| 11-beta-hydroxysteroid-dehydrogenase inhibitor | 23924 | An agent that blocks the conversion of cortisone to cortisol, reducing glucocorticoid activity. Therapeutically, it's used to treat conditions like Cushing's syndrome, obesity, and metabolic disorders, by regulating cortisol levels and improving insulin sensitivity. | DUKE |
| 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor | 23924 | An agent that blocks the activity of 5-lipoxygenase, an enzyme involved in leukotriene production, reducing inflammation and allergic responses. Therapeutically, it's used to treat asthma, allergies, and inflammatory disorders, such as arthritis, by inhibiting the synthesis of pro-inflammatory leukotrienes. | DUKE |
| Aldehyde-oxidase inhibitor | 23924 | An agent that blocks the activity of aldehyde oxidase, an enzyme involved in metabolizing various compounds. Therapeutically, it reduces toxic aldehyde levels, commonly used in managing alcoholism, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. | DUKE |
| Aldose reductase inhibitor | 48550 | An agent that blocks the activity of aldose reductase, an enzyme involved in glucose metabolism. It reduces oxidative stress and inflammation, commonly used in managing diabetic complications, such as neuropathy, nephropathy, and retinopathy. | DUKE |
| Allelochemic | | A chemical released by plants that interacts with other organisms, influencing their behavior or growth. Its biological role involves plant defense and communication. Therapeutically, allelochemics have anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties, with applications in managing anxiety, pain, and infections, as well as potential anticancer uses. | DUKE |
| Allergenic | 50904 | A substance that triggers an immune response, causing allergic reactions. Its biological role is to stimulate the immune system, but it has no therapeutic applications. Key medical uses include diagnosing allergies and developing immunotherapies to desensitize patients to specific allergens, reducing the risk of severe reactions. | DUKE |
| Analgesic | 35480 | An agent that relieves pain by reducing or blocking pain signals in the brain, commonly used to manage acute or chronic pain, inflammation, and fever, with therapeutic applications in surgery, injury, and disease treatment. | DUKE |
| Anti aflatoxin | 35222 | An agent that neutralizes or removes aflatoxins, toxic compounds produced by mold, reducing the risk of liver damage and cancer. Therapeutically, it is used to prevent aflatoxin poisoning, commonly in food safety and liver protection applications, and may have potential in cancer prevention and treatment. | DUKE |
| Anti-aggregant | | An agent that prevents platelet aggregation, reducing blood clot formation. Its biological role is to inhibit platelet activation, and its therapeutic applications include preventing thrombosis and stroke. Key medical uses include treating cardiovascular diseases, such as myocardial infarction and atrial fibrillation, and managing conditions that increase the risk of blood clots. | DUKE |
| Anti-aging | 52217 | An agent that slows or reverses cellular aging, promoting youthful function. Its biological role involves protecting against oxidative stress and DNA damage. Therapeutically, it has applications in dermatology, gerontology, and regenerative medicine, with key medical uses including skin rejuvenation, reducing age-related diseases, and improving overall healthspan. | DUKE |
| Anti-allergic | 50857 | An agent that reduces or blocks allergic reactions, commonly used to manage symptoms of allergies, such as itching, sneezing, and inflammation, by inhibiting the release of histamine and other chemical mediators, providing relief in conditions like hay fever, asthma, and skin allergies. | DUKE |
| Anti-Alzheimeran | 52217 | An agent that inhibits the progression of Alzheimer's disease, reducing beta-amyloid plaque formation and neuroinflammation. Therapeutically, it improves cognitive function and memory, commonly used in managing mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders. | DUKE |
| Anti-anaphylactic | 52217 | An agent that prevents or treats anaphylaxis, a severe allergic reaction. It plays a biological role in stabilizing mast cells and reducing histamine release. Therapeutically, it is used to manage allergic emergencies, with key medical applications including treatment of anaphylactic shock, asthma, and allergic rhinitis. | DUKE |
| Anti-angiogenic | 48422 | An agent that inhibits the formation of new blood vessels, playing a crucial role in cancer treatment by starving tumors of oxygen and nutrients. Therapeutically, it is used to manage cancer, age-related macular degeneration, and other diseases characterized by excessive angiogenesis, reducing tumor growth and slowing disease progression. | DUKE |
| Anti-arthritic | 52217 | An agent that reduces joint inflammation and alleviates symptoms of arthritis, commonly used in managing rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and other inflammatory joint disorders, to improve mobility and quality of life. | DUKE |
