0x000055ce328a3ad0> #<Reference:0x000055ce328a3918> #<Reference:0x000055ce328a3760> #<Reference:0x000055ce328a3580> #<Reference:0x000055ce328a33a0> #<Reference:0x000055ce328a31e8> Abalone Type 1 specific Haliotis 6452 Abiyuch Type 1 specific Crateva religiosa 202634 Acerola Type 1 specific Malpighia emarginata 151847 Acorn Type 1 specific Quercus 3511 Adzuki bean Type 1 specific Vigna angularis 3914 Agar Type 1 specific Eucheuma 31444 Agave Type 1 specific Agave 39509 Alaska blueberry Type 1 specific Vaccinium alaskaense 190544 Alaska wild rhubarb Type 1 specific Polygonum alpinum 125586 Alfalfa Type 1 specific Medicago sativa 3879 Allium Type 1 specific Allium 4678 Allspice Type 1 specific Pimenta dioica 375272 Almond Type 1 specific Prunus dulcis 3755 Alpine sweetvetch Type 1 specific Hedysarum alpinum 57576 Amaranth Type 1 specific Amaranthus 3564 American butterfish Type 1 specific Peprilus triacanthus 183653 American cranberry Type 1 specific Vaccinium macrocarpon 13750 American pokeweed Type 1 specific Phytolacca americana 3527 Anatidae Type 1 specific Anatidae 8830 Angelica Type 1 specific Angelica keiskei 357850 Anise Type 1 specific Pimpinella anisum 271192 Annual wild rice Type 1 specific Zizania aquatica 75727 Apple Type 1 specific Malus pumila 283210 Apricot Type 1 specific Prunus armeniaca 36596 Arctic blackberry Type 1 specific Rubus arcticus 70741 Arrowhead Type 1 specific Sagittaria latifolia 15008 Arrowroot Type 1 specific Maranta arundinacea 210060 Asian pear Type 1 specific Pyrus pyrifolia 3767 Asparagus Type 1 specific Asparagus officinalis 4686 Atlantic herring Type 1 specific Clupea harengus harengus 7950 Avocado Type 1 specific Persea americana 3435 Babassu palm Type 1 specific Attalea speciosa 145700 Bamboo shoots Type 1 specific Phyllostachys edulis 38705 Banana Type 1 specific Musa acuminata 4641 Barley Type 1 specific Hordeum vulgare 4513 Bayberry Type 1 specific Myrica 3509 Bean Type 1 specific Beech nut Type 1 specific Fagus 21024 Beefalo Type 1 specific Bos taurus X Bison bison 297284 Bilberry Type 1 specific Vaccinium myrtillus 180763 Biscuit Type 2 specific Bison Type 1 specific Bison bison 9901 Bitter gourd Type 1 specific Momordica charantia 3673 Black cabbage Type 1 specific Brassica oleracea var. viridis 3713 Black chokeberry Type 1 specific Photinia melanocarpa 661339 Black crowberry Type 1 specific Empetrum nigrum 191066 Black elderberry Type 1 specific Sambucus nigra 4202 Black huckleberry Type 1 specific Gaylussacia baccata 128893 Black mulberry Type 1 specific Morus nigra 85232 Black radish Type 1 specific Raphanus sativus var. niger 41679 Black raspberry Type 1 specific Rubus occidentalis 75079 Black salsify Type 1 specific Scorzonera hispanica 114289 Black tea Type 1 Black walnut Type 1 specific Juglans nigra 16719 Black-eyed pea Type 1 specific Vigna unguiculata ssp. unguiculata 3920 Blackcurrant Type 1 specific Ribes nigrum 78511 Bog bilberry Type 1 specific Vaccinium uliginosum 190548 Borage Type 1 specific Borago officinalis 13363 Boysenberry Type 1 specific Rubus ursinus X idaeus Brassicas Unknown generic 3705 Brazil nut Type 1 specific Bertholletia excelsa 3645 Breadfruit Type 1 specific Artocarpus altilis 194251 Breadnut tree seed Type 1 