1.0 2010-04-08 22:10:25 UTC 2025-11-18 23:40:22 UTC FDB012887 epsilon-Polylysine Food additive Allysine is a derivative of lysine, used in the production of elastin and collagen. It is produced by the actions of the enzyme lysyl oxidase on lysine in the extracellular matrix and is essential in the crosslink formation that stabilizes collagen and elastin.; Insures the adequate absorption of calcium; L-Lysine is a necessary building block for all protein in the body. L-Lysine plays a major role in calcium absorption; building muscle protein; recovering from surgery or sports injuries; and the body's production of hormones, enzymes, and antibodies.; L-lysine is an essential amino acid. Normal requirements for lysine have been found to be about 8 g per day or 12 mg/kg in adults. Children and infants need more- 44 mg/kg per day for an eleven to-twelve-year old, and 97 mg/kg per day for three-to six-month old. Lysine is highly concentrated in muscle compared to most other amino acids. Lysine is high in foods such as wheat germ, cottage cheese and chicken. Of meat products, wild game and pork have the highest concentration of lysine. Fruits and vegetables contain little lysine, except avocados. Normal lysine metabolism is dependent upon many nutrients including niacin, vitamin B6, riboflavin, vitamin C, glutamic acid and iron. Excess arginine antagonizes lysine. Several inborn errors of lysine metabolism are known. Most are marked by mental retardation with occasional diverse symptoms such as absence of secondary sex characteristics, undescended testes, abnormal facial structure, anemia, obesity, enlarged liver and spleen, and eye muscle imbalance. Lysine also may be a useful adjunct in the treatment of osteoporosis. Although high protein diets result in loss of large amounts of calcium in urine, so does lysine deficiency. Lysine may be an adjunct therapy because it reduces calcium losses in urine. Lysine deficiency also may result in immunodeficiency. Requirements for this amino acid are probably increased by stress. Lysine toxicity has not occurred with oral doses in humans. Lysine dosages are presently too small and may fail to reach the concentrations necessary to prove potential therapeutic applications. Lysine metabolites, amino caproic acid and carnitine have already shown their therapeutic potential. Thirty grams daily of amino caproic acid has been used as an initial daily dose in treating blood clotting disorders, indicating that the proper doses of lysine, its precursor, have yet to be used in medicine. Low lysine levels have been found in patients with Parkinson's, hypothyroidism, kidney disease, asthma and depression. The exact significance of these levels is unclear, yet lysine therapy can normalize the level and has been associated with improvement of some patients with these conditions. Abnormally elevated hydroxylysines have been found in virtually all chronic degenerative diseases and coumadin therapy. The levels of this stress marker may be improved by high doses of vitamin C. Lysine is particularly useful in therapy for marasmus (wasting) and herpes simplex. It stops the growth of herpes simplex in culture, and has helped to reduce the number and occurrence of cold sores in clinical studies. Dosing has not been adequately studied, but beneficial clinical effects occur in doses ranging from 100 mg to 4 g a day. Higher doses may also be useful, and toxicity has not been reported in doses as high as 8 g per day. Diets high in lysine and low in arginine can be useful in the prevention and treatment of herpes. Some researchers think herpes simplex virus is involved in many other diseases related to cranial nerves such as migraines, Bell's palsy and Meniere's disease. Herpes blister fluid will produce fatal encephalitis in the rabbit. (http://www.dcnutrition.com); Lysine (abbreviated as Lys or K) is an ?-amino acid with the chemical formula HO2CCH(NH2)(CH2)4NH2. This amino acid is an essential amino acid, which means that humans cannot synthesize it. Its codons are AAA and AAG.; Lysine is a base, as are arginine and histidine. The ?