1.0 2015-02-26 20:17:39 UTC 2025-11-19 03:00:11 UTC FDB030009 Proline Proline, also known as dl-proline or hpro, belongs to proline and derivatives class of compounds. Those are compounds containing proline or a derivative thereof resulting from reaction of proline at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom. Proline is soluble (in water) and a moderately acidic compound (based on its pKa). Proline can be found in a number of food items such as yellow zucchini, swiss chard, spinach, and cucumber, which makes proline a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. Proline (abbreviated as Pro or P; encoded by the codons CCU, CCC, CCA, and CCG) is an amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. It contains an α-amino group (which is in the protonated NH2+ form under biological conditions), an α-carboxylic acid group (which is in the deprotonated −COO− form under biological conditions), and a side chain pyrrolidine, classifying it as a nonpolar (at physiological pH), aliphatic amino acid. It is non-essential in humans, meaning the body can synthesize it from the non-essential amino acid L-glutamate . C5H9NO2 115.1305 115.063328537 pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid proline 609-36-9 OC(=O)C1CCCN1 InChI=1S/C5H9NO2/c7-5(8)4-2-1-3-6-4/h4,6H,1-3H2,(H,7,8) ONIBWKKTOPOVIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N belongs to the class of organic compounds known as proline and derivatives. Proline and derivatives are compounds containing proline or a derivative thereof resulting from reaction of proline at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom. Proline and derivatives Organic compounds Organic acids and derivatives Carboxylic acids and derivatives Amino acids, peptides, and analogues Aliphatic heteromonocyclic compounds Alpha amino acids Amino acids Azacyclic compounds Carbonyl compounds Carboxylic acids Dialkylamines Hydrocarbon derivatives Monocarboxylic acids and derivatives Organic oxides Organopnictogen compounds Pyrrolidine carboxylic acids Aliphatic heteromonocyclic compound Alpha-amino acid Amine Amino acid Azacycle Carbonyl group Carboxylic acid Hydrocarbon derivative Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives Organic nitrogen compound Organic oxide Organic oxygen compound Organoheterocyclic compound Organonitrogen compound Organooxygen compound Organopnictogen compound Proline or derivatives Pyrrolidine Pyrrolidine carboxylic acid Pyrrolidine carboxylic acid or derivatives Secondary aliphatic amine Secondary amine alpha-amino acid pyrrolidines logp -2.71 ALOGPS logs 0.50 ALOGPS solubility 3.65e+02 g/l ALOGPS logp -2.6 ChemAxon pka_strongest_acidic 1.94 ChemAxon pka_strongest_basic 11.33 ChemAxon iupac pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid ChemAxon average_mass 115.1305 ChemAxon mono_mass 115.063328537 ChemAxon smiles OC(=O)C1CCCN1 ChemAxon formula C5H9NO2 ChemAxon inchi InChI=1S/C5H9NO2/c7-5(8)4-2-1-3-6-4/h4,6H,1-3H2,(H,7,8) ChemAxon inchikey ONIBWKKTOPOVIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N ChemAxon polar_surface_area 49.33 ChemAxon refractivity 28.06 ChemAxon polarizability 11.54 ChemAxon rotatable_bond_count 1 ChemAxon acceptor_count 3 ChemAxon donor_count 2 ChemAxon physiological_charge 0 ChemAxon formal_charge 0 ChemAxon Specdb::EiMs 1031 Specdb::CMs 1272 Specdb::CMs 110574 Specdb::CMs 123576 Specdb::CMs 875435 Specdb::CMs 875436 Specdb::CMs 875437 Specdb::CMs 875438 Specdb::NmrOneD 2350 Specdb::NmrOneD 2948 Specdb::NmrOneD 191061 Specdb::NmrOneD 191062 Specdb::NmrOneD 191063 Specdb::NmrOneD 191064 Specdb::NmrOneD 191065 Specdb::NmrOneD 191066 Specdb::NmrOneD 191067 Specdb::NmrOneD 191068 Specdb::NmrOneD 191069 Specdb::NmrOneD 