1.0 2010-04-08 22:04:40 UTC 2020-09-17 15:39:05 UTC FDB000678 (S)-Naringenin Naringenin, also known as (2S)-naringenin or naringetol, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as flavanones. Flavanones are compounds containing a flavan-3-one moiety, with a structure characterized by a 2-phenyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran bearing a ketone at the carbon C3. Thus, naringenin is considered to be a flavonoid lipid molecule. The (S)-enantiomer of naringenin. Naringenin is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. Naringenin exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans. Naringenin is a bitter tasting compound. Outside of the human body, Naringenin is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as sweet oranges, common oregano, and mexican oregano and in a lower concentration in sorghums, grape wines, and mandarin orange (clementine, tangerine). Naringenin has also been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as saffrons, white lupines, alpine sweetvetchs, dates, and elderberries. This could make naringenin a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. (-)-(2S)-5,7-Dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)chroman-4-one (-)-(2S)-Naringenin (-)-Naringenin (2S)-4',5,7-Trihydroxy-flavanone (2S)-Naringenin (S)-2,3-Dihydo-5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one (S)-Naringenin 4',5,7-Trihydroxyflavanone 4H-1-Benzopyran-4-one, 2,3-dihydro-5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-, (2S)- Asahina Naringenin Naringenine Naringetol Pelargidanon S-Dihydrogenistein Salipurol Salipurpol C15H12O5 272.2528 272.068473494 (2S)-5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran-4-one naringenin 480-41-1 [H][C@]1(CC(=O)C2=C(O1)C=C(O)C=C2O)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 InChI=1S/C15H12O5/c16-9-3-1-8(2-4-9)13-7-12(19)15-11(18)5-10(17)6-14(15)20-13/h1-6,13,16-18H,7H2/t13-/m0/s1 FTVWIRXFELQLPI-ZDUSSCGKSA-N belongs to the class of organic compounds known as flavanones. Flavanones are compounds containing a flavan-3-one moiety, with a structure characterized by a 2-phenyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran bearing a ketone at the carbon C3. Flavanones Organic compounds Phenylpropanoids and polyketides Flavonoids Flavans Aromatic heteropolycyclic compounds 1-hydroxy-2-unsubstituted benzenoids 1-hydroxy-4-unsubstituted benzenoids 4'-hydroxyflavonoids 5-hydroxyflavonoids 7-hydroxyflavonoids Alkyl aryl ethers Aryl alkyl ketones Benzene and substituted derivatives Chromones Hydrocarbon derivatives Organic oxides Oxacyclic compounds Vinylogous acids 1-benzopyran 1-hydroxy-2-unsubstituted benzenoid 1-hydroxy-4-unsubstituted benzenoid 4'-hydroxyflavonoid 5-hydroxyflavonoid 7-hydroxyflavonoid Alkyl aryl ether Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound Aryl alkyl ketone Aryl ketone Benzenoid Benzopyran Chromane Chromone Ether Flavanone Hydrocarbon derivative Hydroxyflavonoid Ketone Monocyclic benzene moiety Organic oxide Organic oxygen compound Organoheterocyclic compound Organooxygen compound Oxacycle Phenol Vinylogous acid Flavanones flavanones naringenin Solid logp 2.47 ALOGPS logs -3.11 ALOGPS solubility 2.14e-01 g/l ALOGPS melting_point Mp 250-251° (227-228°) logp 2.84 ChemAxon pka_strongest_acidic 7.86 ChemAxon pka_strongest_basic -5 ChemAxon iupac (2S)-5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran-4-one ChemAxon average_mass 272.2528 ChemAxon mono_mass 272.068473494 ChemAxon smiles [H][C@]1(CC(=O)C2=C(O1)C=C(O)C=C2O)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 ChemAxon formula C15H12O5 ChemAxon inchi InChI=1S/C15H12O5/c16-9-3-1-8(2-4-9)13-7-12(19)15-11(18)5-10(17)6-14(15)20-13/h1-6,13,16-18H,7H2/t13-/m0/s1 ChemAxon inchikey FTVWIRXFELQLPI-ZDUSSCGKSA-N ChemAxon polar_surface_area 86.99 ChemAxon refractivity 71.29 ChemAxon polarizability 27.31 ChemAxon rotatable_bond_count 1 ChemAxon acceptor_count 5 ChemAxon donor_count 3 ChemAxon physiological_charge 0 ChemAxon formal_charge 0 ChemAxon Specdb::NmrTwoD 1835 Specdb::CMs 821 Specdb::CMs 822 Specdb::CMs 7854 Specdb::CMs 30641 Specdb::CMs 30642 Specdb::CMs 31942 Specdb::CMs 31943 Specdb::CMs 31944 Specdb::CMs 38458 Specdb::CMs 137101 Specdb::CMs 144835 Specdb::NmrOneD 1899 Specdb::NmrOneD 293255 Specdb::NmrOneD 293256 Specdb::NmrOneD 293257 Specdb::NmrOneD 293258 Specdb::NmrOneD 293259 Specdb::NmrOneD 293260 Specdb::NmrOneD 293261 Specdb::NmrOneD 293262 Specdb::NmrOneD 293263 Specdb::NmrOneD 293264 Specdb::NmrOneD 293265 Specdb::NmrOneD 293266 Specdb::NmrOneD 293267 Specdb::NmrOneD 293268 Specdb::NmrOneD 293269 Specdb::NmrOneD 293270 Specdb::NmrOneD 293271 Specdb::NmrOneD 293272 Specdb::NmrOneD 293273 Specdb::NmrOneD 293274 Specdb::MsMs 2122 Specdb::MsMs 2123 Specdb::MsMs 2124 Specdb::MsMs 5788 Specdb::MsMs 5789 Specdb::MsMs 5790 Specdb::MsMs 5791 Specdb::MsMs 5792 Specdb::MsMs 5793 Specdb::MsMs 256323 Specdb::MsMs 256324 Specdb::MsMs 256325 Specdb::MsMs 276264 Specdb::MsMs 276265 Specdb::MsMs 276266 Specdb::MsMs 285561 Specdb::MsMs 285562 Specdb::MsMs 285563 Specdb::MsMs 285564 Specdb::MsMs 285565 Specdb::MsMs 285566 Specdb::MsMs 285567 Specdb::MsMs 373627 Specdb::MsMs 373628 Specdb::MsMs 373629 HMDB02670 17846 NAR #<Reference:0x000055ac3f1fb170> #<Reference:0x000055ac3f1faf68> #<Reference:0x000055ac3f1fac98> #<Reference:0x000055ac3f1faa18> #<Reference:0x000055ac3f1fa798> #<Reference:0x000055ac3f1fa428> #<Reference:0x000055ac3f1fa270> #<Reference:0x000055ac3f1fa068> #<Reference:0x000055ac3f1f9e10> #<Reference:0x000055ac3f1f9be0> #<Reference:0x000055ac3f1f99b0> Abalone Type 1 specific Haliotis 6452 Abiyuch Type 1 specific Crateva religiosa 202634 Acerola Type 1 specific Malpighia emarginata 151847 Acorn Type 1 specific Quercus 3511 Acorn squash Type 1 Cucurbita pepo var. turbinata Adzuki bean Type 1 specific Vigna angularis 3914 Agar Type 1 specific Eucheuma 31444 Agave Type 1 specific Agave 39509 Alaska blueberry Type 1 specific Vaccinium alaskaense 190544 Alaska wild rhubarb Type 1 specific Polygonum alpinum 125586 Albizia gummifera Type 1 Albizia gummifera Alfalfa Type 1 specific Medicago sativa 3879 Allium Type 1 specific Allium 4678 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Allspice Type 1 specific Pimenta dioica 375272 Almond Type 1 specific Prunus dulcis 3755 0.2631 0.43 0.0962 mg/100 g Alpine sweetvetch Type 1 specific Hedysarum alpinum 57576 Amaranth Type 1 specific Amaranthus 3564 American butterfish Type 1 specific Peprilus triacanthus 183653 American cranberry Type 1 specific Vaccinium macrocarpon 13750 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g American pokeweed Type 1 specific Phytolacca americana 3527 Angelica Type 1 specific Angelica keiskei 357850 Anise Type 1 specific Pimpinella anisum 271192 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Annual wild rice Type 1 specific Zizania aquatica 75727 Apple Type 1 specific Malus pumila 283210 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Apricot Type 1 specific Prunus armeniaca 36596 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Arabica coffee Type 1 specific Coffea arabica 13443 Arctic blackberry Type 1 specific Rubus arcticus 70741 Arrowhead Type 1 specific Sagittaria latifolia 15008 Arrowroot Type 1 specific Maranta arundinacea 210060 Asian pear Type 1 specific Pyrus pyrifolia 3767 Asparagus Type 1 specific Asparagus officinalis 4686 Atlantic herring Type 1 specific Clupea harengus harengus 7950 Avocado Type 1 specific Persea americana 3435 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Babassu palm Type 1 specific Attalea speciosa 145700 Bagel Type 2 specific Bamboo shoots Type 1 specific Phyllostachys edulis 38705 Banana Type 1 specific Musa acuminata 4641 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Barley Type 1 specific Hordeum vulgare 4513 Bayberry Type 1 specific Myrica 3509 Bean Type 1 specific Beech nut Type 1 specific Fagus 21024 Beer Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Bilberry Type 1 specific Vaccinium myrtillus 180763 Biscuit Type 2 specific Bitter gourd Type 1 specific Momordica charantia 3673 Black cabbage Type 1 specific Brassica oleracea var. viridis 3713 Black chokeberry Type 1 specific Photinia melanocarpa 661339 Black crowberry Type 1 specific Empetrum nigrum 191066 Black elderberry Type 1 specific Sambucus nigra 4202 Black huckleberry Type 1 specific Gaylussacia baccata 128893 Black mulberry Type 1 specific Morus nigra 85232 Black plum Type 1 Syzygium cumini Black radish Type 1 specific Raphanus sativus var. niger 41679 Black raisin Type 1 Black raspberry Type 1 specific Rubus occidentalis 75079 Black salsify Type 1 specific Scorzonera hispanica 114289 Black tea Type 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Black walnut Type 1 specific Juglans nigra 16719 Black-eyed pea Type 1 specific Vigna unguiculata ssp. unguiculata 3920 Blackberry Type 1 specific Rubus Blackcurrant Type 1 specific Ribes nigrum 78511 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Bog bilberry Type 1 specific Vaccinium uliginosum 190548 Borage Type 1 specific Borago officinalis 13363 Boysenberry Type 1 specific Rubus ursinus X idaeus Brassicas Unknown generic 3705 Brazil nut Type 1 specific Bertholletia excelsa 3645 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Breadfruit Type 1 specific Artocarpus altilis 194251 Breadnut tree seed Type 1 specific Brosimum alicastrum 194253 Breakfast cereal Type 2 specific Broad bean Type 1 specific Vicia faba 3906 Broccoli Type 1 specific Brassica oleracea var. italica 36774 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Brussel sprouts Type 1 specific Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera 178616 1.743333 3.29 0.0 mg/100 g Buffalo currant Type 1 specific Ribes aureum var. villosum 23283 Bulgur Type 2 specific Burbot Type 1 specific Lota lota 69944 Burdock Type 1 specific Arctium lappa 4217 Butternut Type 1 specific Juglans cinerea 91214 Butternut squash Type 1 specific Cucurbita moschata 3662 Cabbage Type 1 specific Brassica oleracea var. capitata 3716 Calabash Type 1 specific Lagenaria siceraria 3668 Canada blueberry Type 1 specific Vaccinium myrtilloides 1503870 Cannellini bean Type 1 Canola Type 2 specific 138011 Cantaloupe melon Type 1 Cucumis melo var. cantalupensis Cape gooseberry Type 1 Physalis peruviana Capers Type 1 specific Capparis spinosa 65558 Caraway Type 1 specific Carum carvi 48032 Cardamom Type 1 specific Elettaria cardamomum 105181 Cardoon Type 1 specific Cynara cardunculus 4265 