-amino group often participates in hydrogen bonding and as a general base in catalysis. Common posttranslational modifications include methylation of the ?-amino group, giving methyl-, dimethyl-, and trimethyllysine. The latter occurs in calmodulin. Other posttranslational modifications at lysine residues include acetylation and ubiquitination. Collagen contains hydroxylysine which is derived from lysine by lysyl hydroxylase. O-Glycosylation of lysine residues in the endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi apparatus is used to mark certain proteins for secretion from the cell.; The 1993 film Jurassic Park, which is based on the 1990 Michael Crichton novel Jurassic Park, features dinosaurs that were genetically altered so they could not produce lysine. This was supposed to prevent the cloned dinosaurs from leaving the park, forcing them to depend on lysine supplements provided by the park's veterinary staff. Most vertebrates cannot produce lysine by default (it is an essential amino acid).; The 2002 Max Tundra single "Lysine" (featuring Becky Jacobs) is a tribute to the advantages of lysine. (s)-a,e-diaminocaproic acid 1ozv 1yxd 2,6-Diaminohexanoate 2,6-Diaminohexanoic acid 3H-Lysine 6-amino-Aminutrin 6-amino-L-Norleucine A-lysine Alpha-lysine DLY Gidrolizin H-LYS-oh Hydrolysin Hydrolysine L-lysin L-lysine monohydrate L-lysine, homopolymer L-lysine, labeled with tritium L-lysine, monoacetate Lisina LYS LYS (iupac abbreviation) Lysine Lysine (usan/inn) Lysine [usan:inn] Lysine acid Lysine homopolymer, l- Lysinum Polylysine C6H14N2O2 146.1876 146.105527702 (2S)-2,6-diaminohexanoic acid L-lysine 25104-18-1 NCCCC[C@H](N)C(O)=O InChI=1S/C6H14N2O2/c7-4-2-1-3-5(8)6(9)10/h5H,1-4,7-8H2,(H,9,10)/t5-/m0/s1 KDXKERNSBIXSRK-YFKPBYRVSA-N belongs to the class of organic compounds known as l-alpha-amino acids. These are alpha amino acids which have the L-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. L-alpha-amino acids Organic compounds Organic acids and derivatives Carboxylic acids and derivatives Amino acids, peptides, and analogues Aliphatic acyclic compounds Amino acids Amino fatty acids Carbonyl compounds Carboxylic acids Hydrocarbon derivatives Medium-chain fatty acids Monoalkylamines Monocarboxylic acids and derivatives Organic oxides Organopnictogen compounds Aliphatic acyclic compound Amine Amino acid Amino fatty acid Carbonyl group Carboxylic acid Fatty acid Fatty acyl Hydrocarbon derivative L-alpha-amino acid Medium-chain fatty acid Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives Organic nitrogen compound Organic oxide Organic oxygen compound Organonitrogen compound Organooxygen compound Organopnictogen compound Primary aliphatic amine Primary amine Common amino acids L-alpha-amino acid aspartate family amino acid lysine proteinogenic amino acid logp -3.76 ALOGPS logs -0.14 ALOGPS solubility 1.05e+02 g/l ALOGPS melting_point 224.5 oC logp -3.2 ChemAxon pka_strongest_acidic 2.74 ChemAxon pka_strongest_basic 10.29 ChemAxon iupac (2S)-2,6-diaminohexanoic acid ChemAxon average_mass 146.1876 ChemAxon mono_mass 146.105527702 ChemAxon smiles NCCCC[C@H](N)C(O)=O ChemAxon formula C6H14N2O2 ChemAxon inchi InChI=1S/C6H14N2O2/c7-4-2-1-3-5(8)6(9)10/h5H,1-4,7-8H2,(H,9,10)/t5-/m0/s1 ChemAxon inchikey KDXKERNSBIXSRK-YFKPBYRVSA-N ChemAxon polar_surface_area 89.34 ChemAxon refractivity 37.81 ChemAxon polarizability 15.84 ChemAxon rotatable_bond_count 5 ChemAxon acceptor_count 4 ChemAxon donor_count 3 ChemAxon physiological_charge 1 ChemAxon formal_charge 0 ChemAxon Specdb::NmrTwoD 985 Specdb::NmrTwoD 1191 Specdb::CMs 423 Specdb::CMs 424 Specdb::CMs 425 Specdb::CMs 1365 Specdb::CMs 1547 Specdb::CMs 1644 Specdb::CMs 2495 Specdb::CMs 30111 Specdb::CMs 30112 Specdb::CMs 30377 Specdb::CMs 30602 Specdb::CMs 30737 Specdb::CMs 30794 Specdb::CMs 31054 Specdb::CMs 31055 Specdb::CMs 31056 Specdb::CMs 32353 Specdb::CMs 37342 Specdb::CMs 148423 Specdb::CMs 1052863 Specdb::CMs 1052865 Specdb::CMs 1052867 Specdb::CMs 1052869 Specdb::CMs 1052871 Specdb::MsIr 68 Specdb::MsIr 270 Specdb::MsIr 271 Specdb::MsIr 272 Specdb::NmrOneD 1151 Specdb::NmrOneD 1194 Specdb::NmrOneD 