1.0 2011-09-21 00:25:05 UTC 2015-07-21 06:57:31 UTC FDB023127 Prostaglandin G2 Prostaglandin G2 (PGG2) is synthesized from arachidonic acid on a cyclooxygenase (COX) metabolic pathway as a primary step; the COX biosynthesis of prostaglandin (PG) begins with the highly specific oxygenation of arachidonic acid in the 11R configuration and ends with a 15S oxygenation to form PGG2. The COX site activity that catalyzes the conversion of arachidonic acid to PGG2 is the target for nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). The peroxidase site activity catalyzes the two-electron reduction of the hydroperoxide bond of PGG2 to yield the corresponding alcohol prostaglandin H2 (PGH2). The formation of a phenoxyl radical on Tyr385 couples the activities of the two sites. The Tyr385 radical is produced via oxidation by compound I, an oxoferryl porphyrin -cation radical, which is generated by reaction of the hemin resting state with PGG2 or other hydroperoxides. The tyrosyl radical homolytically abstracts the 13proS hydrogen atom of arachidonic acid which initiates a radical cascade that ends with the stereoselective formation of PGG2. PGG2 then migrates from the cyclooxygenase (COX) site to the peroxidase (POX) site where it reacts with the hemin group to generate PGH2 and compound I. The heterolytic oxygen-oxygen bond cleavage is assisted by the conserved distal residues His207 and Gln203, mutation of which has been shown to severely impair enzyme activity. Compound I, upon reaction with Tyr385, gives compound II, which in turn is reduced to the hemin resting state by one-electron oxidation of reducing cosubstrates or undergoes reactions that result in enzyme self-inactivation. Prostaglandin endoperoxide H synthase (PGHS) 1 is a bifunctional membrane enzyme of the endoplasmic reticulum that converts arachidonic acid into prostaglandin H2 (PGH2), the precursor of all prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and prostacyclins. These lipid mediators are intricately involved in normal physiology, namely, in mitogenesis, fever generation, pain response, lymphocyte chemotaxis, fertility, and contradictory stimuli such as vasoconstriction and vasodilatation, as well as platelet aggregation and quiescence. PGHS is implicated in numerous pathologies, including inflammation, cancers of the colon, lung, and breast, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and numerous cardiovascular diseases including atherosclerosis, thrombosis, myocardial infarction, and stroke. (PMID: 14594816, 16552393, 16411757) Prostaglandins are eicosanoids. The eicosanoids consist of the prostaglandins (PGs), thromboxanes (TXs), leukotrienes (LTs) and lipoxins (LXs). The PGs and TXs are collectively identified as prostanoids. Prostaglandins were originally shown to be synthesized in the prostate gland, thromboxanes from platelets (thrombocytes) and leukotrienes from leukocytes, hence the derivation of their names. All mammalian cells except erythrocytes synthesize eicosanoids. These molecules are extremely potent, able to cause profound physiological effects at very dilute concentrations. All eicosanoids function locally at the site of synthesis, through receptor-mediated G-protein linked signaling pathways. [HMDB] (5Z)-7-{(1R,4S,5R,6R)-6-[(1E,3S)-3-hydroperoxyoct-1-en-1-yl]-2,3-dioxabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-yl}hept-5-enoate (5Z)-7-{(1R,4S,5R,6R)-6-[(1E,3S)-3-hydroperoxyoct-1-en-1-yl]-2,3-dioxabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-yl}hept-5-enoic acid 9,11-epidioxy-15-hydroperoxy-Prosta-5,13-dien-1-oate 9,11-epidioxy-15-hydroperoxy-Prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid 9S,11R-epidioxy-15S-hydroperoxy-5Z,13E-prostadienoate 9S,11R-epidioxy-15S-hydroperoxy-5Z,13E-prostadienoic acid Endoperoxide G2 PGG2 C20H32O6 368.4645 368.219888756 7-[(1R,4S,5R,6R)-6-[(3S)-3-hydroperoxyoct-1-en-1-yl]-2,3-dioxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-5-yl]hept-5-enoic acid 7-[(1R,4S,5R,6R)-6-[(3S)-3-hydroperoxyoct-1-en-1-yl]-2,3-dioxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-5-yl]hept-5-enoic