Carob Type 1 specific Ceratonia siliqua 20340 Carrot Type 1 specific Daucus carota ssp. sativus 79200 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Cascade huckleberry Type 1 specific Vaccinium deliciosum 190531 Cashew nut Type 1 specific Anacardium occidentale 171929 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Cassava Type 1 specific Manihot esculenta 3983 Castanospermum australe Type 1 Castanospermum australe Catjang pea Type 1 specific Vigna unguiculata ssp. cylindrica 3840 Cauliflower Type 1 specific Brassica oleracea var. botrytis 3715 Celeriac Type 1 specific Apium graveolens var. rapaceum 278110 Celery leaves Type 1 specific Apium graveolens var. secalinum 941588 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Celery stalks Type 1 specific Apium graveolens var. dulce 117781 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Cereals and cereal products Unknown generic Ceylon cinnamon Type 1 specific Cinnamomum verum 128608 Chanterelle Type 1 specific Cantharellus cibarius 36066 Chayote Type 1 specific Sechium edule 184140 Cherimoya Type 1 specific Annona cherimola 49314 Cherry tomato Type 1 specific Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme 195583 3.515833 3.841666698 3.19 mg/100 g Chervil Type 1 specific Anthriscus cerefolium 40888 Chestnut Type 1 specific Castanea 21019 Chia Type 1 specific Salvia hispanica 49212 Chickpea Type 1 specific Cicer arietinum 3827 Chicory Type 1 specific Cichorium intybus 13427 Chicory leaves Type 1 specific Cichorium intybus var. foliosum 13427 Chicory roots Type 1 specific Cichorium intybus var. sativum 13427 Chinese bayberry Type 1 specific Myrica rubra 262757 Chinese broccoli Type 1 specific Brassica alboglabra 3714 Chinese cabbage Type 1 specific Brassica rapa 3711 Chinese chestnut Type 1 specific Castanea mollissima 60419 Chinese chives Type 1 specific Allium tuberosum 4683 Chinese cinnamon Type 1 specific Cinnamomum aromaticum 119260 Chinese mustard Type 1 specific Brassica juncea 3707 Chinese plum Type 1 Chinese water chestnut Type 1 specific Eleocharis dulcis 110284 Chives Type 1 specific Allium schoenoprasum 74900 Cinnamon Type 1 specific Cinnamomum 13428 Citrus Unknown generic Clementine Type 1 Citrus × clementina Climbing bean Type 1 specific Vigna umbellata 87088 Cloud ear fungus Type 1 specific Auricularia polytricha 29893 Cloudberry Type 1 specific Rubus chamaemorus 57936 Cloves Type 1 specific Syzygium aromaticum 219868 Cocoa bean Type 1 specific Theobroma cacao 3641 Coconut Type 1 specific Cocos nucifera 13894 Colorado pinyon Type 1 specific Pinus edulis 3340 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Common bean Type 1 specific Phaseolus vulgaris 3885 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Common beet Type 1 specific Beta vulgaris 161934 Common buckwheat Type 1 specific Fagopyrum esculentum 3617 Common cabbage Type 1 specific Brassica oleracea 3712 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Common chokecherry Type 1 specific Prunus virginiana 133204 Common grape Type 1 specific Vitis vinifera 29760 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Common hazelnut Type 1 specific Corylus avellana 13451 Common mushroom Type 1 specific Agaricus bisporus 5341 Common oregano Type 1 specific Origanum vulgare 39352 186.0 372.0 0.0 mg/100 g Common pea Type 1 specific Pisum sativum 3888 Common persimmon Type 1 specific Diospyros virginiana 13493 Common sage Type 1 specific Salvia officinalis 38868 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Common salsify Type 1 specific Tragopogon porrifolius 13731 Common thyme Type 1 specific Thymus vulgaris 49992 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Common verbena Type 1 specific Verbena officinalis 79772 Common walnut Type 1 specific Juglans regia 51240 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Common wheat Type 1 specific Triticum aestivum 4565 Conch Type 1 specific Strombidae 69694 Coriander Type 1 specific Coriandrum sativum 4047 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Corn Type 1 specific Zea mays 4577 Corn salad Type 1 specific Valerianella locusta 59166 Cornbread Type 2 specific Cornmint Type 1 specific Mentha arvensis 292239 Cottonseed Type 1 specific Gossypium 3633 Cowpea Type 1 specific Vigna unguiculata 3917 Crosne Type 1 Stachys affinis Cubanelle pepper Type 1 Cucumber Type 1 specific Cucumis sativus 3659 Cucurbita Type 1 specific Cucurbita 3660 Cumin Type 1 specific Cuminum cyminum 52462 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Cupuaçu Type 1 specific Theobroma grandiflorum 108881 Curry powder Type 2 specific Custard apple Type 1 specific Annona reticulata 301862 Daikon radish Type 1 specific Raphanus sativus var. longipinnatus 41679 Dandelion Type 1 specific Taraxacum officinale 50225 Date Type 1 specific Phoenix dactylifera 42345 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Deerberry Type 1 specific Vaccinium stamineum 176259 Devilfish Type 1 specific Myoxocephalus 8095 Dill Type 1 specific Anethum graveolens 40922 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Dock Type 1 specific Rumex 3618 Durian Type 1 specific Durio zibethinus 66656 Eddoe Type 1 Colocasia antiquorum Eggplant Type 1 specific Solanum melongena 4111 Elderberry