4846 Specdb::NmrOneD 142750 Specdb::NmrOneD 142751 Specdb::NmrOneD 142752 Specdb::NmrOneD 142753 Specdb::NmrOneD 142754 Specdb::NmrOneD 142755 Specdb::NmrOneD 142756 Specdb::NmrOneD 142757 Specdb::NmrOneD 142758 Specdb::NmrOneD 142759 Specdb::NmrOneD 142760 Specdb::NmrOneD 142761 Specdb::NmrOneD 142762 Specdb::NmrOneD 142763 Specdb::NmrOneD 142764 Specdb::NmrOneD 142765 Specdb::NmrOneD 142766 Specdb::NmrOneD 142767 Specdb::NmrOneD 142768 Specdb::NmrOneD 142769 Specdb::NmrOneD 166351 Specdb::NmrOneD 166447 Specdb::MsMs 289 Specdb::MsMs 290 Specdb::MsMs 291 Specdb::MsMs 3408 Specdb::MsMs 3409 Specdb::MsMs 3410 Specdb::MsMs 3411 Specdb::MsMs 3412 Specdb::MsMs 3413 Specdb::MsMs 3414 Specdb::MsMs 3415 Specdb::MsMs 3416 Specdb::MsMs 3417 Specdb::MsMs 3418 Specdb::MsMs 3419 Specdb::MsMs 3420 Specdb::MsMs 3421 Specdb::MsMs 3422 Specdb::MsMs 3423 Specdb::MsMs 3424 Specdb::MsMs 3425 Specdb::MsMs 3429 Specdb::MsMs 3430 Specdb::MsMs 3431 Specdb::MsMs 3432 HMDB0000182 Adzuki bean Type 1 specific Vigna angularis 3914 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Agar Type 1 specific Eucheuma 31444 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Alfalfa Type 1 specific Medicago sativa 3879 105.0 210.0 0.0 mg/100 g Allium Type 1 specific Allium 4678 89.0 190.0 25.0 mg/100 g Almond Type 1 specific Prunus dulcis 3755 670.0 670.0 670.0 mg/100 g Anatidae Type 1 specific Anatidae 8830 1417.142857 1900.0 920.0 mg/100 g Anchovy Type 1 specific Engraulidae 43062 1100.0 1100.0 1100.0 mg/100 g Anguilliformes Type 1 specific Anguilliformes 7933 1750.0 1800.0 1700.0 mg/100 g Apple Type 1 specific Malus pumila 283210 20.0 45.0 3.0 mg/100 g Apricot Type 1 specific Prunus armeniaca 36596 70.666667 120.0 37.0 mg/100 g Arabica coffee Type 1 specific Coffea arabica 13443 15.833333 92.0 0.0 mg/100 g Asparagus Type 1 specific Asparagus officinalis 4686 80.5 100.0 67.0 mg/100 g Atlantic halibut Type 1 specific Hippoglossus hippoglossus 8267 1900.0 1900.0 1900.0 mg/100 g Atlantic wolffish Type 1 specific Anarhichas lupus 8204 1500.0 1500.0 1500.0 mg/100 g Avocado Type 1 specific Persea americana 3435 94.0 94.0 94.0 mg/100 g Baby food Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Bamboo shoots Type 1 specific Phyllostachys edulis 38705 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Barley Type 1 specific Hordeum vulgare 4513 350.0 350.0 350.0 mg/100 g Beer Type 2 specific 9.04625 11.185 5.0 mg/100 g Bilberry Type 1 specific Vaccinium myrtillus 180763 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Biscuit Type 2 specific 110.333333 200.0 76.0 mg/100 g Black salsify Type 1 specific Scorzonera hispanica 114289 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Black tea Type 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Black walnut Type 1 specific Juglans nigra 16719 490.0 490.0 490.0 mg/100 g Blackcurrant Type 1 specific Ribes nigrum 78511 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Blue whiting Type 1 specific Micromesistius poutassou 81636 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Brazil nut Type 1 specific Bertholletia excelsa 3645 530.0 530.0 530.0 mg/100 g Breakfast cereal Type 2 specific 131.5 690.0 0.0 mg/100 g Broccoli Type 1 specific Brassica oleracea var. italica 36774 130.0 270.0 0.0 mg/100 g Brussel sprouts Type 1 specific Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera 178616 212.5 240.0 160.0 mg/100 g Burbot Type 1 specific Lota lota 69944 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Butter Type 2 specific 44.0 44.0 44.0 mg/100 g Buttermilk Type 2 specific 275.0 280.0 270.0 mg/100 g Carp bream Type 1 specific Abramis brama 38527 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Carrot Type 1 specific Daucus carota ssp. sativus 79200 40.0 70.0 24.0 mg/100 g Casein Type 2 specific 5400.0 5400.0 5400.0 mg/100 g Cashew nut Type 1 specific Anacardium occidentale 171929 835.0 860.0 810.0 mg/100 g Cassava Type 1 specific Manihot esculenta 3983 44.0 44.0 44.0 mg/100 g Catfish Type 1 specific Siluriformes 7995 1500.0 1500.0 1500.0 mg/100 g Cattle (Beef, Veal) Type 1 specific Bos taurus 9913 1457.446809 