| Anti-asthmatic | 49167 | An agent that relieves bronchospasm and inflammation, commonly used to manage asthma symptoms, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and other respiratory disorders, improving lung function and overall respiratory health. | DUKE |
| Anti-atherosclerotic | 38070 | An agent that prevents or slows the formation of atherosclerosis, a condition characterized by plaque buildup in arteries. It reduces inflammation, improves lipid profiles, and inhibits platelet aggregation, commonly used to manage cardiovascular diseases, such as coronary artery disease, and prevent heart attacks and strokes. | DUKE |
| Anti bacterial | 33282 | An agent that inhibits the growth of or destroys bacteria, playing a crucial role in preventing and treating infections. Therapeutically, it is used to combat bacterial infections, with key medical applications including treating pneumonia, tuberculosis, and skin infections, as well as preventing surgical site infections and sepsis. | DUKE |
| Anti carcinomic | 35610 | An agent that inhibits the growth and proliferation of cancer cells, playing a crucial role in cancer prevention and treatment. Therapeutically, it is used to manage and treat various types of cancer, reducing tumor size and slowing disease progression, with key medical uses in oncology and chemotherapy. | DUKE |
| Anti cariogenic | 52217 | An agent that prevents tooth decay, reducing bacterial acid production and plaque formation. Its biological role is to inhibit the growth of cariogenic bacteria, and its therapeutic applications include preventing dental caries and managing tooth decay. Key medical uses include toothpaste, mouthwashes, and dental varnishes to maintain oral health. | DUKE |
| Anti-cataract | 52217 | An agent that prevents or slows the formation of cataracts, reducing oxidative stress and inflammation in the lens of the eye, commonly used to manage age-related cataracts and other ocular disorders. | DUKE |
| Anti-colitic | 52217 | An agent that reduces inflammation in the colon, commonly used to manage ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, and other inflammatory bowel diseases, promoting healing and relieving symptoms. | DUKE |
| Anti complementary | | A substance that diminishes or abolishes the action of a complement, playing a role in regulating the immune system. Therapeutically, it's used to prevent excessive inflammation and tissue damage. Key medical uses include treating autoimmune disorders, transplant rejection, and inflammatory diseases. | DUKE |
| Anti-Crohn's | 52217 | An agent that reduces inflammation and modulates the immune system, commonly used in managing Crohn's disease and other inflammatory bowel disorders, to alleviate symptoms and induce remission. | DUKE |
| Anti-cystitic | | An agent that diminishes inflammation of the urinary bladder, providing relief from cystitis symptoms. Its biological role involves reducing irritation and discomfort in the bladder lining. Therapeutically, it is used to treat urinary tract infections, interstitial cystitis, and other bladder disorders, alleviating symptoms such as pain, frequency, and urgency. | DUKE |
| Anti depressant | 52217 | An agent that regulates mood, reducing symptoms of depression and anxiety by altering neurotransmitter levels in the brain, commonly used in managing depression, anxiety disorders, and other mood disorders. | DUKE |
| Anti dermatitic | 50177 | An agent that reduces skin inflammation and irritation, commonly used to treat dermatitis, eczema, and other skin disorders, providing relief from itching, redness, and swelling. | DUKE |
| Anti-diabetic | 52217 | An agent that regulates blood sugar levels, enhancing insulin sensitivity or secretion. Therapeutically, it's used to manage diabetes, reducing symptoms and complications, and commonly prescribed to treat type 1 and 2 diabetes, as well as gestational diabetes. | DUKE |
| Anti elastase | 23924 | An agent that inhibits elastase activity, reducing tissue damage and inflammation. It plays a biological role in protecting tissues from enzymatic degradation. Therapeutically, it is used to manage conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cystic fibrosis, and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), where excessive elastase activity contributes to disease progression. | DUKE |
| Anti-encephalitic | 52217 | An agent that combats encephalitis, reducing inflammation and viral replication in the brain. Its therapeutic applications include treating viral encephalitis, such as herpes simplex and Japanese encephalitis, to alleviate symptoms and prevent neurological damage, ultimately improving patient outcomes. | DUKE |
| Anti-escherichic | | An antibody binding to Escherichia-specific targets, playing a role in immune defense. Therapeutically, it is used to combat E. coli infections, with key medical applications in treating urinary tract infections, sepsis, and gastrointestinal diseases. | DUKE |
| Anti estrogenic | 35222 | An agent that blocks or reduces estrogen's effects, used to treat hormone-sensitive cancers, such as breast cancer, and manage conditions like endometriosis and uterine fibroids, by inhibiting estrogen's biological role in promoting cell growth. | DUKE |