Type 1 specific Sambucus 4201 Elliott's blueberry Type 1 specific Vaccinium elliottii 283798 Endive Type 1 specific Cichorium endivia 114280 Enokitake Type 1 specific Flammulina velutipes 38945 Epazote Type 1 specific Dysphania ambrosioides 330163 European chestnut Type 1 specific Castanea sativa 21020 European cranberry Type 1 specific Vaccinium oxycoccos 516948 European plum Type 1 specific Prunus domestica 3758 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Evening primrose Type 1 specific Oenothera biennis 3942 Evergreen huckleberry Type 1 specific Vaccinium ovatum 84019 Feijoa Type 1 specific Feijoa sellowiana 260130 Fennel Type 1 specific Foeniculum vulgare 48038 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Fenugreek Type 1 specific Trigonella foenum-graecum 78534 Fig Type 1 specific Ficus carica 3494 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Fireweed Type 1 specific Chamerion angustifolium 13055 Flaxseed Type 1 specific Linum usitatissimum 4006 Flour Type 2 specific Fox grape Type 1 specific Vitis labrusca 103355 French plantain Type 1 specific Musa X paradisiaca 89151 Fruits Unknown generic Garden cress Type 1 specific Lepidium sativum 33125 Garden onion Type 1 specific Allium cepa 4679 Garden onion (var.) Type 1 specific Allium cepa var. cepa 4679 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Garden rhubarb Type 1 specific Rheum rhabarbarum 3621 Garden tomato Type 1 specific Solanum lycopersicum 4081 0.34 0.68 0.0 mg/100 g Garden tomato (var.) Type 1 specific Solanum lycopersicum var. lycopersicum 397755 0.964571 0.964571429 0.964571429 mg/100 g Garland chrysanthemum Type 1 specific Chrysanthemum coronarium 99038 Garlic Type 1 specific Allium sativum 4682 Gentiana lutea Type 1 Gentiana lutea German camomile Type 1 specific Matricaria recutita 127986 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Giant butterbur Type 1 specific Petasites japonicus 186965 Ginger Type 1 specific Zingiber officinale 94328 Ginkgo nuts Type 1 specific Ginkgo biloba 3311 Ginseng Type 1 specific Panax 4054 Globe artichoke Type 1 specific Cynara scolymus 59895 6.25 12.5 0.0 mg/100 g Goji Type 1 Gooseberry Type 1 specific Ribes uva-crispa 135518 Gram bean Type 1 specific Vigna mungo 3915 Grape Type 1 specific Vitis 3603 Grape wine Type 2 specific 0.4422 1.77 0.0 mg/100 g Grapefruit Type 1 specific Citrus X paradisi 37656 27.350444 53.0 1.563999991 mg/100 g Grapefruit/Pummelo hybrid Type 1 specific Citrus paradisi X Citrus maxima 37656 Grass pea Type 1 specific Lathyrus sativus 3860 Green apple Type 1 Green bean Type 1 specific Phaseolus vulgaris 3885 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Green bell pepper Type 1 specific Capsicum annuum 4072 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Green cabbage Type 1 Brassica oleracea var. sabauda L. Green grape Type 1 Green lentil Type 1 Lens culinaris Green onion Type 1 Green plum Type 1 Green tea Type 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Green vegetables Unknown generic Green zucchini Type 1 specific Cucurbita pepo var. cylindrica Greenthread tea Type 1 specific Thelesperma 153159 Groundcherry Type 1 specific Physalis 24663 Guarana Type 1 Paullinia cupana Guava Type 1 specific Psidium guajava 120290 Half-highbush blueberry Type 1 specific Vaccinium angustifolium X Vaccinium corymbosum 934696 Hard wheat Type 1 specific Triticum durum 4567 Hawthorn Type 1 Crataegus Hazelnut Type 1 specific Corylus 13450 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Heart of palm Type 1 specific Hedge mustard Type 1 specific Sisymbrium 3729 Herbal tea Type 1 Herbs and Spices Unknown generic Hibiscus tea Type 1 specific Hibiscus sabbariffa 183260 Hickory nut Type 1 specific Carya 13402 Highbush blueberry Type 1 specific Vaccinium corymbosum 69266 Horned melon Type 2 specific Cucumis metuliferus 61886 Horseradish Type 1 specific Armoracia rusticana 3704 Horseradish tree Type 1 specific Moringa oleifera 3735 Hyacinth bean Type 1 specific Lablab purpureus 35936 Hyssop Type 1 specific Hyssopus officinalis 39324 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Iceberg lettuce Type 1 Irish moss Type 1 specific Chondrus crispus 2769 Italian oregano Type 1 specific Origanum X majoricum 1384207 Italian sweet red pepper Type 1 specific Capsicum annuum 4072 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Jackfruit Type 1 specific Artocarpus heterophyllus 3489 Jalapeno pepper Type 1 Capsicum annuum 'Jalapeño' Japanese chestnut Type 1 specific Castanea crenata 103480 Japanese persimmon Type 1 specific Diospyros kaki 35925 Japanese pumpkin Type 1 specific Cucurbita maxima 3661 Japanese walnut Type 1 specific Juglans ailanthifolia 91209 Java plum Type 1 specific Syzygium cumini 260142 Jerusalem artichoke Type 1 specific Helianthus tuberosus 4233 Jew's ear Type 1 specific Auricularia auricula-judae 29892 Jicama Type 1 specific Pachyrhizus erosus 109171 Jostaberry Type 1 specific Ribes × nidigrolaria Jujube Type 1 specific Ziziphus zizyphus 48393 Juniperus communis Type 1 Juniperus communis Jute Type 1 specific Corchorus olitorius 93759 Kai-lan Type 1 specific Brassica oleracea var. alboglabra 3714 Kale Type 1 specific Brassica napus var. pabularia Kelp Type 1 specific Laminaria 33637 