specific Brosimum alicastrum 194253 Breakfast cereal Type 2 specific Broad bean Type 1 specific Vicia faba 3906 Broccoli Type 1 specific Brassica oleracea var. italica 36774 Brussel sprouts Type 1 specific Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera 178616 Buffalo Type 1 specific Bubalus bubalis 89462 Buffalo currant Type 1 specific Ribes aureum var. villosum 23283 Burbot Type 1 specific Lota lota 69944 Burdock Type 1 specific Arctium lappa 4217 Butternut Type 1 specific Juglans cinerea 91214 Butternut squash Type 1 specific Cucurbita moschata 3662 Cabbage Type 1 specific Brassica oleracea var. capitata 3716 Calabash Type 1 specific Lagenaria siceraria 3668 Canada blueberry Type 1 specific Vaccinium myrtilloides 1503870 Canola Type 2 specific 138011 Capers Type 1 specific Capparis spinosa 65558 Caraway Type 1 specific Carum carvi 48032 Cardamom Type 1 specific Elettaria cardamomum 105181 Cardoon Type 1 specific Cynara cardunculus 4265 Carob Type 1 specific Ceratonia siliqua 20340 Carrot Type 1 specific Daucus carota ssp. sativus 79200 Cascade huckleberry Type 1 specific Vaccinium deliciosum 190531 Cashew nut Type 1 specific Anacardium occidentale 171929 Cassava Type 1 specific Manihot esculenta 3983 Catjang pea Type 1 specific Vigna unguiculata ssp. cylindrica 3840 Cattle (Beef, Veal) Type 1 specific Bos taurus 9913 Cauliflower Type 1 specific Brassica oleracea var. botrytis 3715 Celeriac Type 1 specific Apium graveolens var. rapaceum 278110 Celery leaves Type 1 specific Apium graveolens var. secalinum 941588 Celery stalks Type 1 specific Apium graveolens var. dulce 117781 Cereals and cereal products Unknown generic Ceylon cinnamon Type 1 specific Cinnamomum verum 128608 Chanterelle Type 1 specific Cantharellus cibarius 36066 Chayote Type 1 specific Sechium edule 184140 Cherimoya Type 1 specific Annona cherimola 49314 Cherry tomato Type 1 specific Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme 195583 Chervil Type 1 specific Anthriscus cerefolium 40888 Chestnut Type 1 specific Castanea 21019 Chia Type 1 specific Salvia hispanica 49212 Chicken Type 1 specific Gallus gallus 9031 Chickpea Type 1 specific Cicer arietinum 3827 Chicory Type 1 specific Cichorium intybus 13427 Chicory leaves Type 1 specific Cichorium intybus var. foliosum 13427 Chicory roots Type 1 specific Cichorium intybus var. sativum 13427 Chinese bayberry Type 1 specific Myrica rubra 262757 Chinese broccoli Type 1 specific Brassica alboglabra 3714 Chinese cabbage Type 1 specific Brassica rapa 3711 Chinese chestnut Type 1 specific Castanea mollissima 60419 Chinese chives Type 1 specific Allium tuberosum 4683 Chinese cinnamon Type 1 specific Cinnamomum aromaticum 119260 Chinese mustard Type 1 specific Brassica juncea 3707 Chinese water chestnut Type 1 specific Eleocharis dulcis 110284 Chives Type 1 specific Allium schoenoprasum 74900 Cinnamon Type 1 specific Cinnamomum 13428 Citrus Unknown generic Climbing bean Type 1 specific Vigna umbellata 87088 Cloud ear fungus Type 1 specific Auricularia polytricha 29893 Cloudberry Type 1 specific Rubus chamaemorus 57936 Cloves Type 1 specific Syzygium aromaticum 219868 Cocoa bean Type 1 specific Theobroma cacao 3641 Coconut Type 1 specific Cocos nucifera 13894 Colorado