1900.0 0.0 mg/100 g Cauliflower Type 1 specific Brassica oleracea var. botrytis 3715 93.2 150.0 0.0 mg/100 g Celeriac Type 1 specific Apium graveolens var. rapaceum 278110 73.0 73.0 73.0 mg/100 g Celery leaves Type 1 specific Apium graveolens var. secalinum 941588 73.0 73.0 73.0 mg/100 g Cetacea (Dolphin, Porpoise, Whale) Type 1 specific Cetacea 9721 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Chanterelle Type 1 specific Cantharellus cibarius 36066 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Charr Type 1 specific Salvelinus 8033 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Chayote Type 1 specific Sechium edule 184140 39.0 39.0 39.0 mg/100 g Cheese Type 2 specific 1797.833333 3100.0 300.0 mg/100 g Cherimoya Type 1 specific Annona cherimola 49314 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Chervil Type 1 specific Anthriscus cerefolium 40888 185.0 240.0 130.0 mg/100 g Chestnut Type 1 specific Castanea 21019 120.0 120.0 120.0 mg/100 g Chewing gum Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Chicken Type 1 specific Gallus gallus 9031 1614.285714 2300.0 0.0 mg/100 g Chickpea Type 1 specific Cicer arietinum 3827 1400.0 1400.0 1400.0 mg/100 g Chicory Type 1 specific Cichorium intybus 13427 44.0 55.0 33.0 mg/100 g Chinese cabbage Type 1 specific Brassica rapa 3711 74.0 74.0 74.0 mg/100 g Chives Type 1 specific Allium schoenoprasum 74900 130.0 130.0 130.0 mg/100 g Chocolate Type 2 specific 342.0 690.0 0.0 mg/100 g Chocolate spread Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Cinnamon Type 1 specific Cinnamomum 13428 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Clawed lobster Type 1 specific Nephropidae 6704 1500.0 1500.0 1500.0 mg/100 g Clupeinae (Herring, Sardine, Sprat) Type 1 specific Clupeinae 7948 905.0 2000.0 0.0 mg/100 g Cocoa butter Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Cocoa powder Type 2 specific 510.0 760.0 190.0 mg/100 g Coconut Type 1 specific Cocos nucifera 13894 112.5 270.0 0.0 mg/100 g Coffee Type 1 generic Coffea 13442 15.833333 92.0 0.0 mg/100 g Cold cut Type 2 specific 900.0 1900.0 0.0 mg/100 g Columbidae (Dove, Pigeon) Type 1 specific Columbidae 8930 1750.0 1800.0 1700.0 mg/100 g Common bean Type 1 specific Phaseolus vulgaris 3885 478.125 1500.0 74.0 mg/100 g Common buckwheat Type 1 specific Fagopyrum esculentum 3617 282.5 460.0 0.0 mg/100 g Common cabbage Type 1 specific Brassica oleracea 3712 74.666667 250.0 15.0 mg/100 g Common dab Type 1 specific Limanda limanda 27771 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Common ling Type 1 specific Molva molva 163112 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Common mushroom Type 1 specific Agaricus bisporus 5341 94.0 100.0 88.0 mg/100 g Common octopus Type 1 specific Octopus vulgaris 6645 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Common pea Type 1 specific Pisum sativum 3888 526.0 1500.0 0.0 mg/100 g Coriander Type 1 specific Coriandrum sativum 4047 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Corn Type 1 specific Zea mays 4577 109.333333 260.0 0.0 mg/100 g Cottonseed Type 1 specific Gossypium 3633 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Crab Type 1 specific Brachyura 6752 1733.333333 1800.0 1600.0 mg/100 g Cracker Type 2 specific 230.0 230.0 230.0 mg/100 g Crayfish Type 1 specific Astacidea 6712 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Cream Type 2 specific 241.111111 300.0 170.0 mg/100 g Crisp bread Type 2 specific 480.0 640.0 320.0 mg/100 g Cucumber Type 1 specific Cucumis sativus 3659 3.833333 23.0 0.0 mg/100 g Cucurbita Type 1 specific Cucurbita 3660 43.75 75.0 13.0 mg/100 g Curry powder Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Daikon radish Type 1 specific Raphanus sativus var. longipinnatus 41679 20.0 40.0 0.0 mg/100 g Dandelion Type 1 specific Taraxacum officinale 50225 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Date Type 1 specific Phoenix dactylifera 42345 54.0 54.0 54.0 mg/100 g Dill Type 1 specific Anethum graveolens 40922 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Domestic pig Type 1 specific Sus scrofa domestica 9825 