Kiwi Type 1 specific Actinidia chinensis 3625 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Kohlrabi Type 1 specific Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes 109379 Komatsuna Type 1 specific Brassica rapa var. perviridis 344680 Kombu Type 1 specific Saccharina japonica 88149 Kumquat Type 1 specific Fortunella 2706 57.39 57.39 57.39 mg/100 g Lambsquarters Type 1 specific Chenopodium album 3559 Lantern fruit Type 1 Physalis alkekengi Leek Type 1 specific Allium porrum Lemon Type 1 specific Citrus limon 2708 0.62 1.38 0.0 mg/100 g Lemon balm Type 1 specific Melissa officinalis 39338 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Lemon grass Type 1 specific Cymbopogon citratus 66014 Lemon thyme Type 1 specific Thymus pulegioides 751873 Lemon verbena Type 1 specific Aloysia triphylla 542672 Lentils Type 1 generic Lens culinaris 3864 Lettuce Type 1 specific Lactuca sativa 4236 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Lichee Type 1 specific Litchi chinensis 151069 Lima bean Type 1 specific Phaseolus lunatus 3884 Lime Type 1 specific Citrus aurantiifolia 159033 3.4 3.400000095 3.400000095 mg/100 g Linden Type 1 specific Tilia 64580 Lingonberry Type 1 specific Vaccinium vitis-idaea 180772 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Loganberry Type 1 specific Rubus loganobaccus Longan Type 1 specific Dimocarpus longan 128017 Loquat Type 1 specific Eriobotrya japonica 32224 Lotus Type 1 specific Nelumbo 4430 Lovage Type 1 specific Levisticum officinale 48042 Lowbush blueberry Type 1 specific Vaccinium angustifolium 472369 Lupine Type 1 specific Lupinus 3869 Macadamia nut Type 1 specific Macadamia 4329 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Macadamia nut (M. tetraphylla) Type 1 specific Macadamia tetraphylla 512563 Maitake Type 1 specific Grifola frondosa 5627 Malabar plum Type 1 specific Syzygium jambos 334483 Malabar spinach Type 1 specific Basella alba 3589 Malus (Crab apple) Type 1 specific Malus 3749 Mamey sapote Type 1 specific Pouteria sapota 233744 Mammee apple Type 1 specific Mammea americana 198777 Mandarin orange (Clementine, Tangerine) Type 1 specific Citrus reticulata 85571 5.0 10.02 1.37 mg/100 g Mango Type 1 specific Mangifera indica 29780 Mate Type 1 Ilex paraguariensis Medlar Type 1 specific Mespilus germanica 36616 Mentha Type 1 specific Mentha 21819 Mexican groundcherry Type 1 specific Physalis philadelphica var. immaculata 374021 Mexican oregano Type 1 specific Lippia graveolens 129.166663 371.999989827 7.0 mg/100 g Mikan Type 1 Citrus unshiu Milk (Cow) Type 2 specific 0.0549 0.0549 0.0549 uM Millet Type 1 specific Panicum miliaceum 4540 Miso Type 2 specific Mixed nuts Type 2 specific Monk fruit Type 1 Siraitia grosvenorii Morchella (Morel) Type 1 specific Morchellaceae 5192 Moth bean Type 1 specific Vigna aconitifolia 3918 Mountain yam Type 1 specific Dioscorea pentaphylla 167592 Mugwort Type 1 specific Artemisia vulgaris 4220 Mulberry Type 1 specific Morus 3497 Mundu Type 1 Garcinia dulcis Mung bean Type 1 specific Vigna radiata 157791 Muscadine grape Type 1 specific Vitis rotundifolia 103349 Muskmelon Type 1 specific Cucumis melo 3656 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Mustard spinach Type 1 specific Brassica perviridis Nance Type 1 specific Byrsonima crassifolia 4270 Nanking cherry Type 1 specific Prunus tomentosa 105667 Napa cabbage Type 1 specific Brassica rapa var. pekinensis 51351 Naranjilla Type 1 specific Solanum quitoense 227725 Narrowleaf cattail Type 1 specific Typha angustifolia 59011 Natal plum Type 1 specific Carissa macrocarpa 403101 Nectarine Type 1 specific Prunus persica var. nucipersica 323851 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g New Zealand spinach Type 1 specific Tetragonia tetragonioides 45318 Nopal Type 1 specific Opuntia cochenillifera 338184 Nutmeg Type 1 specific Myristica fragrans 51089 Nuts Unknown generic Oat Type 1 specific Avena sativa 4498 Oat bread Type 2 specific Ohelo berry Type 1 specific Vaccinium reticulatum 180767 Oil palm Type 1 specific Elaeis 51952 Oil-seed Camellia Type 1 specific Camellia oleifera 385388 Okra Type 1 specific Abelmoschus esculentus 455045 Olive Type 1 specific Olea europaea 4146 Onion-family vegetables Unknown generic Opium poppy Type 1 specific Papaver somniferum 3469 Orange bell pepper Type 1 specific Capsicum annuum 4072 Orange mint Type 1 specific Mentha aquatica 190902 Oregon yampah Type 1 specific Perideridia oregana 234866 Oriental wheat Type 1 specific Triticum turanicum 376534 Ostrich fern Type 1 specific Matteuccia struthiopteris 3277 Other bread Type 2 specific Other cereal product Type 2 specific Other soy product Type 2 specific Oval-leaf huckleberry Type 1 specific Vaccinium ovalifolium 190544 Oxheart cabbage Type 1 specific Brassica oleracea var. conica 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Oyster mushroom Type 1 specific Pleurotus ostreatus 5322 Pak choy Type 1 specific Brassica rapa var. chinensis 93385 Papaya Type 1 specific Carica papaya 3649 Parsley Type 1 specific Petroselinum crispum 4043 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Parsnip Type 1 specific Pastinaca sativa 4041 Partridge berry Type 1 Mitchella repens Passion fruit Type 1 specific Passiflora