| Anti feedant | | A substance that inhibits normal feeding behavior, found in certain plants, deterring insects and animals from consuming them. Its therapeutic applications include pest control, while key medical uses involve managing insect-borne diseases and reducing crop damage. | DUKE |
| Anti fibrosarcomic | | An agent that inhibits the growth of fibrosarcoma, a type of cancer characterized by malignant fibroblasts. It plays a biological role in regulating cell proliferation, and has therapeutic applications in oncology. Key medical uses include treating fibrosarcoma and other soft tissue sarcomas, reducing tumor growth and improving patient outcomes. | DUKE |
| Anti-flu | 22587 | An agent that prevents or treats influenza virus infections, reducing symptoms and complications. Its biological role involves blocking viral replication, and its therapeutic applications include prophylaxis and treatment of flu outbreaks. Key medical uses include reducing the risk of flu-related hospitalizations and mortality, especially in high-risk populations such as the elderly and young children. | DUKE |
| Anti-gastric | | An antibody targeting gastric parietal cells, linked to autoimmune gastritis and pernicious anemia, used to diagnose and manage these conditions, helping to reduce stomach inflammation and improve nutrient absorption. | DUKE |
| Anti gonadotropic | | An agent that suppresses gonadotropin activity, specifically follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Used to treat hormonally-sensitive cancers, delay puberty, and manage conditions like endometriosis and hypersexuality. | DUKE |
| Anti glucose-tolerance-factor | | An antibody that binds glucose tolerance factor (GTF), blocking its insulin-mimetic activity. It may have therapeutic applications in managing insulin resistance and diabetes, and potential medical uses in treating related metabolic disorders. | DUKE |
| Anti hepatotoxic | 62868 | An agent that protects the liver from damage, reducing toxicity and promoting liver health. It plays a biological role in preventing liver injury and supporting liver function. Therapeutically, it is used to treat liver diseases, such as hepatitis and cirrhosis, and to counteract liver-damaging effects of certain medications and toxins. | DUKE |
| Anti-herpetic | 22587 | An agent that inhibits the replication of herpes viruses, reducing symptoms and severity of infections. Therapeutically, it is used to treat herpes simplex (HSV-1 and HSV-2) and varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infections, commonly used in managing genital herpes, cold sores, and shingles. | DUKE |
| Anti histaminic | 37956 | An agent that blocks histamine receptors, reducing allergic symptoms. Therapeutically, it alleviates itching, sneezing, and runny nose, commonly used in managing allergies, itching, and hives, as well as treating conditions like anaphylaxis and allergic rhinitis. | DUKE |
| Anti HIV | 22587 | An agent that prevents the replication of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), used to treat and manage HIV infection and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), reducing viral load and slowing disease progression. | DUKE |
| Anti hydrophobic | | An agent that prevents the aggregation of hydrophobic substances in aqueous solution, playing a biological role in maintaining protein structure and function. Therapeutically, it has applications in managing protein-related diseases. Key medical uses include treating amyloidosis and other neurodegenerative disorders by inhibiting protein aggregation. | DUKE |
| Anti hypertensive | 52217 | An agent that lowers blood pressure, reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease. It plays a biological role in relaxing blood vessels, decreasing cardiac workload, and improving blood flow. Therapeutically, it's used to manage hypertension, heart failure, and stroke, with key medical applications in preventing organ damage and improving overall cardiovascular health. | DUKE |
| Anti-inflammatory | 35472 | An agent that reduces inflammation, playing a biological role in suppressing immune responses and therapeutic applications in managing pain, swelling, and redness. Key medical uses include treating arthritis, allergies, and autoimmune disorders, as well as relieving symptoms of conditions such as asthma and dermatitis. | DUKE |
| Anti leishmanic | 33281 | An agent that treats Leishmaniasis, a parasitic disease caused by Leishmania parasites. It kills or inhibits the growth of these parasites, reducing symptoms and preventing disease progression. Therapeutically, anti-leishmanics are used to manage cutaneous, visceral, and mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis, often in combination with other treatments. Key medical uses include treating infected individuals, particularly in endemic regions. | DUKE |