1524.209877 2500.0 0.0 mg/100 g Dragée Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Dried milk Type 2 specific 2850.0 3200.0 2500.0 mg/100 g Dumpling Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Eggplant Type 1 specific Solanum melongena 4111 22.0 44.0 0.0 mg/100 g Eggs Unknown generic 1626.923077 5600.0 660.0 mg/100 g Elderberry Type 1 specific Sambucus 4201 22.333333 27.0 20.0 mg/100 g Endive Type 1 specific Cichorium endivia 114280 63.0 64.0 62.0 mg/100 g European plum Type 1 specific Prunus domestica 3758 40.5 60.0 21.0 mg/100 g Fennel Type 1 specific Foeniculum vulgare 48038 380.0 760.0 0.0 mg/100 g Fig Type 1 specific Ficus carica 3494 83.0 130.0 30.0 mg/100 g Fish oil Type 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Flatfish Type 1 specific Pleuronectiformes 8252 1700.0 1700.0 1700.0 mg/100 g Flaxseed Type 1 specific Linum usitatissimum 4006 600.0 1200.0 0.0 mg/100 g French plantain Type 1 specific Musa X paradisiaca 89151 60.0 60.0 60.0 mg/100 g Fruit gum Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Fruit juice Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Fruit preserve Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Gadiformes Type 1 specific Gadiformes 8043 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Gadus (Common cod) Type 1 specific Gadus 8048 769.285714 2200.0 0.0 mg/100 g Garden cress Type 1 specific Lepidium sativum 33125 160.0 160.0 160.0 mg/100 g Garden rhubarb Type 1 specific Rheum rhabarbarum 3621 40.0 40.0 40.0 mg/100 g Garden tomato Type 1 specific Solanum lycopersicum 4081 123.5 520.0 32.0 mg/100 g Garfish Type 1 specific Belone belone 129037 1900.0 1900.0 1900.0 mg/100 g Garlic Type 1 specific Allium sativum 4682 505.0 730.0 280.0 mg/100 g Gelatin Type 2 specific 3900.0 3900.0 3900.0 mg/100 g Gelatin dessert Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Ginger Type 1 specific Zingiber officinale 94328 58.0 58.0 58.0 mg/100 g Globe artichoke Type 1 specific Cynara scolymus 59895 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Gooseberry Type 1 specific Ribes uva-crispa 135518 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Grape Type 1 specific Vitis 3603 30.25 100.0 0.0 mg/100 g Grape wine Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Grapefruit Type 1 specific Citrus X paradisi 37656 21.5 32.0 11.0 mg/100 g Green tea Type 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Greenland halibut/turbot Type 1 specific Reinhardtius hippoglossoides 111784 400.0 1200.0 0.0 mg/100 g Groundcherry Type 1 specific Physalis 24663 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Guava Type 1 specific Psidium guajava 120290 26.0 26.0 26.0 mg/100 g Haddock Type 1 specific Melanogrammus aeglefinus 8056 1400.0 2400.0 0.0 mg/100 g Hard wheat Type 1 specific Triticum durum 4567 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Hazelnut Type 1 specific Corylus 13450 530.0 530.0 530.0 mg/100 g Herbal tea Type 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Horseradish Type 1 specific Armoracia rusticana 3704 122.5 210.0 35.0 mg/100 g Hot chocolate Type 2 specific 322.5 330.0 320.0 mg/100 g Ice cream Type 2 specific 132.0 330.0 0.0 mg/100 g Jerusalem artichoke Type 1 specific Helianthus tuberosus 4233 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Kale Type 1 specific Brassica napus var. pabularia 115.0 120.0 110.0 mg/100 g Kefir Type 2 specific 300.0 300.0 300.0 mg/100 g Ketchup Type 2 specific 48.0 96.0 0.0 mg/100 g Kiwi Type 1 specific Actinidia chinensis 3625 52.0 52.0 52.0 mg/100 g Kohlrabi Type 1 specific Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes 109379 57.0 57.0 57.0 mg/100 g Kombu Type 1 specific Saccharina japonica 88149 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Kumquat Type 1 specific Fortunella 2706 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Lake trout Type 1 specific Salvelinus namaycush 8040 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Lard Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Leavening agent Type 2 specific 1312.5 2700.0 0.0 mg/100 g Leek Type 1 specific Allium porrum 110.0 110.0 110.0 mg/100 