pinyon Type 1 specific Pinus edulis 3340 Columbidae (Dove, Pigeon) Type 1 specific Columbidae 8930 Common bean Type 1 specific Phaseolus vulgaris 3885 Common beet Type 1 specific Beta vulgaris 161934 Common buckwheat Type 1 specific Fagopyrum esculentum 3617 Common cabbage Type 1 specific Brassica oleracea 3712 Common chokecherry Type 1 specific Prunus virginiana 133204 Common grape Type 1 specific Vitis vinifera 29760 Common hazelnut Type 1 specific Corylus avellana 13451 Common mushroom Type 1 specific Agaricus bisporus 5341 Common oregano Type 1 specific Origanum vulgare 39352 Common pea Type 1 specific Pisum sativum 3888 Common persimmon Type 1 specific Diospyros virginiana 13493 Common sage Type 1 specific Salvia officinalis 38868 Common salsify Type 1 specific Tragopogon porrifolius 13731 Common thyme Type 1 specific Thymus vulgaris 49992 Common verbena Type 1 specific Verbena officinalis 79772 Common walnut Type 1 specific Juglans regia 51240 Common wheat Type 1 specific Triticum aestivum 4565 Conch Type 1 specific Strombidae 69694 Coriander Type 1 specific Coriandrum sativum 4047 Corn Type 1 specific Zea mays 4577 Corn salad Type 1 specific Valerianella locusta 59166 Cornmint Type 1 specific Mentha arvensis 292239 Cottonseed Type 1 specific Gossypium 3633 Cowpea Type 1 specific Vigna unguiculata 3917 Cucumber Type 1 specific Cucumis sativus 3659 Cucurbita Type 1 specific Cucurbita 3660 Cumin Type 1 specific Cuminum cyminum 52462 Cupuaçu Type 1 specific Theobroma grandiflorum 108881 Custard apple Type 1 specific Annona reticulata 301862 Daikon radish Type 1 specific Raphanus sativus var. longipinnatus 41679 Dandelion Type 1 specific Taraxacum officinale 50225 Date Type 1 specific Phoenix dactylifera 42345 Deer Type 1 specific Cervidae 9850 Deerberry Type 1 specific Vaccinium stamineum 176259 Devilfish Type 1 specific Myoxocephalus 8095 Dill Type 1 specific Anethum graveolens 40922 Dock Type 1 specific Rumex 3618 Domestic goat Type 1 specific Capra aegagrus hircus 9925 Domestic pig Type 1 specific Sus scrofa domestica 9825 Durian Type 1 specific Durio zibethinus 66656 Eggplant Type 1 specific Solanum melongena 4111 Elderberry Type 1 specific Sambucus 4201 Elk Type 1 specific Cervus canadensis 1574408 Elliott's blueberry Type 1 specific Vaccinium elliottii 283798 Emu Type 1 specific Dromaius novaehollandiae 8790 Endive Type 1 specific Cichorium endivia 114280 Enokitake Type 1 specific Flammulina velutipes 38945 Epazote Type 1 specific Dysphania ambrosioides 330163 European chestnut Type 1 specific Castanea sativa 21020 European cranberry Type 1 specific Vaccinium oxycoccos 516948 European plum Type 1 specific Prunus domestica 3758 European rabbit Type 1 specific Oryctolagus 9984 Evening primrose Type 1 specific Oenothera biennis 3942 Evergreen huckleberry Type 1 specific Vaccinium ovatum 84019 Feijoa Type 1 specific Feijoa sellowiana 260130 Fennel Type 1 specific Foeniculum vulgare 48038 Fenugreek Type 1 specific Trigonella foenum-graecum 78534 Fig Type 1 specific Ficus carica 3494 Fireweed Type 1 specific Chamerion angustifolium 13055 Flaxseed Type 1 specific Linum usitatissimum 4006 Fox grape Type 1 specific Vitis labrusca 103355 French plantain Type 1 specific Musa X paradisiaca 89151 