edulis 78168 Pasta Type 2 specific Pea shoots Type 1 Peach Type 1 specific Prunus persica 3760 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Peach (var.) Type 1 specific Prunus persica var. persica 323852 Peanut Type 1 specific Arachis hypogaea 3818 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Pear Type 1 specific Pyrus communis 23211 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Pecan nut Type 1 specific Carya illinoinensis 32201 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Pepper Type 1 specific Capsicum annuum 4072 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Pepper (C. baccatum) Type 1 specific Capsicum baccatum var. baccatum 165788 Pepper (C. chinense) Type 1 specific Capsicum chinense 80379 Pepper (C. frutescens) Type 1 specific Capsicum annuum var. annuum 40321 Pepper (C. pubescens) Type 1 specific Capsicum pubescens 113210 Pepper (Capsicum) Type 1 specific Capsicum 4071 Pepper (Spice) Type 1 specific Piper nigrum 13216 Peppermint Type 1 specific Mentha X piperita 34256 Persian lime Type 1 specific Citrus latifolia 200541 1.89 3.4 0.38 mg/100 g Persimmon Type 1 specific Diospyros 13492 Pigeon pea Type 1 specific Cajanus cajan 3821 Piki bread Type 2 specific Pili nut Type 1 specific Canarium ovatum 43691 Pine nut Type 1 specific Pinus 3337 Pineapple Type 1 specific Ananas comosus 4615 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Pineappple sage Type 1 specific Salvia elegans 888065 Pistachio Type 1 specific Pistacia vera 55513 0.006 0.012 0.0 mg/100 g Pita bread Type 2 specific Pitanga Type 1 specific Eugenia uniflora 119951 Pitaya Type 1 Hylocereus undatus Plains prickly pear Type 1 specific Opuntia macrorhiza 1041245 Plantain Type 1 Musa × paradisiaca Pomegranate Type 1 specific Punica granatum 22663 Pomes Unknown generic Poppy Type 1 specific Papaver 3468 Pot marjoram Type 1 specific Origanum onites 452416 Potato Type 1 specific Solanum tuberosum 4113 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Potato bread Type 2 specific Prairie turnip Type 1 specific Pediomelum esculentum 458363 Prickly pear Type 1 specific Opuntia 106975 Prunus (Cherry, Plum) Type 1 specific Prunus 3754 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Pulses Unknown generic Pummelo Type 1 specific Citrus maxima 37334 25.015 25.31 24.72 mg/100 g Purple laver Type 1 specific Porphyra laciniata Purple mangosteen Type 1 specific Garcinia mangostana 58228 Purslane Type 1 specific Portulaca oleracea 46147 Quince Type 1 specific Cydonia oblonga 36610 Quinoa Type 1 specific Chenopodium quinoa 63459 Rabbiteye blueberry Type 1 specific Vaccinium virgatum Radish Type 1 specific Raphanus sativus 3726 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Radish (var.) Type 1 specific Raphanus sativus var. sativus 240228 Raisin bread Type 2 specific Rambutan Type 1 specific Nephelium lappaceum 151071 Rape Type 1 specific Brassica napus var. napus 138011 Rapini Type 1 specific Brassica ruvo 1204434 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Red algae Type 1 specific Rhodophyta 2763 Red beetroot Type 1 specific Beta vulgaris var. rubra Red bell pepper Type 1 specific Capsicum annuum 4072 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Red clover Type 1 Trifolium pratense Red grape Type 1 Red huckleberry Type 1 specific Vaccinium parvifolium 180766 Red onion Type 1 Red raspberry Type 1 specific Rubus idaeus 32247 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Red rice Type 1 specific Oryza rufipogon 4529 Red tea Type 1 Redcurrant Type 1 specific Ribes rubrum 175228 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Rice Type 1 specific Oryza sativa 4530 Rice bread Type 2 specific Robusta coffee Type 1 specific Coffea canephora 49390 Rocket salad Type 1 specific Eruca vesicaria 180536 Rocket salad (ssp.) Type 1 specific Eruca vesicaria ssp. sativa 29727 Romaine lettuce Type 1 specific Lactuca sativa L. var. longifolia Roman camomile Type 1 specific Chamaemelum nobile 99037 Root vegetables Unknown generic Rose hip Type 1 specific Rosa 3764 Roselle Type 1 specific Hibiscus sabdariffa 183260 Rosemary Type 1 specific Rosmarinus officinalis 39367 8.286667 24.86 0.0 mg/100 g Rowal Type 1 specific Pangium edule 112823 Rowanberry Type 1 specific Sorbus aucuparia 36599 Rubus (Blackberry, Raspberry) Type 1 specific Rubus 23216 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Rye Type 1 specific Secale cereale 4550 Rye bread Type 2 specific Sacred lotus Type 1 specific Nelumbo nucifera 4432 Safflower Type 1 specific Carthamus tinctorius 4222 Saffron Type 1 specific Crocus sativus 82528 Sago palm Type 1 specific Metroxylon sagu 93297 Salmonberry Type 1 specific Rubus spectabilis 59499 Sapodilla Type 1 specific Manilkara zapota 3741 Saskatoon berry Type 1 specific Amelanchier alnifolia 32219 Sausage Type 2 specific 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Savoy cabbage Type 1 specific Brassica oleracea var. sabauda 1216010 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Scarlet bean Type 1 specific Phaseolus coccineus 3886 Sea-buckthornberry Type 1 specific Hippophae rhamnoides 193516 Semolina Type 2 specific Sesame Type 1 specific Sesamum orientale 4182 Sesbania flower Type 1 specific Sesbania bispinosa 485725 Shallot