191070 Specdb::NmrOneD 191071 Specdb::NmrOneD 191072 Specdb::NmrOneD 191073 Specdb::NmrOneD 191074 Specdb::NmrOneD 191075 Specdb::NmrOneD 191076 Specdb::NmrOneD 191077 Specdb::NmrOneD 191078 Specdb::NmrOneD 191079 Specdb::NmrOneD 191080 Specdb::MsMs 20414 Specdb::MsMs 20415 Specdb::MsMs 20416 Specdb::MsMs 21965 Specdb::MsMs 21966 Specdb::MsMs 21967 Specdb::MsMs 2226171 Specdb::MsMs 2228480 Specdb::MsMs 2228508 Specdb::MsMs 2228606 Specdb::MsMs 2230857 Specdb::MsMs 2230870 Specdb::MsMs 2231035 Specdb::MsMs 2233144 Specdb::MsMs 2233398 Specdb::MsMs 2235552 Specdb::MsMs 2244081 Specdb::MsMs 2245033 Specdb::MsMs 2245058 Specdb::MsMs 2246021 Specdb::MsMs 2247110 Specdb::MsMs 2247202 Specdb::MsMs 2249080 Specdb::MsMs 2249291 Specdb::MsMs 2256309 Acorn Type 1 specific Quercus 3511 0.246 0.246 0.246 mg/100 g Acorn squash Type 1 Cucurbita pepo var. turbinata 0.028 0.028 0.028 mg/100 g Agave Type 1 specific Agave 39509 0.013 0.013 0.013 mg/100 g Almond Type 1 specific Prunus dulcis 3755 0.969 0.969 0.969 mg/100 g Amaranth Type 1 specific Amaranthus 3564 0.698 0.698 0.698 mg/100 g American butterfish Type 1 specific Peprilus triacanthus 183653 0.611 0.611 0.611 mg/100 g American lobster Type 1 specific Homarus americanus 6706 0.741 0.741 0.741 mg/100 g American shad Type 1 specific Alosa sapidissima 34773 0.599 0.599 0.599 mg/100 g Anatidae Type 1 specific Anatidae 8830 0.89125 0.975 0.686 mg/100 g Anchovy Type 1 specific Engraulidae 43062 0.72 0.72 0.72 mg/100 g Anguilliformes Type 1 specific Anguilliformes 7933 0.652 0.652 0.652 mg/100 g Apple Type 1 specific Malus pumila 283210 0.006 0.006 0.006 mg/100 g Apricot Type 1 specific Prunus armeniaca 36596 0.101 0.101 0.101 mg/100 g Asian pear Type 1 specific Pyrus pyrifolia 3767 0.016 0.016 0.016 mg/100 g Asparagus Type 1 specific Asparagus officinalis 4686 0.071 0.071 0.071 mg/100 g Atlantic cod Type 1 specific Gadus morhua 8049 0.63 0.63 0.63 mg/100 g Atlantic croaker Type 1 specific Micropogonias undulatus 29154 0.629 0.629 0.629 mg/100 g Atlantic halibut Type 1 specific Hippoglossus hippoglossus 8267 0.732 0.732 0.732 mg/100 g Atlantic herring Type 1 specific Clupea harengus harengus 7950 0.635 0.635 0.635 mg/100 g Atlantic pollock Type 1 specific Pollachius pollachius 185739 0.658 0.658 0.658 mg/100 g Atlantic salmon Type 1 specific Salmo salar 8030 0.702 0.702 0.702 mg/100 g Atlantic wolffish Type 1 specific Anarhichas lupus 8204 0.619 0.619 0.619 mg/100 g Avocado Type 1 specific Persea americana 3435 0.098 0.098 0.098 mg/100 g Bamboo shoots Type 1 specific Phyllostachys edulis 38705 0.219 0.219 0.219 mg/100 g Banana Type 1 specific Musa acuminata 4641 0.028 0.028 0.028 mg/100 g Barley Type 1 specific Hordeum vulgare 4513 747.879022 1200.0 1.178 mg/100 g Beech nut Type 1 specific Fagus 21024 0.326 0.326 0.326 mg/100 g Beer Type 2 specific 282.118333 423.16 0.035 mg/100 g Bison Type 1 specific Bison bison 9901 0.956 0.956 0.956 mg/100 g Black walnut Type 1 specific Juglans nigra 16719 0.926 0.926 0.926 mg/100 g Black-eyed pea Type 1 specific Vigna unguiculata ssp. unguiculata 3920 1.057 1.057 1.057 mg/100 g Blue cheese Type 2 2.1 2.1 2.1 mg/100 g Blue crab Type 1 specific Callinectes sapidus 6763 0.595 0.595 0.595 mg/100 g Blue mussel Type 1 specific Mytilus edulis 6550 0.486 0.486 0.486 mg/100 g Bluefish Type 1 specific Pomatomus saltatrix 75034 0.709 0.709 0.709 mg/100 g Breadnut tree seed Type 1 specific Brosimum alicastrum 194253 0.297 0.297 0.297 mg/100 g Broccoli Type 1 specific Brassica oleracea var. italica 36774 79.1135 158.18 0.047 mg/100 g Buffalo Type 1 specific Bubalus bubalis 89462 0.78 0.78 0.78 mg/100 g Bulgur Type 2 specific 1.275 1.275 1.275 mg/100 g Burbot Type 1 specific Lota lota 69944 