Fruits Unknown generic Garden cress Type 1 specific Lepidium sativum 33125 Garden onion Type 1 specific Allium cepa 4679 Garden onion (var.) Type 1 specific Allium cepa var. cepa 4679 Garden rhubarb Type 1 specific Rheum rhabarbarum 3621 Garden tomato Type 1 specific Solanum lycopersicum 4081 Garden tomato (var.) Type 1 specific Solanum lycopersicum var. lycopersicum 397755 Garland chrysanthemum Type 1 specific Chrysanthemum coronarium 99038 Garlic Type 1 specific Allium sativum 4682 German camomile Type 1 specific Matricaria recutita 127986 Giant butterbur Type 1 specific Petasites japonicus 186965 Ginger Type 1 specific Zingiber officinale 94328 Ginkgo nuts Type 1 specific Ginkgo biloba 3311 Ginseng Type 1 specific Panax 4054 Globe artichoke Type 1 specific Cynara scolymus 59895 Gooseberry Type 1 specific Ribes uva-crispa 135518 Gram bean Type 1 specific Vigna mungo 3915 Grape Type 1 specific Vitis 3603 Grapefruit Type 1 specific Citrus X paradisi 37656 Grapefruit/Pummelo hybrid Type 1 specific Citrus paradisi X Citrus maxima 37656 Grass pea Type 1 specific Lathyrus sativus 3860 Green bean Type 1 specific Phaseolus vulgaris 3885 Green bell pepper Type 1 specific Capsicum annuum 4072 Green onion Type 1 Green tea Type 1 Green vegetables Unknown generic Green zucchini Type 1 specific Cucurbita pepo var. cylindrica Greenthread tea Type 1 specific Thelesperma 153159 Greylag goose Type 1 specific Anser anser 8843 Groundcherry Type 1 specific Physalis 24663 Guava Type 1 specific Psidium guajava 120290 Guinea hen Type 1 specific Numida meleagris 8996 Half-highbush blueberry Type 1 specific Vaccinium angustifolium X Vaccinium corymbosum 934696 Hard wheat Type 1 specific Triticum durum 4567 Hazelnut Type 1 specific Corylus 13450 Hedge mustard Type 1 specific Sisymbrium 3729 Herbal tea Type 1 Herbs and Spices Unknown generic Hickory nut Type 1 specific Carya 13402 Highbush blueberry Type 1 specific Vaccinium corymbosum 69266 Horned melon Type 2 specific Cucumis metuliferus 61886 Horse Type 1 specific Equus caballus 9796 Horseradish Type 1 specific Armoracia rusticana 3704 Horseradish tree Type 1 specific Moringa oleifera 3735 Hyacinth bean Type 1 specific Lablab purpureus 35936 Hyssop Type 1 specific Hyssopus officinalis 39324 Irish moss Type 1 specific Chondrus crispus 2769 Italian oregano Type 1 specific Origanum X majoricum 1384207 Italian sweet red pepper Type 1 specific Capsicum annuum 4072 Jackfruit Type 1 specific Artocarpus heterophyllus 3489 Japanese chestnut Type 1 specific Castanea crenata 103480 Japanese persimmon Type 1 specific Diospyros kaki 35925 Japanese pumpkin Type 1 specific Cucurbita maxima 3661 Japanese walnut Type 1 specific Juglans ailanthifolia 91209 Java plum Type 1 specific Syzygium cumini 260142 Jerusalem artichoke Type 1 specific Helianthus tuberosus 4233 Jew's ear Type 1 specific Auricularia auricula-judae 29892 Jicama Type 1 specific Pachyrhizus erosus 109171 Jostaberry Type 1 specific Ribes × nidigrolaria Jujube Type 1 specific Ziziphus zizyphus 48393 Jute Type 1 specific Corchorus olitorius 93759 Kai-lan Type 1 specific Brassica oleracea var. alboglabra 3714 Kale Type 1 specific Brassica napus var. pabularia Kelp Type 1 specific Laminaria 33637 Kiwi Type 1 specific