1.0 2010-04-08 22:04:32 UTC 2019-11-26 02:54:41 UTC FDB000371 Erythritol Bulk sweetener with good taste props. Not metabolised, excreted unchanged in urine. Less sweet than sucrose. Use not yet permitted in most countries (1997). GRAS status for use as a sweetener, thickener, stabiliser, humectant, etc. in food Erythritol ((2R,3S)-butane-1,2,3,4-tetraol) is a natural sugar alcohol (a type of sugar substitute) which has been approved for use in the United States and throughout much of the world. It occurs naturally in fruits and fermented foods. At industrial level, it is produced from glucose by fermentation with a yeast, Moniliella pollinis. It is 60?70% as sweet as table sugar yet it is almost non-caloric, does not affect blood sugar, does not cause tooth decay, and is absorbed by the body, therefore unlikely to cause gastric side effects unlike other sugar alcohols. Under U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) labeling requirements, it has a caloric value of 0.2 calories per gram (95% less than sugar and other carbohydrates), though nutritional labelling varies from country to country?some countries like Japan label it as zero-calorie, while European Union regulations currently label it and all other sugar alcohols at 2.4 kcal/g.; Erythritol occurs widely in nature and has been found to occur naturally in several foods including wine, sake, beer, water melon, pear, grape and soy sauce. Evidence indicates that erythritol also exists endogenously in the tissues and body fluids of humans and animals. Erythritol is absorbed from the proximal intestine by passive diffusion in a manner similar to that of many low molecular weight organic molecules which do not have associated active transport systems, the rate of absorption being related to their molecular size; In the body, erythritol is absorbed into the bloodstream in the small intestine, and then for the most part excreted unchanged in the urine. Because erythritol is normally absorbed before it enters the large intestine, it does not normally cause laxative effects as are often experienced after over-consumption of other sugar alcohols (such as xylitol and maltitol) and most people will consume erythritol with no side effects. This is a unique characteristic, as other sugar alcohols are not absorbed directly by the body in this manner, and consequently are more prone to causing gastric distress.; erythritol, a 4-carbon molecule, passes through the intestinal membranes at a faster rate than larger molecules such as mannitol or glucose. In diabetics, erythritol also has been shown to be rapidly absorbed and excreted unchanged in the urine. Following absorption, ingested erythritol is rapidly distributed throughout the body and has been reported to occur in hepatocytes, pancreatic cells, and vascular smooth muscle cells. Erythritol also has been reported to cross the human placenta and to pass slowly from the plasma into the brain and cerebrospinal fluid. (PMID: 9862657, Food and Chemical Toxicology (1998), 36(12), 1139-1174.). Erythritol is found in caraway and garden tomato. (2R,3S)-Butane-1,2,3,4-tetrol (2S,3S)-butane-1,2,3,4-tetrol (R*,S*)-1,2,3,4-Butanetetrol, 9CI, 8CI 1,2,3, 4-Tetrahydroxybutane 1,2,3,4-Butanetetrol 1,2,3,4-Butanetetrol, (2R,3S)-rel- 1,2,3,4-Butanetetrol, (R*,S*)- 1,2,3,4-Butanetetrol, (theta,S)- 1,2,3,4-Butanetetrol, [S-(R*,R*)]- 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroxybutane 2(R),3(S)-1,2,3,4-Butanetetrol Antierythrite butane-1,2,3,4-tetrol Butanetetrol C*eridex D-erythritol D-treitol DL-1,2,3,4-Butanetetrol DL-threitol Erythrit Erythrite Erythritol, meso- erythro-Tetritol Erythroglucin Erythrol Erythrol (van) I-erythritol L-(-)-threitol L-erythritol L-threitol Lichen sugar Meso-erythritol Meso-eythritol Mesoerythritol Paycite Phycite Phycitol Tetrahydroxybutane C4H10O4 122.1198 