0.683 0.683 0.683 mg/100 g Burdock Type 1 specific Arctium lappa 4217 0.052 0.052 0.052 mg/100 g Butter Type 2 specific 0.082 0.082 0.082 mg/100 g Buttermilk Type 2 specific 0.317 0.317 0.317 mg/100 g Butternut Type 1 specific Juglans cinerea 91214 1.236 1.236 1.236 mg/100 g Butternut squash Type 1 specific Cucurbita moschata 3662 0.036 0.036 0.036 mg/100 g Cabbage Type 1 specific Brassica oleracea var. capitata 3716 0.048 0.048 0.048 mg/100 g Cantaloupe melon Type 1 Cucumis melo var. cantalupensis 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 mg/100 g Carp bream Type 1 specific Abramis brama 38527 0.631 0.631 0.631 mg/100 g Carrot Type 1 specific Daucus carota ssp. sativus 79200 15.109167 24.0 0.0075 mg/100 g Cassava Type 1 specific Manihot esculenta 3983 0.033 0.033 0.033 mg/100 g Catfish Type 1 specific Siluriformes 7995 0.579 0.579 0.579 mg/100 g Catjang pea Type 1 specific Vigna unguiculata ssp. cylindrica 3840 1.072 1.072 1.072 mg/100 g Cauliflower Type 1 specific Brassica oleracea var. botrytis 3715 0.071 0.071 0.071 mg/100 g Celery stalks Type 1 specific Apium graveolens var. dulce 117781 0.018 0.018 0.018 mg/100 g Channel catfish Type 1 specific Ictalurus punctatus 7998 0.579 0.579 0.579 mg/100 g Chayote Type 1 specific Sechium edule 184140 0.044 0.044 0.044 mg/100 g Cherimoya Type 1 specific Annona cherimola 49314 0.157 0.157 0.157 mg/100 g Chestnut Type 1 specific Castanea 21019 0.162 0.162 0.162 mg/100 g Chia Type 1 specific Salvia hispanica 49212 0.776 0.776 0.776 mg/100 g Chickpea Type 1 specific Cicer arietinum 3827 0.849 0.849 0.849 mg/100 g Chinese cabbage Type 1 specific Brassica rapa 3711 0.031 0.031 0.031 mg/100 g Chinese chestnut Type 1 specific Castanea mollissima 60419 0.162 0.162 0.162 mg/100 g Chinese chives Type 1 specific Allium tuberosum 4683 0.216 0.216 0.216 mg/100 g Chinook salmon Type 1 specific Oncorhynchus tshawytscha 74940 0.709 0.709 0.709 mg/100 g Chives Type 1 specific Allium schoenoprasum 74900 0.216 0.216 0.216 mg/100 g Chum salmon Type 1 specific Oncorhynchus keta 8018 0.712 0.712 0.712 mg/100 g Cichlidae (Tilapia) Type 1 specific Cichlidae 8113 0.757 0.757 0.757 mg/100 g Cinnamon Type 1 specific Cinnamomum 13428 0.419 0.419 0.419 mg/100 g Cisco Type 1 specific Coregonus artedi 36181 0.671 0.671 0.671 mg/100 g Clam Type 1 0.5 0.5 0.5 mg/100 g Clawed lobster Type 1 specific Nephropidae 6704 0.741 0.741 0.741 mg/100 g Cloves Type 1 specific Syzygium aromaticum 219868 0.39 0.39 0.39 mg/100 g Cocoa butter Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Coconut Type 1 specific Cocos nucifera 13894 0.138 0.138 0.138 mg/100 g Coho salmon Type 1 specific Oncorhynchus kisutch 8019 0.764 0.764 0.764 mg/100 g Colorado pinyon Type 1 specific Pinus edulis 3340 0.622 0.622 0.622 mg/100 g Columbidae (Dove, Pigeon) Type 1 specific Columbidae 8930 0.759 0.839 0.641 mg/100 g Common beet Type 1 specific Beta vulgaris 161934 0.042 0.042 0.042 mg/100 g Common buckwheat Type 1 specific Fagopyrum esculentum 3617 0.507 0.507 0.507 mg/100 g Common cabbage Type 1 specific Brassica oleracea 3712 0.238 0.238 0.238 mg/100 g Common carp Type 1 specific Cyprinus carpio 7962 0.631 0.631 0.631 mg/100 g Common hazelnut Type 1 specific Corylus avellana 13451 0.561 0.561 0.561 mg/100 g Common ling Type 1 specific Molva molva 163112 0.671 0.671 0.671 mg/100 g Common octopus Type 1 specific Octopus vulgaris 6645 0.608 0.608 0.608 mg/100 g Common oregano Type 1 specific Origanum vulgare 39352 1.712 1.712 1.712 mg/100 g Common persimmon Type 1 specific Diospyros virginiana 13493 0.031 0.031 0.031 mg/100 g Common walnut Type 1 specific Juglans regia 51240 0.706 0.706 0.706 mg/100 g Corn Type 1 specific Zea mays 4577 0.822 0.822 0.822 mg/100 g