Actinidia chinensis 3625 Kohlrabi Type 1 specific Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes 109379 Komatsuna Type 1 specific Brassica rapa var. perviridis 344680 Kombu Type 1 specific Saccharina japonica 88149 Kumquat Type 1 specific Fortunella 2706 Lambsquarters Type 1 specific Chenopodium album 3559 Leek Type 1 specific Allium porrum Lemon Type 1 specific Citrus limon 2708 Lemon balm Type 1 specific Melissa officinalis 39338 Lemon grass Type 1 specific Cymbopogon citratus 66014 Lemon thyme Type 1 specific Thymus pulegioides 751873 Lemon verbena Type 1 specific Aloysia triphylla 542672 Lentils Type 1 generic Lens culinaris 3864 Lettuce Type 1 specific Lactuca sativa 4236 Lichee Type 1 specific Litchi chinensis 151069 Lima bean Type 1 specific Phaseolus lunatus 3884 Lime Type 1 specific Citrus aurantiifolia 159033 Linden Type 1 specific Tilia 64580 Lingonberry Type 1 specific Vaccinium vitis-idaea 180772 Loganberry Type 1 specific Rubus loganobaccus Longan Type 1 specific Dimocarpus longan 128017 Loquat Type 1 specific Eriobotrya japonica 32224 Lotus Type 1 specific Nelumbo 4430 Lovage Type 1 specific Levisticum officinale 48042 Lowbush blueberry Type 1 specific Vaccinium angustifolium 472369 Lupine Type 1 specific Lupinus 3869 Macadamia nut Type 1 specific Macadamia 4329 Macadamia nut (M. tetraphylla) Type 1 specific Macadamia tetraphylla 512563 Maitake Type 1 specific Grifola frondosa 5627 Malabar plum Type 1 specific Syzygium jambos 334483 Malabar spinach Type 1 specific Basella alba 3589 Mallard duck Type 1 specific Anas platyrhynchos 8839 Malus (Crab apple) Type 1 specific Malus 3749 Mamey sapote Type 1 specific Pouteria sapota 233744 Mammee apple Type 1 specific Mammea americana 198777 Mandarin orange (Clementine, Tangerine) Type 1 specific Citrus reticulata 85571 Mango Type 1 specific Mangifera indica 29780 Medlar Type 1 specific Mespilus germanica 36616 Mentha Type 1 specific Mentha 21819 Mexican groundcherry Type 1 specific Physalis philadelphica var. immaculata 374021 Mexican oregano Type 1 specific Lippia graveolens Millet Type 1 specific Panicum miliaceum 4540 Mixed nuts Type 2 specific Moth bean Type 1 specific Vigna aconitifolia 3918 Mountain hare Type 1 specific Lepus timidus 62621 Mountain yam Type 1 specific Dioscorea pentaphylla 167592 Mugwort Type 1 specific Artemisia vulgaris 4220 Mulberry Type 1 specific Morus 3497 Mule deer Type 1 specific Odocoileus 9871 Mung bean Type 1 specific Vigna radiata 157791 Muscadine grape Type 1 specific Vitis rotundifolia 103349 Muskmelon Type 1 specific Cucumis melo 3656 Mustard spinach Type 1 specific Brassica perviridis Nance Type 1 specific Byrsonima crassifolia 4270 Nanking cherry Type 1 specific Prunus tomentosa 105667 Napa cabbage Type 1 specific Brassica rapa var. pekinensis 51351 Naranjilla Type 1 specific Solanum quitoense 227725 Narrowleaf cattail Type 1 specific Typha angustifolia 59011 Natal plum Type 1 specific Carissa macrocarpa 403101 Nectarine Type 1 specific Prunus persica var. nucipersica 323851 New Zealand spinach Type 1 specific Tetragonia tetragonioides 45318 Nopal Type 1 specific Opuntia cochenillifera 338184 Nutmeg Type 1 specific Myristica fragrans 51089 Nuts Unknown generic Oat Type 1 specific Avena