122.057908808 butane-1,2,3,4-tetrol erythrite 149-32-6 OCC(O)C(O)CO InChI=1S/C4H10O4/c5-1-3(7)4(8)2-6/h3-8H,1-2H2 UNXHWFMMPAWVPI-UHFFFAOYSA-N belongs to the class of organic compounds known as sugar alcohols. These are hydrogenated forms of carbohydrate in which the carbonyl group (aldehyde or ketone, reducing sugar) has been reduced to a primary or secondary hydroxyl group. Sugar alcohols Organic compounds Organic oxygen compounds Organooxygen compounds Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates Aliphatic acyclic compounds Hydrocarbon derivatives Polyols Primary alcohols Secondary alcohols Alcohol Aliphatic acyclic compound Hydrocarbon derivative Polyol Primary alcohol Secondary alcohol Sugar alcohol a tetritol tetritol Solid logp -2.03 ALOGPS logs 0.98 ALOGPS solubility 1.16e+03 g/l ALOGPS melting_point Mp 121.5° logp -2.5 ChemAxon pka_strongest_acidic 13.04 ChemAxon pka_strongest_basic -3 ChemAxon iupac butane-1,2,3,4-tetrol ChemAxon average_mass 122.1198 ChemAxon mono_mass 122.057908808 ChemAxon smiles OCC(O)C(O)CO ChemAxon formula C4H10O4 ChemAxon inchi InChI=1S/C4H10O4/c5-1-3(7)4(8)2-6/h3-8H,1-2H2 ChemAxon inchikey UNXHWFMMPAWVPI-UHFFFAOYSA-N ChemAxon polar_surface_area 80.92 ChemAxon refractivity 26.48 ChemAxon polarizability 11.62 ChemAxon rotatable_bond_count 3 ChemAxon acceptor_count 4 ChemAxon donor_count 4 ChemAxon physiological_charge 0 ChemAxon formal_charge 0 ChemAxon Specdb::NmrOneD 3840 Specdb::NmrOneD 4107 Specdb::CMs 1177 Specdb::CMs 32933 Specdb::CMs 50292 Specdb::EiMs 1891 Specdb::MsMs 430747 Specdb::MsMs 430748 Specdb::MsMs 430749 Specdb::MsMs 456556 Specdb::MsMs 456557 Specdb::MsMs 456558 HMDB02994 17113 MRY #<Reference:0x000055ce3210d618> #<Reference:0x000055ce3210d460> #<Reference:0x000055ce3210d2a8> #<Reference:0x000055ce3210d0f0> #<Reference:0x000055ce3210cf38> #<Reference:0x000055ce3210cd80> #<Reference:0x000055ce3210cbc8> #<Reference:0x000055ce3210ca10> #<Reference:0x000055ce3210c858> #<Reference:0x000055ce3210c6a0> #<Reference:0x000055ce3210c4e8> Anatidae Type 1 specific Anatidae 8830 Beefalo Type 1 specific Bos taurus X Bison bison 297284 Bison Type 1 specific Bison bison 9901 Buffalo Type 1 specific Bubalus bubalis 89462 Caraway Type 1 specific Carum carvi 48032 Cattle (Beef, Veal) Type 1 specific Bos taurus 9913 Chicken Type 1 specific Gallus gallus 9031 Columbidae (Dove, Pigeon) Type 1 specific Columbidae 8930 Deer Type 1 specific Cervidae 9850 Domestic goat Type 1 specific Capra aegagrus hircus 9925 Domestic pig Type 1 specific Sus scrofa domestica 9825 Elk Type 1 specific Cervus canadensis 1574408 Emu Type 1 specific Dromaius novaehollandiae 8790 European rabbit Type 1 specific Oryctolagus 9984 Garden tomato Type 1 specific Solanum lycopersicum 4081 Grape wine Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Greylag goose Type 1 specific Anser anser 8843 Guinea hen Type 1 specific Numida meleagris 8996 Horse Type 1 specific Equus caballus 9796 Mallard duck Type 1 specific Anas platyrhynchos 8839 Mountain hare Type 1 specific Lepus timidus 62621 Mule deer Type 1 specific Odocoileus 9871 Ostrich Type 1 specific Struthio camelus 8801 Pheasant Type 1 specific Phasianus colchicus 9054 Quail Type 1 specific Phasianidae 9005 Rabbit Type 1 specific Leporidae 9979 Red wine Type 2 216.0 216.0 216.0 mg/100 g Rock ptarmigan Type 1 specific Lagopus muta 64668 Sheep (Mutton, Lamb) Type 1 specific Ovis aries 9940 Squab Type 1 specific Columba 8931 Turkey Type 1 specific Meleagris gallopavo 9103 Velvet duck Type 1 specific Melanitta fusca 371864 White wine Type 2 66.5 66.5 66.5 mg/100 g Wild boar Type 1 specific Sus scrofa 9823 odorless Anti-oxidant 502 A substance that opposes oxidation or inhibits reactions brought about by dioxygen or peroxides. In European countries, E-numbers for permitted antioxidant food additives are from E 300 to E 324.