acid 51982-36-6 [H]C(=C[C@@]1([H])[C@@]2([H])C[C@]([H])(OO2)[C@]1([H])CC=CCCCC(O)=O)[C@]([H])(CCCCC)OO InChI=1S/C20H32O6/c1-2-3-6-9-15(24-23)12-13-17-16(18-14-19(17)26-25-18)10-7-4-5-8-11-20(21)22/h4,7,12-13,15-19,23H,2-3,5-6,8-11,14H2,1H3,(H,21,22)/t15-,16+,17+,18-,19+/m0/s1 SGUKUZOVHSFKPH-BRIYLRKRSA-N belongs to the class of organic compounds known as prostaglandins and related compounds. These are unsaturated carboxylic acids consisting of a 20 carbon skeleton that also contains a five member ring, and are based upon the fatty acid arachidonic acid. Prostaglandins and related compounds Organic compounds Lipids and lipid-like molecules Fatty Acyls Eicosanoids Aliphatic heteropolycyclic compounds 1,2-dioxanes 1,2-dioxolanes Alkyl hydroperoxides Allylic hydroperoxides Carbonyl compounds Carboxylic acids Dialkyl peroxides Heterocyclic fatty acids Hydrocarbon derivatives Hydroperoxy fatty acids Long-chain fatty acids Monocarboxylic acids and derivatives Oxacyclic compounds Peroxols Unsaturated fatty acids Aliphatic heteropolycyclic compound Alkyl hydroperoxide Allylic hydroperoxide Carbonyl group Carboxylic acid Carboxylic acid derivative Dialkyl peroxide Fatty acid Heterocyclic fatty acid Hydrocarbon derivative Hydroperoxide Hydroperoxy fatty acid Long-chain fatty acid Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives Organic oxide Organic oxygen compound Organoheterocyclic compound Organooxygen compound Ortho-dioxane Ortho-dioxolane Oxacycle Peroxol Prostaglandin skeleton Unsaturated fatty acid Solid logp 4.31 ALOGPS logs -4.15 ALOGPS solubility 2.64e-02 g/l ALOGPS logp 4.41 ChemAxon pka_strongest_acidic 4.36 ChemAxon pka_strongest_basic -4.2 ChemAxon iupac 7-[(1R,4S,5R,6R)-6-[(3S)-3-hydroperoxyoct-1-en-1-yl]-2,3-dioxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-5-yl]hept-5-enoic acid ChemAxon average_mass 368.4645 ChemAxon mono_mass 368.219888756 ChemAxon smiles [H]C(=C[C@@]1([H])[C@@]2([H])C[C@]([H])(OO2)[C@]1([H])CC=CCCCC(O)=O)[C@]([H])(CCCCC)OO ChemAxon formula C20H32O6 ChemAxon inchi InChI=1S/C20H32O6/c1-2-3-6-9-15(24-23)12-13-17-16(18-14-19(17)26-25-18)10-7-4-5-8-11-20(21)22/h4,7,12-13,15-19,23H,2-3,5-6,8-11,14H2,1H3,(H,21,22)/t15-,16+,17+,18-,19+/m0/s1 ChemAxon inchikey SGUKUZOVHSFKPH-BRIYLRKRSA-N ChemAxon polar_surface_area 85.22 ChemAxon refractivity 99.39 ChemAxon polarizability 41.3 ChemAxon rotatable_bond_count 13 ChemAxon acceptor_count 6 ChemAxon donor_count 2 ChemAxon physiological_charge -1 ChemAxon formal_charge 0 ChemAxon Arachidonic Acid Metabolism SMP00075 map00590 HMDB03235 27647 PGX #<Reference:0x000055ce31a7b160> #<Reference:0x000055ce31a7afa8> #<Reference:0x000055ce31a7adf0> #<Reference:0x000055ce31a7ac38> Anatidae Type 1 specific Anatidae 8830 Beefalo Type 1 specific Bos taurus X Bison bison 297284 Bison Type 1 specific Bison bison 9901 Buffalo Type 1 specific Bubalus bubalis 89462 Cattle (Beef, Veal) Type 1 specific Bos taurus 9913 Chicken Type 1 specific Gallus gallus 9031 Columbidae (Dove, Pigeon) Type 1 specific Columbidae 8930 Deer Type 1 specific Cervidae 9850 Domestic goat Type 1 specific Capra aegagrus hircus 9925 Domestic pig Type 1 specific Sus scrofa domestica 9825 Elk Type 1 specific Cervus canadensis 1574408 Emu Type 1 specific Dromaius novaehollandiae 8790 European rabbit Type 1 specific Oryctolagus 9984 Greylag goose Type 1 specific Anser anser 8843 Guinea hen Type 1 specific Numida meleagris 8996 Horse Type 1 specific Equus caballus 9796 Mallard duck Type 1 specific Anas platyrhynchos 8839 Mountain hare Type 1 specific Lepus timidus 62621 Mule deer Type 1 specific Odocoileus 9871 Ostrich Type 1 specific Struthio camelus 8801 Pheasant Type 1 specific Phasianus colchicus 9054 Quail Type 1 specific Phasianidae 9005 Rabbit Type 1 specific Leporidae 9979 Rock ptarmigan Type 1 specific Lagopus muta 64668 Sheep (Mutton, Lamb) Type 1 specific Ovis aries 9940 Squab Type 1 specific Columba 8931 Turkey Type 1 specific Meleagris gallopavo 9103 Velvet duck Type 1 specific Melanitta fusca 371864 Wild boar Type 1 specific Sus scrofa 9823