sativa 4498 Ohelo berry Type 1 specific Vaccinium reticulatum 180767 Oil palm Type 1 specific Elaeis 51952 Oil-seed Camellia Type 1 specific Camellia oleifera 385388 Okra Type 1 specific Abelmoschus esculentus 455045 Olive Type 1 specific Olea europaea 4146 Onion-family vegetables Unknown generic Opium poppy Type 1 specific Papaver somniferum 3469 Orange bell pepper Type 1 specific Capsicum annuum 4072 Orange mint Type 1 specific Mentha aquatica 190902 Oregon yampah Type 1 specific Perideridia oregana 234866 Oriental wheat Type 1 specific Triticum turanicum 376534 Ostrich Type 1 specific Struthio camelus 8801 Ostrich fern Type 1 specific Matteuccia struthiopteris 3277 Other bread Type 2 specific Other cereal product Type 2 specific Other soy product Type 2 specific Oval-leaf huckleberry Type 1 specific Vaccinium ovalifolium 190544 Oxheart cabbage Type 1 specific Brassica oleracea var. conica Oyster mushroom Type 1 specific Pleurotus ostreatus 5322 Pak choy Type 1 specific Brassica rapa var. chinensis 93385 Papaya Type 1 specific Carica papaya 3649 Parsley Type 1 specific Petroselinum crispum 4043 Parsnip Type 1 specific Pastinaca sativa 4041 Passion fruit Type 1 specific Passiflora edulis 78168 Pasta Type 2 specific Peach Type 1 specific Prunus persica 3760 Peach (var.) Type 1 specific Prunus persica var. persica 323852 Peanut Type 1 specific Arachis hypogaea 3818 Pear Type 1 specific Pyrus communis 23211 Pecan nut Type 1 specific Carya illinoinensis 32201 Pepper Type 1 specific Capsicum annuum 4072 Pepper (C. baccatum) Type 1 specific Capsicum baccatum var. baccatum 165788 Pepper (C. chinense) Type 1 specific Capsicum chinense 80379 Pepper (C. frutescens) Type 1 specific Capsicum annuum var. annuum 40321 Pepper (C. pubescens) Type 1 specific Capsicum pubescens 113210 Pepper (Capsicum) Type 1 specific Capsicum 4071 Pepper (Spice) Type 1 specific Piper nigrum 13216 Peppermint Type 1 specific Mentha X piperita 34256 Persian lime Type 1 specific Citrus latifolia 200541 Persimmon Type 1 specific Diospyros 13492 Pheasant Type 1 specific Phasianus colchicus 9054 Pigeon pea Type 1 specific Cajanus cajan 3821 Pili nut Type 1 specific Canarium ovatum 43691 Pine nut Type 1 specific Pinus 3337 Pineapple Type 1 specific Ananas comosus 4615 Pineappple sage Type 1 specific Salvia elegans 888065 Pistachio Type 1 specific Pistacia vera 55513 Pitanga Type 1 specific Eugenia uniflora 119951 Plains prickly pear Type 1 specific Opuntia macrorhiza 1041245 Pomegranate Type 1 specific Punica granatum 22663 Pomes Unknown generic Poppy Type 1 specific Papaver 3468 Pot marjoram Type 1 specific Origanum onites 452416 Potato Type 1 specific Solanum tuberosum 4113 Prairie turnip Type 1 specific Pediomelum esculentum 458363 Prickly pear Type 1 specific Opuntia 106975 Prunus (Cherry, Plum) Type 1 specific Prunus 3754 Pulses Unknown generic Pummelo Type 1 specific Citrus maxima 37334 Purple laver Type 1 specific Porphyra laciniata Purple mangosteen Type 1 specific Garcinia mangostana 58228 Purslane Type 1 specific Portulaca oleracea 46147 Quail Type 1 specific Phasianidae 9005 Quince Type 1 specific Cydonia oblonga 36610 Quinoa Type 1 specific Chenopodium quinoa 63459 Rabbit Type 1 specific Leporidae 9979 Radish Type 