Cottonseed Type 1 specific Gossypium 3633 1.389 1.389 1.389 mg/100 g Cottonseed oil Type 2 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Crab Type 1 specific Brachyura 6752 0.602667 0.61 0.595 mg/100 g Crayfish Type 1 specific Astacidea 6712 0.5075 0.526 0.489 mg/100 g Cream Type 2 specific 0.28925 0.332 0.21 mg/100 g Cucumber Type 1 specific Cucumis sativus 3659 5.671667 13.0 0.015 mg/100 g Cusk Type 1 specific Brosme brosme 81638 0.672 0.672 0.672 mg/100 g Cuttlefish Type 1 specific Sepiidae 6608 0.662 0.662 0.662 mg/100 g Daikon radish Type 1 specific Raphanus sativus var. longipinnatus 41679 0.022 0.022 0.022 mg/100 g Date Type 1 specific Phoenix dactylifera 42345 0.111 0.111 0.111 mg/100 g Deer Type 1 specific Cervidae 9850 1.183 1.183 1.183 mg/100 g Dill Type 1 specific Anethum graveolens 40922 0.248 0.248 0.248 mg/100 g Dock Type 1 specific Rumex 3618 0.116 0.116 0.116 mg/100 g Dungeness crab Type 1 specific Cancer magister 29965 0.574 0.574 0.574 mg/100 g Eastern oyster Type 1 specific Crassostrea virginica 6565 0.225 0.225 0.225 mg/100 g Egg substitute Type 2 specific 0.558 0.558 0.558 mg/100 g Egg yolk Type 1 0.085 0.085 0.085 mg/100 g Eggplant Type 1 specific Solanum melongena 4111 29.617667 47.81 0.043 mg/100 g Eggs Unknown generic 0.085 0.085 0.085 mg/100 g Elk Type 1 specific Cervus canadensis 1574408 0.923 0.923 0.923 mg/100 g Emu Type 1 specific Dromaius novaehollandiae 8790 0.923 0.923 0.923 mg/100 g Endive Type 1 specific Cichorium endivia 114280 0.059 0.059 0.059 mg/100 g European anchovy Type 1 specific Engraulis encrasicolus 184585 0.72 0.72 0.72 mg/100 g European chestnut Type 1 specific Castanea sativa 21020 0.086 0.086 0.086 mg/100 g European rabbit Type 1 specific Oryctolagus 9984 1.065 1.065 1.065 mg/100 g Feijoa Type 1 specific Feijoa sellowiana 260130 0.019 0.019 0.019 mg/100 g Fenugreek Type 1 specific Trigonella foenum-graecum 78534 1.198 1.198 1.198 mg/100 g Fig Type 1 specific Ficus carica 3494 0.068 0.068 0.068 mg/100 g Flatfish Type 1 specific Pleuronectiformes 8252 0.487 0.487 0.487 mg/100 g Flaxseed Type 1 specific Linum usitatissimum 4006 0.806 0.806 0.806 mg/100 g Florida pompano Type 1 specific Trachinotus carolinus 173342 0.653 0.653 0.653 mg/100 g Freshwater drum Type 1 specific Aplodinotus grunniens 225389 0.62 0.62 0.62 mg/100 g Freshwater eel Type 1 specific Anguilla 7935 0.652 0.652 0.652 mg/100 g Gadiformes Type 1 specific Gadiformes 8043 0.571 0.63 0.512 mg/100 g Gadus (Common cod) Type 1 specific Gadus 8048 0.63 0.63 0.63 mg/100 g Garden onion Type 1 specific Allium cepa 4679 8.7955 21.0 0.012 mg/100 g Garden onion (var.) Type 1 specific Allium cepa var. cepa 4679 0.012 0.012 0.012 mg/100 g Garlic Type 1 specific Allium sativum 4682 0.1 0.1 0.1 mg/100 g Ginger Type 1 specific Zingiber officinale 94328 0.041 0.041 0.041 mg/100 g Ginkgo nuts Type 1 specific Ginkgo biloba 3311 0.347 0.347 0.347 mg/100 g Goji Type 1 1.0 1.0 1.0 mg/100 g Grape Type 1 specific Vitis 3603 0.0505 0.08 0.021 mg/100 g Grapefruit Type 1 specific Citrus X paradisi 37656 0.051 0.051 0.051 mg/100 g Grapefruit/Pummelo hybrid Type 1 specific Citrus paradisi X Citrus maxima 37656 0.063 0.063 0.063 mg/100 g Grapeseed oil Type 2 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Greater sturgeon Type 1 specific Acipenser 7901 0.571 0.571 0.571 mg/100 g Greek feta cheese Type 2 1.378 1.378 1.378 mg/100 g Green bean Type 1 specific Phaseolus vulgaris 3885 50.92 58.0 43.84 mg/100 g Green bell pepper Type 1 specific Capsicum annuum 4072 13.75 23.0 4.5 mg/100 g Green lentil Type 1 Lens culinaris 1.029 1.029 1.029 mg/100 g Green plum Type 1 0.027 0.027 0.027 mg/100 g Green zucchini Type 1 specific Cucurbita pepo var. cylindrica 16.738333 37.0 0.085 