g Lemon Type 1 specific Citrus limon 2708 8.333333 25.0 0.0 mg/100 g Lemon sole Type 1 specific Microstomus kitt 106175 1750.0 1800.0 1700.0 mg/100 g Lentils Type 1 generic Lens culinaris 3864 655.0 1900.0 0.0 mg/100 g Lettuce Type 1 specific Lactuca sativa 4236 57.5 85.0 27.0 mg/100 g Lichee Type 1 specific Litchi chinensis 151069 41.0 41.0 41.0 mg/100 g Lime Type 1 specific Citrus aurantiifolia 159033 13.0 13.0 13.0 mg/100 g Lingonberry Type 1 specific Vaccinium vitis-idaea 180772 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Liquor Type 2 specific 27.5 220.0 0.0 mg/100 g Liquorice Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Loganberry Type 1 specific Rubus loganobaccus 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Loquat Type 1 specific Eriobotrya japonica 32224 23.0 23.0 23.0 mg/100 g Lumpsucker Type 1 specific Cyclopteridae 8101 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Malus (Crab apple) Type 1 specific Malus 3749 25.0 25.0 25.0 mg/100 g Mandarin orange (Clementine, Tangerine) Type 1 specific Citrus reticulata 85571 31.0 36.0 26.0 mg/100 g Mango Type 1 specific Mangifera indica 29780 40.0 40.0 40.0 mg/100 g Margarine Type 2 specific 43.333333 60.0 0.0 mg/100 g Margarine-like spread Type 2 specific 32.0 32.0 32.0 mg/100 g Marine mussel Type 1 specific Mytilidae 6547 1416.666667 1900.0 950.0 mg/100 g Marshmallow Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Marzipan Type 2 specific 180.0 360.0 0.0 mg/100 g Meat bouillon Type 2 specific 468.0 1900.0 0.0 mg/100 g Meatball Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Meringue Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Milk (Cow) Type 2 specific 271.25 310.0 0.0 mg/100 g Milk (Human) Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Milk (Other mammals) Type 2 specific 290.0 290.0 290.0 mg/100 g Millet Type 1 specific Panicum miliaceum 4540 300.0 390.0 210.0 mg/100 g Miso Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Mountain hare Type 1 specific Lepus timidus 62621 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Mung bean Type 1 specific Vigna radiata 157791 935.0 1700.0 170.0 mg/100 g Muskmelon Type 1 specific Cucumis melo 3656 17.75 29.0 0.0 mg/100 g Mustard Type 2 specific 180.0 360.0 0.0 mg/100 g Nectarine Type 1 specific Prunus persica var. nucipersica 323851 16.0 16.0 16.0 mg/100 g Northern pike Type 1 specific Esox lucius 8010 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Norway haddock Type 1 specific Sebastes viviparus 394708 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Norway lobster Type 1 specific Nephrops norvegicus 6829 1500.0 1500.0 1500.0 mg/100 g Norway pout Type 1 specific Trisopterus esmarkii 80723 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Nutmeg Type 1 specific Myristica fragrans 51089 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Oat Type 1 specific Avena sativa 4498 440.0 590.0 0.0 mg/100 g Oil palm Type 1 specific Elaeis 51952 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Okra Type 1 specific Abelmoschus esculentus 455045 80.0 80.0 80.0 mg/100 g Olive Type 1 specific Olea europaea 4146 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Other alcoholic beverage Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Other animal fat Type 2 specific 220.0 440.0 0.0 mg/100 g Other bread Type 2 specific 24.444444 220.0 0.0 mg/100 g Other bread product Type 2 specific 130.0 260.0 0.0 mg/100 g Other candy Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Other dish Type 2 specific 803.333333 890.0 750.0 mg/100 g Other fermented milk Type 2 specific 315.0 330.0 300.0 mg/100 g Other fish product Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Other frozen dessert Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Other fruit product Type 2 specific 100.0 100.0 100.0 mg/100 g Other snack food Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Oyster mushroom Type 1 specific Pleurotus ostreatus 5322 610.0 610.0 610.0 mg/100 g Pacific ocean perch Type 1 specific Sebastes alutus 72055 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Pak choy Type 1 specific Brassica rapa