1 specific Raphanus sativus 3726 Radish (var.) Type 1 specific Raphanus sativus var. sativus 240228 Rambutan Type 1 specific Nephelium lappaceum 151071 Rape Type 1 specific Brassica napus var. napus 138011 Rapini Type 1 specific Brassica ruvo 1204434 Red algae Type 1 specific Rhodophyta 2763 Red beetroot Type 1 specific Beta vulgaris var. rubra Red bell pepper Type 1 specific Capsicum annuum 4072 Red huckleberry Type 1 specific Vaccinium parvifolium 180766 Red onion Type 1 Red raspberry Type 1 specific Rubus idaeus 32247 Red rice Type 1 specific Oryza rufipogon 4529 Red tea Type 1 Redcurrant Type 1 specific Ribes rubrum 175228 Rice Type 1 specific Oryza sativa 4530 Rock ptarmigan Type 1 specific Lagopus muta 64668 Rocket salad Type 1 specific Eruca vesicaria 180536 Rocket salad (ssp.) Type 1 specific Eruca vesicaria ssp. sativa 29727 Romaine lettuce Type 1 specific Lactuca sativa L. var. longifolia Roman camomile Type 1 specific Chamaemelum nobile 99037 Root vegetables Unknown generic Rose hip Type 1 specific Rosa 3764 Roselle Type 1 specific Hibiscus sabdariffa 183260 Rosemary Type 1 specific Rosmarinus officinalis 39367 Rowal Type 1 specific Pangium edule 112823 Rowanberry Type 1 specific Sorbus aucuparia 36599 Rubus (Blackberry, Raspberry) Type 1 specific Rubus 23216 Rye Type 1 specific Secale cereale 4550 Sacred lotus Type 1 specific Nelumbo nucifera 4432 Safflower Type 1 specific Carthamus tinctorius 4222 Saffron Type 1 specific Crocus sativus 82528 Sago palm Type 1 specific Metroxylon sagu 93297 Salmonberry Type 1 specific Rubus spectabilis 59499 Sapodilla Type 1 specific Manilkara zapota 3741 Saskatoon berry Type 1 specific Amelanchier alnifolia 32219 Savoy cabbage Type 1 specific Brassica oleracea var. sabauda 1216010 Scarlet bean Type 1 specific Phaseolus coccineus 3886 Sea-buckthornberry Type 1 specific Hippophae rhamnoides 193516 Sesame Type 1 specific Sesamum orientale 4182 Sesbania flower Type 1 specific Sesbania bispinosa 485725 Shallot Type 1 specific Allium ascalonicum 1476995 Shea tree Type 1 specific Vitellaria paradoxa 292385 Sheep (Mutton, Lamb) Type 1 specific Ovis aries 9940 Shiitake Type 1 specific Lentinus edodes 5353 Silver linden Type 1 specific Tilia argentea Skunk currant Type 1 specific Ribes glandulosum 175226 Small-leaf linden Type 1 specific Tilia cordata 172266 Soft-necked garlic Type 1 specific Allium sativum L. var. sativum 4682 Sorghum Type 1 specific Sorghum bicolor 4558 Sorrel Type 1 specific Rumex acetosa 41241 Sour cherry Type 1 specific Prunus cerasus 140311 Sourdock Type 1 specific Rumex articus 395311 Sourdough Type 2 specific Soursop Type 1 specific Annona muricata 13337 Soy bean Type 1 specific Glycine max 3847 Sparkleberry Type 1 specific Vaccinium arboreum 229201 Spearmint Type 1 specific Mentha spicata 29719 Spelt Type 1 specific Triticum spelta 58933 Spinach Type 1 specific Spinacia oleracea 3562 Spirulina Type 1 specific Spirulina 551299 Squab Type 1 specific Columba 8931 Squashberry Type 1 specific Viburnum edule 237934 Star anise Type 1 specific Illicium verum 124778 Star fruit Type 1 specific Averrhoa carambola 28974 Strawberry Type 1 specific Fragaria X ananassa 3747 Strawberry guava Type 1 specific Psidium cattleianum 375274 Sugar apple