| Anti leukemic | 35610 | An agent that targets and inhibits the growth of leukemia cells, playing a crucial role in cancer treatment. Therapeutically, it is used to induce remission, manage symptoms, and improve survival rates in patients with leukemia. Key medical uses include treating acute and chronic leukemia, lymphoma, and other hematological malignancies. | DUKE |
| Anti leukotriene | 35222 | An agent that blocks the action of leukotrienes, reducing inflammation and bronchoconstriction. Therapeutically, it is used to treat asthma, allergic rhinitis, and other respiratory disorders by inhibiting the biological role of leukotrienes in mediating inflammatory responses. | DUKE |
| Anti lipoperoxidant | | An agent that prevents peroxidation of lipids, reducing oxidative stress and cell damage. Its biological role involves protecting cell membranes from degradation. Therapeutically, it has applications in managing conditions related to oxidative stress, with key medical uses including neuroprotection, anti-inflammation, and antioxidant therapy. | DUKE |
| Anti-malarial | 33281 | An agent that prevents or treats malaria, a disease caused by Plasmodium parasites. It works by targeting the parasite's life cycle, reducing symptoms and preventing transmission. Therapeutically, anti-malarials are used to treat and prevent malaria, as well as to manage related conditions such as babesiosis and toxoplasmosis. | DUKE |
| Anti-melanomic | 35610 | An agent that inhibits melanin production, reducing melanoma cell growth. It has therapeutic applications in treating skin cancers, particularly melanoma, and key medical uses include preventing tumor progression and metastasis, as well as managing pigmentation disorders. | DUKE |
| Anti metastatic | 35610 | An agent that inhibits cancer cell spread, reducing tumor metastasis. It plays a biological role in blocking cell migration and invasion, and has therapeutic applications in cancer treatment. Key medical uses include preventing cancer recurrence and improving survival rates in patients with various types of cancer. | DUKE |
| Anti-mutagenic | | An agent that interferes with the mutagenicity of a substance, preventing DNA damage and mutations. Its biological role is to protect cells from genetic alterations, and it has therapeutic applications in cancer prevention and treatment, as well as key medical uses in reducing the risk of genetic disorders and birth defects. | DUKE |
| Anti-myocarditic | 38070 | An agent that prevents or reduces myocarditis, inflammation of the heart muscle, by inhibiting immune responses or modulating inflammatory pathways. Therapeutically, it is used to manage myocarditis, pericarditis, and other cardiac inflammatory conditions, reducing the risk of heart failure and improving cardiac function. | DUKE |
| Anti-nitrosaminic | | An agent that inhibits the formation of nitrosamines, carcinogenic compounds. It plays a biological role in cancer prevention, with therapeutic applications in reducing the risk of tobacco-related and other cancers. Key medical uses include chemoprevention and protection against carcinogenic exposures. | DUKE |
| Anti nociceptive | 35470 | An agent that reduces the sensitivity to painful stimuli, blocking the transmission of pain signals. Its biological role is to modulate pain perception, with therapeutic applications in managing acute and chronic pain. Key medical uses include treating headaches, arthritis, and post-surgical pain, as well as providing relief for cancer and neuropathic pain. | DUKE |
| Anti-oxidant | 22586 | An agent that neutralizes free radicals, reducing oxidative stress and cell damage. Its biological role involves protecting cells from harm, and it has therapeutic applications in managing chronic diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, and neurodegenerative disorders, with key medical uses including anti-aging, anti-inflammatory, and cardio protective effects. | DUKE |
| Anti-pancreatitic | 52217 | An agent that reduces inflammation and protects the pancreas, commonly used in managing pancreatitis and other pancreatic disorders, promoting healing and preventing further tissue damage. | DUKE |
| Anti periodontal | | An agent that prevents or treats gum disease, reducing inflammation and infection in the gums and supporting tissues of the teeth, commonly used in managing periodontitis and promoting oral health. | DUKE |
| Anti peristaltic | | An agent that opposes the force of peristalsis, reducing muscle contractions in the digestive tract. Its biological role is to slow down gut movement, and it has therapeutic applications in managing diarrhea, irritable bowel syndrome, and gastrointestinal spasms. Key medical uses include treating bowel disorders and preventing opioid-induced constipation. | DUKE |
| Anti-permeability | | An agent that prevents the uptake of a substance by a cell or tissue, playing a biological role in maintaining cellular integrity. It has therapeutic applications in reducing edema and inflammation, with key medical uses in treating conditions such as macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy. | DUKE |