var. chinensis 93385 89.0 89.0 89.0 mg/100 g Papaya Type 1 specific Carica papaya 3649 29.0 29.0 29.0 mg/100 g Parsley Type 1 specific Petroselinum crispum 4043 161.0 230.0 92.0 mg/100 g Parsnip Type 1 specific Pastinaca sativa 4041 91.0 91.0 91.0 mg/100 g Passion fruit Type 1 specific Passiflora edulis 78168 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Pasta Type 2 specific 230.0 300.0 110.0 mg/100 g Pastry Type 2 specific 84.545455 260.0 0.0 mg/100 g Pate Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Peach Type 1 specific Prunus persica 3760 78.666667 180.0 18.0 mg/100 g Peanut Type 1 specific Arachis hypogaea 3818 720.0 1000.0 0.0 mg/100 g Pear Type 1 specific Pyrus communis 23211 20.5 21.0 20.0 mg/100 g Pecan nut Type 1 specific Carya illinoinensis 32201 300.0 310.0 290.0 mg/100 g Pepper Type 1 specific Capsicum annuum 4072 46.714286 90.0 0.0 mg/100 g Pepper (Spice) Type 1 specific Piper nigrum 13216 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Perciformes Type 1 specific Perciformes 8111 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Persimmon Type 1 specific Diospyros 13492 39.0 39.0 39.0 mg/100 g Pikeperch Type 1 specific Sander lucioperca 283035 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Pine nut Type 1 specific Pinus 3337 540.0 540.0 540.0 mg/100 g Pineapple Type 1 specific Ananas comosus 4615 8.25 13.0 0.0 mg/100 g Pistachio Type 1 specific Pistacia vera 55513 1200.0 1200.0 1200.0 mg/100 g Pizza Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Pleuronectidae (Dab, Halibut, Plaice) Type 1 specific Pleuronectidae 8256 566.666667 1700.0 0.0 mg/100 g Pollock Type 1 specific Pollachius 8059 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Pomegranate Type 1 specific Punica granatum 22663 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Poppy Type 1 specific Papaver 3468 1100.0 1100.0 1100.0 mg/100 g Potato Type 1 specific Solanum tuberosum 4113 233.2 630.0 0.0 mg/100 g Prickly pear Type 1 specific Opuntia 106975 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Prunus (Cherry, Plum) Type 1 specific Prunus 3754 28.5 46.0 17.0 mg/100 g Quince Type 1 specific Cydonia oblonga 36610 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Rabbit Type 1 specific Leporidae 9979 2200.0 2200.0 2200.0 mg/100 g Rainbow trout Type 1 specific Oncorhynchus mykiss 8022 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Rape Type 1 specific Brassica napus var. napus 138011 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Red beetroot Type 1 specific Beta vulgaris var. rubra 26.666667 38.0 20.0 mg/100 g Red tea Type 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Redcurrant Type 1 specific Ribes rubrum 175228 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Remoulade Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Rice Type 1 specific Oryza sativa 4530 246.125 490.0 0.0 mg/100 g Robusta coffee Type 1 specific Coffea canephora 49390 15.833333 92.0 0.0 mg/100 g Rock ptarmigan Type 1 specific Lagopus muta 64668 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Rose hip Type 1 specific Rosa 3764 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Rubus (Blackberry, Raspberry) Type 1 specific Rubus 23216 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Rye Type 1 specific Secale cereale 4550 212.0 390.0 0.0 mg/100 g Rye bread Type 2 specific 49.411765 230.0 0.0 mg/100 g Safflower Type 1 specific Carthamus tinctorius 4222 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Salad dressing Type 2 specific 38.416667 420.0 0.0 mg/100 g Salmonidae (Salmon, Trout) Type 1 specific Salmonidae 8015 1500.0 2000.0 0.0 mg/100 g Salt Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Sauce Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Sausage Type 2 specific 944.705882 1700.0 0.0 mg/100 g Savoy cabbage Type 1 specific Brassica oleracea var. sabauda 1216010 93.0 93.0 93.0 mg/100 g Scombridae (Bonito, Mackerel, Tuna) Type 1 specific Scombridae 8224 1575.0 1700.0 1300.0 mg/100 g Semolina Type 2 specific 230.0 230.0 230.0 mg/100 g Sesame Type 1 specific Sesamum orientale 4182 456.666667 700.0 0.0 mg/100 