mg/100 g Greenland halibut/turbot Type 1 specific Reinhardtius hippoglossoides 111784 0.508 0.508 0.508 mg/100 g Grouper Type 1 specific Epinephelus 94231 0.685 0.685 0.685 mg/100 g Guava Type 1 specific Psidium guajava 120290 0.078 0.078 0.078 mg/100 g Guinea hen Type 1 specific Numida meleagris 8996 0.849 0.849 0.849 mg/100 g Hazelnut Type 1 specific Corylus 13450 0.561 0.561 0.561 mg/100 g Hickory nut Type 1 specific Carya 13402 0.571 0.571 0.571 mg/100 g Hippoglossus (Common halibut) Type 1 specific Hippoglossus 8266 0.736 0.736 0.736 mg/100 g Honey Type 2 specific 0.09 0.09 0.09 mg/100 g Horse Type 1 specific Equus caballus 9796 0.994 0.994 0.994 mg/100 g Hyacinth bean Type 1 specific Lablab purpureus 35936 1.162 1.162 1.162 mg/100 g Iceberg lettuce Type 1 0.01 0.01 0.01 mg/100 g Italian oregano Type 1 specific Origanum X majoricum 1384207 1.712 1.712 1.712 mg/100 g Jackfruit Type 1 specific Artocarpus heterophyllus 3489 0.017 0.017 0.017 mg/100 g Japanese chestnut Type 1 specific Castanea crenata 103480 0.141 0.141 0.141 mg/100 g Japanese persimmon Type 1 specific Diospyros kaki 35925 0.022 0.022 0.022 mg/100 g Japanese pumpkin Type 1 specific Cucurbita maxima 3661 11.25 12.0 10.5 mg/100 g Japanese sea bass Type 1 Lateolabrax japonicus 0.652 0.652 0.652 mg/100 g Jicama Type 1 specific Pachyrhizus erosus 109171 0.025 0.025 0.025 mg/100 g Jute Type 1 specific Corchorus olitorius 93759 0.246 0.246 0.246 mg/100 g Kelp Type 1 specific Laminaria 33637 0.073 0.073 0.073 mg/100 g King mackerel Type 1 specific Scomberomorus cavalla 13679 0.717 0.717 0.717 mg/100 g Kiwi Type 1 specific Actinidia chinensis 3625 0.004 0.004 0.004 mg/100 g Lambsquarters Type 1 specific Chenopodium album 3559 0.223 0.223 0.223 mg/100 g Lard Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Leek Type 1 specific Allium porrum 0.066 0.066 0.066 mg/100 g Lemon sole Type 1 specific Microstomus kitt 106175 0.487 0.487 0.487 mg/100 g Lentils Type 1 generic Lens culinaris 3864 1.029 1.029 1.029 mg/100 g Lettuce Type 1 specific Lactuca sativa 4236 0.005 0.005 0.005 mg/100 g Lima bean Type 1 specific Phaseolus lunatus 3884 0.102 0.102 0.102 mg/100 g Lingcod Type 1 specific Ophiodon elongatus 225387 0.624 0.624 0.624 mg/100 g Longan Type 1 specific Dimocarpus longan 128017 0.042 0.042 0.042 mg/100 g Loquat Type 1 specific Eriobotrya japonica 32224 0.027 0.027 0.027 mg/100 g Lotus Type 1 specific Nelumbo 4430 0.136 0.136 0.136 mg/100 g Lupine Type 1 specific Lupinus 3869 1.476 1.476 1.476 mg/100 g Macadamia nut Type 1 specific Macadamia 4329 0.468 0.468 0.468 mg/100 g Macadamia nut (M. tetraphylla) Type 1 specific Macadamia tetraphylla 512563 0.468 0.468 0.468 mg/100 g Maitake Type 1 specific Grifola frondosa 5627 0.06 0.06 0.06 mg/100 g Mamey sapote Type 1 specific Pouteria sapota 233744 0.085 0.085 0.085 mg/100 g Mandarin orange (Clementine, Tangerine) Type 1 specific Citrus reticulata 85571 0.074 0.074 0.074 mg/100 g Mango Type 1 specific Mangifera indica 29780 0.029 0.029 0.029 mg/100 g Marine mussel Type 1 specific Mytilidae 6547 0.486 0.486 0.486 mg/100 g Mexican oregano Type 1 specific Lippia graveolens 1.712 1.712 1.712 mg/100 g Milk (Cow) Type 2 specific 21195.470588 350000.0 321.0 mg/100 g Milkfish Type 1 specific Chanos chanos 29144 0.726 0.726 0.726 mg/100 g Millet Type 1 specific Panicum miliaceum 4540 0.877 0.877 0.877 mg/100 g Monkfish Type 1 specific Lophius piscatorius 8074 0.512 0.512 0.512 mg/100 g Mountain yam Type 1 specific Dioscorea pentaphylla 167592 0.048 0.048 0.048 mg/100 g Mung bean Type 1 specific Vigna radiata 157791 1.095 1.095 1.095 mg/100 g Nanking cherry Type 1 specific Prunus tomentosa 105667 132.0 224.0 40.0 mg/100 g Nectarine Type 1 specific Prunus