| Anti peroxidant | | An agent that prevents oxygen atom and peroxide formation, reducing oxidative stress and cell damage. It plays a biological role in protecting cells from free radicals. Therapeutically, it's used to manage conditions like cancer, Alzheimer's, and atherosclerosis, with key medical applications in neuroprotection, cardiovascular health, and anti-aging. | DUKE |
| Anti-pharyngitic | | An agent that relieves inflammation of the pharynx, reducing pain and discomfort. Its biological role is to soothe and calm the throat, making it a therapeutic application for sore throats. Key medical uses include treating pharyngitis, tonsillitis, and laryngitis, providing temporary relief from symptoms. | DUKE |
| Anti-plaque | | An agent that removes or prevents the formation of dental plaque, a biofilm of bacteria, to prevent tooth decay and gum disease, commonly used in oral care products and therapeutic applications for periodontal health. | DUKE |
| Anti plasmodial | 33281 | An agent that inhibits the growth of Plasmodium parasites, reducing malaria symptoms. Therapeutically, it's used to treat and prevent malaria, with key medical applications including prophylaxis and treatment of malaria infections. | DUKE |
| Anti premenstrual syndrome | 52217 | An agent that alleviates symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (PMS), reducing physical and emotional discomfort. Its biological role involves regulating hormonal fluctuations, and its therapeutic applications include managing mood swings, bloating, and breast tenderness. Key medical uses include treating PMS, premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), and other menstrual-related disorders. | DUKE |
| Anti-podriac | | An agent that inhibits the growth of Podriac bacteria, reducing inflammation and infection. Therapeutically, it's used to treat bacterial infections, particularly those caused by Podriac species, and has applications in wound care and skin infections, promoting healing and preventing further complications. | DUKE |
| Anti polio | 22587 | An agent that prevents poliovirus infection, inducing immunity to protect against poliomyelitis. Therapeutically, it is used to prevent and control polio outbreaks, commonly administered through vaccination to promote herd immunity and eradicate the disease. | DUKE |
| Anti proliferant | | An agent that prevents or inhibits cell growth and division, used therapeutically to treat cancer, manage tumor growth, and prevent restenosis after angioplasty, reducing abnormal cell proliferation. | DUKE |
| Anti prostanoid | | An agent that blocks prostanoid receptors, reducing inflammation and pain. Therapeutically, it's used to treat conditions like asthma, arthritis, and cardiovascular disease by inhibiting prostanoid-mediated responses, providing relief from symptoms. | DUKE |
| Anti-prostatitic | | An agent that relieves prostatitis, reducing inflammation of the prostate gland, and is used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and chronic pelvic pain syndrome. | DUKE |
| Anti-psoriac | 52217 | An agent that reduces psoriasis symptoms, commonly used in managing plaque psoriasis, scalp psoriasis, and other inflammatory skin conditions, by inhibiting cell growth, reducing inflammation, and modulating the immune system. | DUKE |
| Anti radicular | | An agent that relieves inflammation or irritation of the nerve root of a tooth, reducing pain and discomfort. Its biological role is to target and alleviate radicular pain, with therapeutic applications in endodontics and key medical uses in root canal treatments and tooth sensitivity management. | DUKE |
| Anti-spasmodic | 52217 | An agent that relaxes smooth muscle, reducing muscle spasms and cramps. It plays a biological role in regulating muscle tone and is therapeutically applied to treat conditions such as irritable bowel syndrome, menstrual cramps, and muscle spasms, providing relief from abdominal pain and discomfort. | DUKE |
| Anti-streptococcic | 33282 | An agent that targets and combats Streptococcus bacteria, reducing infection and inflammation. Therapeutically, it is used to treat streptococcal infections, such as strep throat and skin infections, and to prevent complications like rheumatic fever. | DUKE |
| Anti-thiamin | | A compound that destroys thiamine, used to study thiamine deficiency, with potential applications in managing thiamine-dependent conditions, and researching beriberi and Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. | DUKE |
| Anti-thrombic | 50248 | An agent that prevents or dissolves blood clots, playing a crucial role in preventing thrombosis. Therapeutically, it is used to reduce the risk of heart attack, stroke, and deep vein thrombosis, commonly used in managing cardiovascular diseases, atrial fibrillation, and post-surgical patients. | DUKE |
| Anti trypanosomic | 33281 | An agent that targets and eliminates trypanosomes, parasites causing diseases like sleeping sickness and Chagas disease. It plays a crucial role in treating and preventing these diseases, with therapeutic applications in tropical medicine and key medical uses in treating parasitic infections. | DUKE |