Type 1 specific Allium ascalonicum 1476995 Shea tree Type 1 specific Vitellaria paradoxa 292385 Shiitake Type 1 specific Lentinus edodes 5353 Silver linden Type 1 specific Tilia argentea 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Skunk currant Type 1 specific Ribes glandulosum 175226 Small-leaf linden Type 1 specific Tilia cordata 172266 Soft-necked garlic Type 1 specific Allium sativum L. var. sativum 4682 Sorghum Type 1 specific Sorghum bicolor 4558 0.835 1.67 0.0 mg/100 g Sorrel Type 1 specific Rumex acetosa 41241 Sour cherry Type 1 specific Prunus cerasus 140311 Sour orange Type 1 Citrus × aurantium Sourdock Type 1 specific Rumex articus 395311 Sourdough Type 2 specific Soursop Type 1 specific Annona muricata 13337 Soy bean Type 1 specific Glycine max 3847 Soy cream Type 2 specific Soy milk Type 2 specific Soy sauce Type 2 specific Sparkleberry Type 1 specific Vaccinium arboreum 229201 Spearmint Type 1 specific Mentha spicata 29719 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Spelt Type 1 specific Triticum spelta 58933 Spinach Type 1 specific Spinacia oleracea 3562 Spirulina Type 1 specific Spirulina 551299 Squashberry Type 1 specific Viburnum edule 237934 Star anise Type 1 specific Illicium verum 124778 Star fruit Type 1 specific Averrhoa carambola 28974 Strawberry Type 1 specific Fragaria X ananassa 3747 0.13 0.26 0.0 mg/100 g Strawberry guava Type 1 specific Psidium cattleianum 375274 Sugar apple Type 1 specific Annona squamosa 301693 Summer grape Type 1 specific Vitis aestivalis 3605 Summer savory Type 1 specific Satureja hortensis 49987 Sunburst squash (pattypan squash) Type 1 specific Cucurbita pepo var. clypeata Sunflower Type 1 specific Helianthus annuus 4232 Swamp cabbage Type 1 specific Ipomoea aquatica 89636 Swede Type 1 specific Brassica napus 3708 Sweet basil Type 1 specific Ocimum basilicum 39350 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Sweet bay Type 1 specific Laurus nobilis 85223 Sweet cherry Type 1 specific Prunus avium 42229 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Sweet marjoram Type 1 specific Origanum majorana 268884 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Sweet orange Type 1 specific Citrus sinensis 2711 410.7815 4040.0 0.8 mg/100 g Sweet potato Type 1 specific Ipomoea batatas 4120 Sweet rowanberry Type 1 specific Grataegosorbus mitschurinii Swiss chard Type 1 specific Beta vulgaris ssp. cicla 1527200 Taco shell Type 2 Tamarind Type 1 specific Tamarindus indica 58860 Taro Type 1 specific Colocasia esculenta 4460 Tarragon Type 1 specific Artemisia dracunculus 72341 4.4 4.4 4.4 mg/100 g Tartary buckwheat Type 1 specific Fagopyrum tataricum 62330 Tea Type 1 specific Camellia sinensis 4442 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Tea leaf willow Type 1 specific Salix pulchra 669814 Teff Type 1 specific Eragrostis tef 110835 Thistle Type 1 specific Cirsium 41549 Tinda Type 1 specific Citrullus lanatus var. fistulosus Tofu Type 2 specific Tortilla Type 2 specific Tostada shell Type 2 Towel gourd Type 1 specific Luffa aegyptiaca 3670 Tree fern Type 1 specific Cyathea Triticale Type 1 specific X Triticosecale rimpaui Tronchuda cabbage Type 1 specific Brassica oleracea var. costata 416546 Turmeric Type 1 specific Curcuma longa 136217 Turnip Type 1 specific Brassica rapa var. rapa 51350 Ucuhuba Type 1 specific Virola surinamensis 224910 Vaccinium (Blueberry, Cranberry, Huckleberry) Type 1 specific Vaccinium 13749 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Vanilla Type 1 specific Vanilla 51238 Wakame Type 1 specific Undaria pinnatifida 74381 Walnut Type 1 specific Juglans 16718 Wampee Type 1 Clausena lansium Wasabi Type 1 specific Wasabia japonica 75806 Water spinach Type 1 Ipomoea aquatica Watercress Type 1 specific Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum 135518 Watermelon Type 1 specific Citrullus lanatus 3654 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Wax apple Type 1 specific Eugenia javanica 119950 Wax gourd Type 1 specific Benincasa hispida 102211 Welsh onion Type 1 specific Allium fistulosum 35875 Wheat Type 1 specific Triticum 4564 Wheat bread Type 2 specific White bread Type 1 White cabbage Type 1 specific Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata L. f. alba DC. White lupine Type 1 specific Lupinus albus 3870 White mulberry Type 1 Morus alba White mustard Type 1 specific Sinapis alba 3728 Wild carrot Type 1 specific Daucus carota 4039 Wild celery Type 1 specific Apium graveolens 4045 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Wild leek Type 1 specific Allium ampeloprasum 4681 Wild rice Type 1 specific Zizania 15949 Winged bean Type 1 specific Psophocarpus tetragonolobus 3891 Winter savory Type 1 specific Satureja montana 49988 Winter squash Type 1 specific Cucurbita maxima 3661 Wonton wrapper Type 2 specific Yali pear Type 1 specific Pyrus × bretschneideri Yam Type 1 specific Dioscorea 4672 Yardlong bean Type 1 specific Vigna unguiculata ssp. sesquipedalis 138955 Yau choy Type 1 Yautia Type 1 specific Xanthosoma sagittifolium 28478 Yellow bell pepper Type 1 specific Capsicum annuum 4072 0.0 0.0 0.0 mg/100 g Yellow pond-lily Type 1 specific Nuphar lutea 77113 Yellow wax bean Type 1 specific Phaseolus vulgaris 3885 Yellow zucchini Type 1 specific Cucurbita pepo var. cylindrica Zwieback Type 2 specific bitter 11beta-hydroxysteroid-dehydrogenase inhibitor 4 A compound or agent that combines with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction. aldose reductase inhibitor 40 An EC 1.1.1.