g Sheep (Mutton, Lamb) Type 1 specific Ovis aries 9940 1511.111111 1800.0 1300.0 mg/100 g Sherry Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Shrimp Type 1 specific Caridea 6694 1666.666667 2100.0 1400.0 mg/100 g Snail Type 1 specific Gastropoda 6448 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Soft drink Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Sorrel Type 1 specific Rumex acetosa 41241 120.0 120.0 120.0 mg/100 g Soup Type 2 specific 39.0 39.0 39.0 mg/100 g Soy bean Type 1 specific Glycine max 3847 896.666667 2600.0 0.0 mg/100 g Soy milk Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Soy sauce Type 2 specific 360.0 360.0 360.0 mg/100 g Spinach Type 1 specific Spinacia oleracea 3562 108.5 120.0 97.0 mg/100 g Spiny dogfish Type 1 specific Squalus acanthias 7797 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Spirit Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Star fruit Type 1 specific Averrhoa carambola 28974 76.0 76.0 76.0 mg/100 g Strawberry Type 1 specific Fragaria X ananassa 3747 25.125 36.0 16.0 mg/100 g Sturgeon Type 1 specific Acipenseridae 7900 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Sugar Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Sugar substitute Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Sunflower Type 1 specific Helianthus annuus 4232 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Swede Type 1 specific Brassica napus 3708 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Sweet orange Type 1 specific Citrus sinensis 2711 22.0 38.0 8.0 mg/100 g Sweet potato Type 1 specific Ipomoea batatas 4120 83.333333 110.0 54.0 mg/100 g Swiss chard Type 1 specific Beta vulgaris ssp. cicla 1527200 98.0 98.0 98.0 mg/100 g Syrup Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Tallow Type 2 specific 1280.0 1800.0 340.0 mg/100 g Tamarind Type 1 specific Tamarindus indica 58860 140.0 140.0 140.0 mg/100 g Tea Type 1 specific Camellia sinensis 4442 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Thistle Type 1 specific Cirsium 41549 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Thunnus Type 1 specific Thunnus 8234 2150.0 2500.0 1500.0 mg/100 g Toffee Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Tofu Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g True frog Type 1 specific Ranidae 8397 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g True seal Type 1 specific Phocidae 9709 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Turbot Type 1 specific Scophthalmus maximus 52904 1500.0 1500.0 1500.0 mg/100 g Turkey Type 1 specific Meleagris gallopavo 9103 900.0 1900.0 0.0 mg/100 g Turnip Type 1 specific Brassica rapa var. rapa 51350 12.0 12.0 12.0 mg/100 g Unclassified food or beverage Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Vaccinium (Blueberry, Cranberry, Huckleberry) Type 1 specific Vaccinium 13749 23.5 39.0 8.0 mg/100 g Vegetable juice Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Vermouth Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Walnut Type 1 specific Juglans 16718 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Water Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Watercress Type 1 specific Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum 135518 98.0 98.0 98.0 mg/100 g Watermelon Type 1 specific Citrullus lanatus 3654 81.0 81.0 81.0 mg/100 g Wheat Type 1 specific Triticum 4564 302.857143 720.0 0.0 mg/100 g Wheat bread Type 2 specific 117.368421 270.0 0.0 mg/100 g Whey Type 2 specific 756.0 1200.0 68.0 mg/100 g Whisky Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g White bread Type 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g White wine Type 2 30.325 35.5 27.5 mg/100 g Whitefish Type 1 specific Coregonus 27772 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Whiting Type 1 specific Merlangius merlangus 8058 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Wild celery Type 1 specific Apium graveolens 4045 30.0 30.0 30.0 mg/100 g Yam Type 1 specific Dioscorea 4672 59.0 59.0 59.0 mg/100 g Ymer Type 2 specific 535.0 540.0 530.0 mg/100 g Yogurt Type 2 specific 242.2 340.0 0.0 mg/100 g