| Antitumor | 35610 | An agent that inhibits tumor growth and proliferation, playing a crucial role in cancer treatment. Therapeutically, antitumors are used to manage various types of cancer, including chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy, helping to reduce tumor size, prevent metastasis, and improve patient outcomes. | DUKE |
| Antitumor promoter | 35610 | An agent that inhibits tumor growth and progression, reducing cancer cell proliferation. Therapeutically, it prevents tumor development and spread, with key medical uses in cancer prevention and treatment, particularly in combating carcinogenesis and metastasis. | DUKE |
| Anti ulcer | 49201 | An agent that reduces stomach acid and protects the mucous lining, preventing ulcer formation. It is used to treat conditions like gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcers, and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, promoting healing and relieving symptoms. | DUKE |
| Anti-viral | 22587 | An agent that inhibits the replication of viruses, playing a crucial role in preventing and treating viral infections. Therapeutically, anti-virals are used to manage diseases such as HIV, herpes, and influenza, reducing symptoms and slowing disease progression. Key medical uses include treating viral hepatitis, respiratory syncytial virus, and COVID-19. | DUKE |
| Apoptotic | | An agent that stimulates programmed cell death, playing a crucial biological role in eliminating damaged or unwanted cells. It has therapeutic applications in cancer treatment, and key medical uses include inducing cell death in malignant cells, reducing tumor growth, and enhancing chemotherapy efficacy. | DUKE |
| ATPase inhibitor | 23924 | An agent that blocks the activity of ATPase enzymes, reducing energy production in cells. Therapeutically, it's used to treat conditions like cancer, where it inhibits tumor growth, and in managing cardiovascular diseases by reducing cardiac energy consumption. Key medical uses include anti-cancer and cardioprotective applications. | DUKE |
| Bacteristat | 33282 | An agent that inhibits bacterial growth, reducing the proliferation of microorganisms without killing them. Therapeutically, bacteristats are used to treat infections, preventing the spread of bacteria and allowing the host's immune system to clear the infection. Key medical uses include treating urinary tract infections, acne, and other bacterial infections where bactericidal agents may not be necessary. | DUKE |
| Bradycardiac | 38070 | An agent that slows heart rate, reducing cardiac workload. Its biological role is to regulate heart function, and it has therapeutic applications in managing cardiac conditions. Key medical uses include treating tachycardia, arrhythmias, and heart failure, as well as controlling blood pressure and reducing myocardial oxygen demand. | DUKE |
| Calmodulin antagonist | 48706 | An agent that blocks calmodulin activity, a calcium-binding protein involved in various cellular processes. It has therapeutic applications in treating conditions like hypertension, arrhythmias, and asthma, by inhibiting smooth muscle contraction and inflammation. Key medical uses include cardiovascular and respiratory disorders. | DUKE |
| cAMP-phosphodiesterase inhibitor | 23924 | An agent that blocks the breakdown of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), increasing its levels and enhancing cellular signaling. Therapeutically, it is used to treat respiratory diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), as well as certain cardiovascular conditions. | DUKE |
| Cancer preventive | 35610 | An agent that inhibits the development and progression of cancer, reducing tumor formation and growth. It plays a biological role in blocking carcinogenic pathways, and has therapeutic applications in chemoprevention. Key medical uses include reducing the risk of cancer in high-risk individuals and preventing cancer recurrence. | DUKE |
| Candidicide | | An agent that kills Candida species, such as Candida albicans, reducing fungal infections. Therapeutically, it is used to treat candidiasis, with key medical applications in managing oral thrush, vaginal yeast infections, and other fungal diseases. | DUKE |
| Capillariprotective | | An agent that protects and strengthens capillaries, alleviating conditions such as fragility and permeability. Therapeutically, it helps manage disorders like hemorrhoids and varicose veins, and has applications in reducing inflammation and improving microcirculation, commonly used in vascular health and wound healing. | DUKE |
| Carcinogenic | 50903 | An agent that causes cancer, damaging cellular DNA and disrupting normal cell growth. It has no therapeutic applications, but understanding its biological role informs cancer prevention and treatment strategies, with key medical uses in oncology research and risk assessment. | DUKE |
| Catabolic | | A biological process that breaks down molecules, releasing energy used to fuel anabolic reactions. Therapeutically, catabolic agents are used to manage weight loss, treat metabolic disorders, and enhance athletic performance. Key medical uses include | DUKE |