persica var. nucipersica 323851 0.01 0.01 0.01 mg/100 g Nopal Type 1 specific Opuntia cochenillifera 338184 0.043 0.043 0.043 mg/100 g Northern bluefin tuna Type 1 specific Thunnus thynnus 8237 0.825 0.825 0.825 mg/100 g Northern pike Type 1 specific Esox lucius 8010 0.681 0.681 0.681 mg/100 g Norway pout Type 1 specific Trisopterus esmarkii 80723 0.588 0.588 0.588 mg/100 g Oat Type 1 specific Avena sativa 4498 989.650739 1603.810957 0.982 mg/100 g Ocean pout Type 1 specific Zoarces americanus 8199 0.588 0.588 0.588 mg/100 g Oil palm Type 1 specific Elaeis 51952 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Okra Type 1 specific Abelmoschus esculentus 455045 0.045 0.045 0.045 mg/100 g Orange bell pepper Type 1 specific Capsicum annuum 4072 27.975 33.0 22.95 mg/100 g Orange roughy Type 1 specific Hoplostethus atlanticus 96778 0.545 0.545 0.545 mg/100 g Oriental wheat Type 1 specific Triticum turanicum 376534 1.594 1.594 1.594 mg/100 g Ostrich Type 1 specific Struthio camelus 8801 1.115 1.146 1.054 mg/100 g Oyster mushroom Type 1 specific Pleurotus ostreatus 5322 0.042 0.042 0.042 mg/100 g Pacific cod Type 1 specific Gadus macrocephalus 80720 0.512 0.512 0.512 mg/100 g Pacific halibut Type 1 specific Hippoglossus stenolepis 195615 0.736 0.736 0.736 mg/100 g Pacific herring Type 1 specific Clupea pallasii 30724 0.58 0.58 0.58 mg/100 g Pacific jack mackerel Type 1 specific Trachurus symmetricus 271940 0.71 0.71 0.71 mg/100 g Pacific ocean perch Type 1 specific Sebastes alutus 72055 0.525 0.525 0.525 mg/100 g Pacific oyster Type 1 specific Crassostrea gigas 29159 0.386 0.386 0.386 mg/100 g Pacific rockfish Type 1 specific Sebastes 34820 0.697 0.697 0.697 mg/100 g Pak choy Type 1 specific Brassica rapa var. chinensis 93385 0.031 0.031 0.031 mg/100 g Papaya Type 1 specific Carica papaya 3649 0.01 0.01 0.01 mg/100 g Parsley Type 1 specific Petroselinum crispum 4043 0.213 0.213 0.213 mg/100 g Parsnip Type 1 specific Pastinaca sativa 4041 77.733012 120.0 21.59903662 mg/100 g Pea shoots Type 1 0.173 0.173 0.173 mg/100 g Peach Type 1 specific Prunus persica 3760 0.001 0.001 0.001 mg/100 g Peach (var.) Type 1 specific Prunus persica var. persica 323852 0.001 0.001 0.001 mg/100 g Peanut Type 1 specific Arachis hypogaea 3818 1.138 1.138 1.138 mg/100 g Peanut oil Type 2 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Pear Type 1 specific Pyrus communis 23211 0.0025 0.0025 0.0025 mg/100 g Pecan nut Type 1 specific Carya illinoinensis 32201 0.363 0.363 0.363 mg/100 g Pepper (Spice) Type 1 specific Piper nigrum 13216 1.413 1.413 1.413 mg/100 g Peppermint Type 1 specific Mentha X piperita 34256 0.154 0.154 0.154 mg/100 g Percoidei (Bass and others) Type 1 specific Percoidei 8112 0.627 0.627 0.627 mg/100 g Persimmon Type 1 specific Diospyros 13492 0.031 0.031 0.031 mg/100 g Pheasant Type 1 specific Phasianus colchicus 9054 0.8745 0.889 0.86 mg/100 g Pigeon pea Type 1 specific Cajanus cajan 3821 0.955 0.955 0.955 mg/100 g Pili nut Type 1 specific Canarium ovatum 43691 0.471 0.471 0.471 mg/100 g Pine nut Type 1 specific Pinus 3337 0.673 0.673 0.673 mg/100 g Pineapple Type 1 specific Ananas comosus 4615 0.017 0.017 0.017 mg/100 g Pink salmon Type 1 specific Oncorhynchus gorbuscha 8017 0.867 0.867 0.867 mg/100 g Pistachio Type 1 specific Pistacia vera 55513 0.938 0.938 0.938 mg/100 g Pollock Type 1 specific Pollachius 8059 0.5 0.5 0.5 mg/100 g Potato Type 1 specific Solanum tuberosum 4113 59.18 68.0 50.36 mg/100 g Pumpkinseed sunfish Type 1 specific Lepomis gibbosus 270329 0.686 0.686 0.686 mg/100 g Purple laver Type 1 specific Porphyra laciniata 0.251 0.251 0.251 mg/100 g Quail Type 1 specific Phasianidae 9005 0.797 0.797 0.797 mg/100 g Quinoa Type 1 specific Chenopodium