Type 1 specific Annona squamosa 301693 Summer grape Type 1 specific Vitis aestivalis 3605 Summer savory Type 1 specific Satureja hortensis 49987 Sunburst squash (pattypan squash) Type 1 specific Cucurbita pepo var. clypeata Sunflower Type 1 specific Helianthus annuus 4232 Swamp cabbage Type 1 specific Ipomoea aquatica 89636 Swede Type 1 specific Brassica napus 3708 Sweet basil Type 1 specific Ocimum basilicum 39350 Sweet bay Type 1 specific Laurus nobilis 85223 Sweet cherry Type 1 specific Prunus avium 42229 Sweet marjoram Type 1 specific Origanum majorana 268884 Sweet orange Type 1 specific Citrus sinensis 2711 Sweet potato Type 1 specific Ipomoea batatas 4120 Sweet rowanberry Type 1 specific Grataegosorbus mitschurinii Swiss chard Type 1 specific Beta vulgaris ssp. cicla 1527200 Tamarind Type 1 specific Tamarindus indica 58860 Taro Type 1 specific Colocasia esculenta 4460 Tarragon Type 1 specific Artemisia dracunculus 72341 Tartary buckwheat Type 1 specific Fagopyrum tataricum 62330 Tea Type 1 specific Camellia sinensis 4442 Tea leaf willow Type 1 specific Salix pulchra 669814 Teff Type 1 specific Eragrostis tef 110835 Thistle Type 1 specific Cirsium 41549 Tinda Type 1 specific Citrullus lanatus var. fistulosus Towel gourd Type 1 specific Luffa aegyptiaca 3670 Tree fern Type 1 specific Cyathea Triticale Type 1 specific X Triticosecale rimpaui Tronchuda cabbage Type 1 specific Brassica oleracea var. costata 416546 Turkey Type 1 specific Meleagris gallopavo 9103 Turmeric Type 1 specific Curcuma longa 136217 Turnip Type 1 specific Brassica rapa var. rapa 51350 Ucuhuba Type 1 specific Virola surinamensis 224910 Vaccinium (Blueberry, Cranberry, Huckleberry) Type 1 specific Vaccinium 13749 Vanilla Type 1 specific Vanilla 51238 Velvet duck Type 1 specific Melanitta fusca 371864 Wakame Type 1 specific Undaria pinnatifida 74381 Walnut Type 1 specific Juglans 16718 Wasabi Type 1 specific Wasabia japonica 75806 Watercress Type 1 specific Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum 135518 Watermelon Type 1 specific Citrullus lanatus 3654 Wax apple Type 1 specific Eugenia javanica 119950 Wax gourd Type 1 specific Benincasa hispida 102211 Welsh onion Type 1 specific Allium fistulosum 35875 Wheat Type 1 specific Triticum 4564 White cabbage Type 1 specific Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata L. f. alba DC. White lupine Type 1 specific Lupinus albus 3870 White mustard Type 1 specific Sinapis alba 3728 Wild boar Type 1 specific Sus scrofa 9823 Wild carrot Type 1 specific Daucus carota 4039 Wild celery Type 1 specific Apium graveolens 4045 Wild leek Type 1 specific Allium ampeloprasum 4681 Wild rice Type 1 specific Zizania 15949 Winged bean Type 1 specific Psophocarpus tetragonolobus 3891 Winter savory Type 1 specific Satureja montana 49988 Winter squash Type 1 specific Cucurbita maxima 3661 Yam Type 1 specific Dioscorea 4672 Yardlong bean Type 1 specific Vigna unguiculata ssp. sesquipedalis 138955 Yautia Type 1 specific Xanthosoma sagittifolium 28478 Yellow bell pepper Type 1 specific Capsicum annuum 4072 Yellow pond-lily Type 1 specific Nuphar lutea 77113 Yellow wax bean Type 1 specific Phaseolus vulgaris 3885 Yellow zucchini Type 1 specific Cucurbita pepo var. cylindrica