1.0 2010-04-08 22:14:56 UTC 2019-11-26 03:18:44 UTC FDB020299 2-Hydroxy-4-oxopentanoic acid Formed in beer wort fermentation Alitretinoin (9-<i>cis</i>-retinoic acid) is a naturally-occurring endogenous retinoid indicated for topical treatment of cutaneous lesions in patients with AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma. Alitretinoin inhibits the growth of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) cells <i>in vitro</i>.; Retinoic acid is the oxidized form of Vitamin A. It functions in determining position along embryonic anterior/posterior axis in chordates. It acts through Hox genes, which ultimately control anterior/posterior patterning in early developmental stages. Retinoic acid acts by binding to heterodimers of the retinoic acid receptor (RAR) and the retinoid X receptor (RXR), which then bind to retinoic acid response elements (RAREs) in the regulatory regions of direct targets (including Hox genes), thereby activating gene transcription. Retinoic acid receptors mediate transcription of different sets of genes of cell differentiation, thus it also depends on the target cells. One of the target genes is the gene of the retinoic acid receptor itself which occurs during positive regulation. Control of retinoic acid levels is maintained by a suite of proteins.; Retinoic acid is the oxidized form of Vitamin A. It functions in determining position along embryonic anterior/posterior axis in chordates. It acts through Hox genes, which ultimately controls anterior/posterior patterning in early developmental stages (PMID: 17495912). It is an important regulator of gene expression during growth and development, and in neoplasms. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal vitamin A, is essential for normal growth and embryonic development. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of psoriasis; acne vulgaris; and several other skin diseases. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (leukemia, promyelocytic, acute). 2-Hydroxy-4-oxopentanoic acid is found in alcoholic beverages. 2-Hydroxy-4-oxovaleric acid a-Hydroxy-b-acetylpropionic acid a-Hydroxylevulinic acid Acetolactic acid C5H8O4 132.1146 132.042258744 2-hydroxy-4-oxopentanoic acid 2-hydroxy-4-oxopentanoic acid 54031-97-9 CC(=O)CC(O)C(O)=O InChI=1S/C5H8O4/c1-3(6)2-4(7)5(8)9/h4,7H,2H2,1H3,(H,8,9) QTSNVMMGKAPSRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N belongs to the class of organic compounds known as gamma-keto acids and derivatives. These are organic compounds containing an aldehyde substituted with a keto group on the C4 carbon atom. Gamma-keto acids and derivatives Organic compounds Organic acids and derivatives Keto acids and derivatives Gamma-keto acids and derivatives Aliphatic acyclic compounds Alpha hydroxy acids and derivatives Beta-hydroxy ketones Carboxylic acids Hydrocarbon derivatives Monocarboxylic acids and derivatives Organic oxides Secondary alcohols Short-chain keto acids and derivatives Alcohol Aliphatic acyclic compound Alpha-hydroxy acid Beta-hydroxy ketone Carbonyl group Carboxylic acid Carboxylic acid derivative Gamma-keto acid Hydrocarbon derivative Hydroxy acid Ketone Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives Organic oxide Organic oxygen compound Organooxygen compound Secondary alcohol Short-chain keto acid logp -0.90 ALOGPS logs 0.14 ALOGPS solubility 1.81e+02 g/l ALOGPS melting_point 181 oC logp -0.78 ChemAxon pka_strongest_acidic 3.6 ChemAxon pka_strongest_basic -3.9 ChemAxon iupac 2-hydroxy-4-oxopentanoic acid ChemAxon average_mass 132.1146 ChemAxon mono_mass 132.042258744 ChemAxon smiles CC(=O)CC(O)C(O)=O ChemAxon formula C5H8O4 ChemAxon inchi InChI=1S/C5H8O4/c1-3(6)2-4(7)5(8)9/h4,7H,2H2,1H3,(H,8,9) ChemAxon inchikey QTSNVMMGKAPSRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N ChemAxon polar_surface_area 74.6 ChemAxon refractivity 28.43 ChemAxon polarizability 11.97 ChemAxon rotatable_bond_count 3 ChemAxon acceptor_count 4 ChemAxon donor_count 2 ChemAxon physiological_charge -1 ChemAxon formal_charge 0 ChemAxon Specdb::MsIr 8997 Specdb::MsIr 8998 Specdb::MsIr 8999 Specdb::NmrOneD 41122 Specdb::NmrOneD 41123 Specdb::NmrOneD 41124 Specdb::NmrOneD 41125 Specdb::NmrOneD 41126 Specdb::NmrOneD 41127 Specdb::NmrOneD 41128 Specdb::NmrOneD 41129 Specdb::NmrOneD 41130 Specdb::NmrOneD 41131 Specdb::NmrOneD 41132 Specdb::NmrOneD 41133 Specdb::NmrOneD 41134 Specdb::NmrOneD 41135 Specdb::NmrOneD 41136 Specdb::NmrOneD 41137 Specdb::NmrOneD 41138 Specdb::NmrOneD 41139 Specdb::NmrOneD 41140 Specdb::NmrOneD 41141 Specdb::CMs 10456 Specdb::CMs 46816 Specdb::CMs 173242 Specdb::MsMs 12497 Specdb::MsMs 12498 Specdb::MsMs 12499 Specdb::MsMs 19169 Specdb::MsMs 19170 Specdb::MsMs 19171 Specdb::MsMs 2757669 Specdb::MsMs 2757670 Specdb::MsMs 2757671 Specdb::MsMs 2948166 Specdb::MsMs 2948167 Specdb::MsMs 2948168 HMDB40531 #<Reference:0x000055ce32f8c1d0> #<Reference:0x000055ce32f8d850> Alcoholic beverages Unknown generic