| Catechol O-methyltransferase inhibitor | 48406 | An agent that blocks the activity of catechol O-methyltransferase, an enzyme involved in breaking down catecholamines. Therapeutically, it increases dopamine levels, commonly used in managing Parkinson's disease, depression, and anxiety disorders, as well as treating pain and fibromyalgia. | DUKE |
| Copper chelator | 38161 | An agent that binds to copper, reducing its availability and activity. It plays a biological role in regulating copper levels, and has therapeutic applications in treating copper-related disorders, such as Wilson's disease and neurodegenerative diseases, by preventing copper toxicity and promoting metal homeostasis. | DUKE |
| Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor | 50629 | An agent that blocks the activity of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), reducing inflammation and pain. Therapeutically, it is used to manage conditions such as arthritis, menstrual cramps, and other inflammatory disorders, providing relief from symptoms with reduced gastrointestinal side effects compared to non-selective NSAIDs. | DUKE |
| Cyclooxygenase inhibitor | 35544 | An agent that blocks the activity of cyclooxygenase enzymes, reducing inflammation and pain. Therapeutically, it is used to treat conditions such as arthritis, headaches, and menstrual cramps, by decreasing prostaglandin production, a key mediator of inflammation. | DUKE |
| Cytochrome-P450-1A2 inhibitor | 50183 | An agent that blocks the activity of cytochrome P450 1A2, an enzyme involved in metabolizing various drugs and toxins. Therapeutically, it reduces toxicity and increases efficacy of certain medications, commonly used in managing drug interactions, cancer, and neurological disorders. | DUKE |
| Cytochrome-p450 inducer | | An agent that stimulates cytochrome-p450 enzyme activity, enhancing drug metabolism. Therapeutically, it increases clearance of toxic substances and certain medications, with applications in managing drug interactions, toxic exposures, and some cancers. | DUKE |
| Cytochrome-P450 inhibitor | 50183 | An agent that blocks the activity of cytochrome-P450 enzymes, reducing drug metabolism. Therapeutically, it's used to increase the efficacy of certain medications, manage drug interactions, and treat conditions like erectile dysfunction, by inhibiting the breakdown of key drugs, allowing them to remain active in the body for a longer period. | DUKE |
| Cytotoxic | 52209 | An agent that kills or damages cells, playing a biological role in immune responses and therapeutic applications in cancer treatment. Key medical uses include chemotherapy, targeting and destroying cancer cells, and treating certain autoimmune diseases by eliminating harmful cells. | DUKE |
| Deiodinase inhibitor | 23924 | An agent that blocks the activity of deiodinases, enzymes involved in thyroid hormone regulation. It reduces thyroid hormone conversion, commonly used in managing thyroid disorders, such as hyperthyroidism, and certain types of cancer, including thyroid cancer. | DUKE |
| Diaphoretic | | An agent that induces perspiration, playing a biological role in thermoregulation. Therapeutically, it's used to treat fever, detoxify, and relieve congestion. Key medical uses include managing hyperthermia, aiding in toxin removal, and alleviating symptoms of colds and flu. | DUKE |
| Differentiator | | An agent that induces cell differentiation, promoting mature cell formation. Its biological role involves regulating cell growth and development. Therapeutically, it has applications in cancer treatment, helping to mature cancer cells, making them more susceptible to chemotherapy. Key medical uses include leukemia and other malignancies, where differentiation therapy can improve treatment outcomes. | DUKE |
| Estrogenic | | An agent that mimics the effects of estrogen, regulating female reproductive processes and development. Therapeutically, estrogenic agents are used in hormone replacement therapy, contraception, and treating menopausal symptoms, as well as certain cases of osteoporosis and infertility. | DUKE |
| Fungicide | 24127 | An agent that kills or inhibits the growth of fungi, playing a biological role in preventing fungal infections. Therapeutically, it is used to treat fungal diseases, with key medical applications including athlete's foot, ringworm, and candidiasis, as well as agricultural uses to protect crops from fungal damage. | DUKE |
| Glucosyl-transferase inhibitor | 23924 | An agent that blocks the activity of glucosyl-transferase enzymes, preventing glycoprotein and glycolipid synthesis. It has therapeutic applications in cancer, infectious diseases, and inflammatory disorders, with key medical uses including anti-tumor, anti-viral, and anti-inflammatory treatments. | DUKE |
| Hemostat | | An agent that controls bleeding, playing a biological role in blood coagulation. Therapeutically, it promotes clot formation, and its key medical uses include treating wounds, surgical bleeding, and hemorrhages, helping to stabilize patients and prevent excessive blood loss. | DUKE |