quinoa 63459 0.773 0.773 0.773 mg/100 g Rabbit Type 1 specific Leporidae 9979 1.065 1.065 1.065 mg/100 g Radish Type 1 specific Raphanus sativus 3726 0.022 0.022 0.022 mg/100 g Rainbow smelt Type 1 specific Osmerus mordax 8014 0.623 0.623 0.623 mg/100 g Rainbow trout Type 1 specific Oncorhynchus mykiss 8022 0.724 0.724 0.724 mg/100 g Rapeseed oil Type 2 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Red beetroot Type 1 specific Beta vulgaris var. rubra 17.3 19.0 15.6 mg/100 g Red bell pepper Type 1 specific Capsicum annuum 4072 38.039359 40.56 33.0 mg/100 g Red king crab Type 1 specific Paralithodes camtschaticus 6741 0.603 0.603 0.603 mg/100 g Red raspberry Type 1 specific Rubus idaeus 32247 75.808677 75.80867692 75.80867692 mg/100 g Red rice Type 1 specific Oryza rufipogon 4529 0.372 0.372 0.372 mg/100 g Roe Type 2 generic 1.189 1.189 1.189 mg/100 g Romaine lettuce Type 1 specific Lactuca sativa L. var. longifolia 30.7 45.0 16.4 mg/100 g Rosemary Type 1 specific Rosmarinus officinalis 39367 0.136 0.136 0.136 mg/100 g Rye Type 1 specific Secale cereale 4550 668.1135 1314.6 0.804 mg/100 g Sablefish Type 1 specific Anoplopoma fimbria 229290 0.474 0.474 0.474 mg/100 g Salted butter Type 1 0.082 0.082 0.082 mg/100 g Sapodilla Type 1 specific Manilkara zapota 3741 0.036 0.036 0.036 mg/100 g Saskatoon berry Type 1 specific Amelanchier alnifolia 32219 55.95 96.9 15.0 mg/100 g Savoy cabbage Type 1 specific Brassica oleracea var. sabauda 1216010 0.393 0.393 0.393 mg/100 g Scallop Type 1 specific Pectinidae 6566 0.038 0.038 0.038 mg/100 g Scup Type 1 specific Stenotomus chrysops 35579 0.667 0.667 0.667 mg/100 g Sea trout Type 1 specific Salmo trutta forma trutta 13028 0.592 0.592 0.592 mg/100 g Sesame Type 1 specific Sesamum orientale 4182 0.81 0.81 0.81 mg/100 g Sesame oil Type 2 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Shallot Type 1 specific Allium ascalonicum 1476995 0.165 0.165 0.165 mg/100 g Shark Type 1 specific Squaliformes 282414 0.742 0.742 0.742 mg/100 g Sheefish Type 1 specific Stenodus leucichthys 59296 1.15 1.15 1.15 mg/100 g Sheepshead Type 1 specific Archosargus probatocephalus 119682 0.715 0.715 0.715 mg/100 g Shiitake Type 1 specific Lentinus edodes 5353 0.1 0.1 0.1 mg/100 g Skipjack tuna Type 1 specific Katsuwonus pelamis 8226 0.778 0.778 0.778 mg/100 g Snapper Type 1 specific Lutjanidae 30850 0.725 0.725 0.725 mg/100 g Sockeye salmon Type 1 specific Oncorhynchus nerka 8023 0.823 0.823 0.823 mg/100 g Soft-necked garlic Type 1 specific Allium sativum L. var. sativum 4682 0.1 0.1 0.1 mg/100 g Sorghum Type 1 specific Sorghum bicolor 4558 0.852 0.852 0.852 mg/100 g Soy bean Type 1 specific Glycine max 3847 2.315 2.315 2.315 mg/100 g Soy sauce Type 2 specific 0.806 0.806 0.806 mg/100 g Soybean oil Type 2 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Spanish mackerel Type 1 specific Scomberomorus maculatus 99344 0.682 0.682 0.682 mg/100 g Spearmint Type 1 specific Mentha spicata 29719 0.135 0.135 0.135 mg/100 g Spelt Type 1 specific Triticum spelta 58933 1.625 1.625 1.625 mg/100 g Spinach Type 1 specific Spinacia oleracea 3562 32.670667 84.0 0.112 mg/100 g Spiny lobster Type 1 specific Palinuridae 6731 0.679 0.679 0.679 mg/100 g Spirulina Type 1 specific Spirulina 551299 0.245 0.245 0.245 mg/100 g Spot croaker Type 1 specific Leiostomus xanthurus 59837 0.655 0.655 0.655 mg/100 g Squab Type 1 specific Columba 8931 0.641 0.641 0.641 mg/100 g Squid Type 1 specific Teuthida 551290 0.635 0.635 0.635 mg/100 g Star fruit Type 1 specific Averrhoa carambola 28974 0.05 0.05 0.05 mg/100 g Strawberry guava Type 1 specific Psidium cattleianum 375274 0.018 0.018 0.018 mg/100 g Striped bass Type 1 specific Morone saxatilis 34816 0.627 0.627 0.627 