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-OH group, NAD(+) or NADP(+) acceptor) inhibitor that interferes with the action of aldehyde reductase (EC 1.1.1.21). anti acetylcholinesterase 76 An EC 3.1.1.* (carboxylic ester hydrolase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of enzyme acetylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.7), which helps breaking down of acetylcholine into choline and acetic acid. anti aflatoxin 92 A substance that diminishes the rate of a chemical reaction. anti aggregant 94 anti Alzheimeran 105 Any substance introduced into a living organism with therapeutic or diagnostic purpose. anti amnesic 108 Any substance introduced into a living organism with therapeutic or diagnostic purpose. anti amyloid-beta 109 anti bacterial 145 A substance that kills or slows the growth of bacteria. anti cancer 159 A substance that inhibits or prevents the proliferation of neoplasms. anti escherichic 269 anti estrogenic 272 A substance that diminishes the rate of a chemical reaction. anti fibrotic 281 anti hepatotoxic 328 Any compound that is able to prevent damage to the liver. anti herpetic 329 A substance that destroys or inhibits replication of viruses. anti HIV 333 A substance that destroys or inhibits replication of viruses. anti inflammatory 370 A substance that reduces or suppresses inflammation. anti leukemic 393 A substance that inhibits or prevents the proliferation of neoplasms. anti mutagenic 451 anti peristaltic 517 anti peroxidative 520 anti radicular 572 anti sindhis 616 anti spasmodic 619 Any substance introduced into a living organism with therapeutic or diagnostic purpose. anti staphylococcic 627 A substance that kills or slows the growth of bacteria. anti ulcer 676 One of various classes of drugs with different action mechanisms used to treat or ameliorate peptic ulcer or irritation of the gastrointestinal tract. anti viral 689 A substance that destroys or inhibits replication of viruses. antioxidant 502 A substance that opposes oxidation or inhibits reactions brought about by dioxygen or peroxides. In European countries, E-numbers for permitted antioxidant food additives are from E 300 to E 324. antitumor 672 A substance that inhibits or prevents the proliferation of neoplasms. antitumor promoter 673 A substance that inhibits or prevents the proliferation of neoplasms. aphidifuge 701 Strictly, a substance intended to kill pests. In common usage, any substance used for controlling, preventing, or destroying animal, microbiological or plant pests. aromatase inhibitor 705 An EC 1.14.14.* (oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, incorporating of 1 atom of oxygen, with reduced flavin or flavoprotein as one donor) inhibitor which interferes with the action of aromatase (EC 1.14.14.14) and so reduces production of estrogenic steroid hormones. cAMP-phosphodiesterase inhibitor 753 A compound or agent that combines with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction. cancer preventive 754 A substance that inhibits or prevents the proliferation of neoplasms. candidicide 756 choleretic 801 cytochrome-P450 inhibitor 855 An enzyme inhibitor that interferes with the activity of cytochrome P450 involved in catalysis of organic substances. decarboxylase inhibitor 861 A compound or agent that combines with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction. embryotoxic 898 A role played by the molecular entity or part thereof which causes the development of a pathological process. estrogenic 922 fungicide 940 A substance used to destroy fungal pests. fungistat 942 hepatoprotective 981 Any compound that is able to prevent damage to the liver. neuroprotective 1158 Any compound that can be used for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. pesticide 1210 Strictly, a substance intended to kill pests. In common usage, any substance used for controlling, preventing, or destroying animal, microbiological or plant pests. serotonin inhibitor 1313 Drugs that bind to but do not activate serotonin receptors, thereby blocking the actions of serotonin or serotonergic agonists. teratogenic 1347 A role played by a chemical compound in biological systems with adverse consequences in embryo developments, leading to birth defects, embryo death or altered development, growth retardation and functional defect. TNF-alpha inhibitor 1363 A substance that diminishes the rate of a chemical reaction. topoisomerase-I inhibitor 1368 A topoisomerase inhibitor that inhibits the bacterial enzymes of the DNA topoisomerases, Type I class (EC 5.99.1.2) that catalyze ATP-independent breakage of one of the two strands of DNA, passage of the unbroken strand through the break, and rejoining of the broken strand. These bacterial enzymes reduce the topological stress in the DNA structure by relaxing negatively, but not positively, supercoiled DNA. utero trophic 1406 Any substance introduced into a living organism with therapeutic or diagnostic purpose.