mg/100 g Striped mullet Type 1 specific Mugil cephalus 48193 0.684 0.684 0.684 mg/100 g Sturgeon Type 1 specific Acipenseridae 7900 0.571 0.571 0.571 mg/100 g Sunburst squash (pattypan squash) Type 1 specific Cucurbita pepo var. clypeata 41.8 42.0 41.6 mg/100 g Sunflower oil Type 2 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Sweet basil Type 1 specific Ocimum basilicum 39350 0.104 0.104 0.104 mg/100 g Sweet orange Type 1 specific Citrus sinensis 2711 0.019 0.019 0.019 mg/100 g Sweet potato Type 1 specific Ipomoea batatas 4120 0.052 0.052 0.052 mg/100 g Swiss chard Type 1 specific Beta vulgaris ssp. cicla 1527200 96.718588 96.72 96.71717667 mg/100 g Swordfish Type 1 specific Xiphias gladius 8245 0.7 0.7 0.7 mg/100 g Tallow Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Tapioca pearl Type 2 specific 0.005 0.005 0.005 mg/100 g Taro Type 1 specific Colocasia esculenta 4460 0.06 0.06 0.06 mg/100 g Teff Type 1 specific Eragrostis tef 110835 0.664 0.664 0.664 mg/100 g Tilefish Type 1 specific Lopholatilus chamaeleonticeps 390349 0.619 0.619 0.619 mg/100 g Tofu Type 2 specific 1.408333 2.586 0.555 mg/100 g Triticale Type 1 specific X Triticosecale rimpaui 1.184 1.184 1.184 mg/100 g True sole Type 1 specific Soleidae 30948 0.487 0.487 0.487 mg/100 g Turbot Type 1 specific Scophthalmus maximus 52904 0.568 0.568 0.568 mg/100 g Turkey Type 1 specific Meleagris gallopavo 9103 1.223 1.223 1.223 mg/100 g Turmeric Type 1 specific Curcuma longa 136217 0.48 0.48 0.48 mg/100 g Turnip Type 1 specific Brassica rapa var. rapa 51350 10.513 21.0 0.026 mg/100 g Ucuhuba Type 1 specific Virola surinamensis 224910 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Vodka Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Wakame Type 1 specific Undaria pinnatifida 74381 0.092 0.092 0.092 mg/100 g Walnut Type 1 specific Juglans 16718 0.926 0.926 0.926 mg/100 g Water spinach Type 1 Ipomoea aquatica 0.112 0.112 0.112 mg/100 g Watercress Type 1 specific Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum 135518 0.096 0.096 0.096 mg/100 g Watermelon Type 1 specific Citrullus lanatus 3654 0.024 0.024 0.024 mg/100 g Welsh onion Type 1 specific Allium fistulosum 35875 0.126 0.126 0.126 mg/100 g Wheat Type 1 specific Triticum 4564 2551.3 3453.9 1000.0 mg/100 g Whelk Type 1 specific Buccinidae 37796 1.182 1.182 1.182 mg/100 g White cabbage Type 1 specific Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata L. f. alba DC. 53.06 57.0 49.12 mg/100 g White sucker Type 1 specific Catostomus commersonii 7971 0.593 0.593 0.593 mg/100 g Whitefish Type 1 specific Coregonus 27772 0.675 0.675 0.675 mg/100 g Whiting Type 1 specific Merlangius merlangus 8058 0.648 0.648 0.648 mg/100 g Wild boar Type 1 specific Sus scrofa 9823 0.816 0.816 0.816 mg/100 g Wild carrot Type 1 specific Daucus carota 4039 0.0075 0.0075 0.0075 mg/100 g Wild celery Type 1 specific Apium graveolens 4045 0.018 0.018 0.018 mg/100 g Wild leek Type 1 specific Allium ampeloprasum 4681 0.066 0.066 0.066 mg/100 g Wild rice Type 1 specific Zizania 15949 0.519 0.519 0.519 mg/100 g Winged bean Type 1 specific Psophocarpus tetragonolobus 3891 1.924 1.924 1.924 mg/100 g Winter squash Type 1 specific Cucurbita maxima 3661 0.028 0.028 0.028 mg/100 g Yam Type 1 specific Dioscorea 4672 0.054 0.054 0.054 mg/100 g Yellow bell pepper Type 1 specific Capsicum annuum 4072 20.3 23.0 17.6 mg/100 g Yellow wax bean Type 1 specific Phaseolus vulgaris 3885 47.5 60.0 35.0 mg/100 g Yellow zucchini Type 1 specific Cucurbita pepo var. cylindrica 30.28725 44.19 0.029 mg/100 g Yellowfin tuna Type 1 specific Thunnus albacares 8236 0.827 0.827 0.827 mg/100 g Yellowtail amberjack Type 1 specific Seriola lalandi 302047 0.818 0.818 0.818 mg/100 g