| Hepatomagenic | | An agent related to or causing abnormal growth of liver tissue or cancer, potentially involved in liver regeneration and carcinogenesis. Its biological role is linked to liver cell proliferation. Therapeutically, it may have applications in liver cancer treatment and regeneration. Key medical uses include studying liver cancer development and exploring novel therapeutic targets. | DUKE |
| Hepatoprotective | 62868 | An agent that protects the liver from damage, promoting liver health and function. It plays a biological role in reducing oxidative stress and inflammation, and has therapeutic applications in managing liver diseases, such as hepatitis and cirrhosis, and key medical uses in treating drug-induced liver injury and toxicities. | DUKE |
| HIV-reverse-transcriptase inhibitor | 23924 | An agent that blocks the activity of reverse transcriptase, an enzyme essential for HIV replication, reducing viral load and slowing disease progression. Therapeutically, it is used to treat HIV/AIDS, often in combination with other antiretroviral medications to prevent drug resistance and manage symptoms. | DUKE |
| Hypoglycemic | 35526 | An agent that lowers blood glucose levels, playing a crucial role in glucose metabolism. Therapeutically, it is used to manage diabetes and insulin resistance, with key medical applications in treating type 1 and 2 diabetes, and preventing diabetic complications. | DUKE |
| iNOS inhibitor | 23924 | An agent that blocks the activity of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), reducing excessive nitric oxide production. It has therapeutic applications in managing inflammatory and neurodegenerative disorders, with key medical uses in treating conditions such as sepsis, arthritis, and stroke. | DUKE |
| Inotropic | | An agent that alters the force or energy of muscular contractions, particularly in the heart. It has therapeutic applications in treating heart failure and cardiogenic shock. Positively inotropic agents, such as digoxin, increase contraction strength, while negatively inotropic agents, like beta blockers, weaken it, commonly used to manage arrhythmias and hypertension. | DUKE |
| Insulinogenic | | An agent that stimulates insulin production and release by the pancreas, used therapeutically to manage diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance, and medically to treat conditions like hypoglycemia and insulin resistance. | DUKE |
| Juvabional | | A regulator of insect development, reproduction, and growth, juvenile hormone inhibitor, used in pest control and insecticide development, with potential applications in agriculture and entomology. | DUKE |
| Larvistat | | An insect growth regulator that inhibits larval development, used to control mosquito populations and prevent disease transmission, with key applications in public health and vector control. | DUKE |
| Lipoxygenase inhibitor | 35856 | An agent that blocks the activity of lipoxygenase enzymes, reducing inflammation and oxidative stress. Therapeutically, it's used to manage conditions like asthma, atherosclerosis, and cancer, by inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory leukotrienes. Key medical uses include treating respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. | DUKE |
| Monoamine-oxidase-A inhibitor | 23924 | An agent that blocks monoamine oxidase A, an enzyme breaking down neurotransmitters like serotonin and norepinephrine. Therapeutically, it increases their levels, commonly used in managing depression, anxiety disorders, and certain neurodegenerative diseases. | DUKE |
| Mast-cell stabilizer | | An agent that prevents mast cell degranulation, blocking histamine release and alleviating allergic symptoms, commonly used to treat conditions like asthma and allergic conjunctivitis. | DUKE |
| Metalloproteinase inhibitor | 50664 | An agent that blocks the activity of metalloproteinases, enzymes involved in tissue degradation and inflammation. Therapeutically, it reduces inflammation, tumor growth, and metastasis, commonly used in managing cancer, arthritis, and cardiovascular diseases. | DUKE |
| Matrix-metalloproteinase-9 inhibitor | 50664 | An agent that blocks the activity of matrix-metalloproteinase-9, reducing tissue degradation and inflammation. Therapeutically, it's used to treat conditions like cancer, arthritis, and cardiovascular diseases, where MMP-9 plays a key role in disease progression. | DUKE |
| Mutagenic | | An agent that induces genetic mutations, altering DNA sequences. It plays a biological role in evolution and adaptation. Therapeutically, mutagenic agents are used in cancer treatment, such as chemotherapy, and in gene therapy to introduce beneficial traits. Key medical uses include oncology and genetic research. | DUKE |
| NADPH-oxidase inhibitor | 50423 | An agent that blocks the activity of NADPH-oxidase, reducing oxidative stress and inflammation. Therapeutically, it's used to manage conditions like atherosclerosis, hypertension, and neurodegenerative diseases, by mitigating oxidative damage and improving cardiovascular health. | DUKE |
| Neutral-endopeptidase inhibitor | 59107 | An agent that blocks the activity of neutral endopeptidase, an enzyme that breaks down peptides. This inhibition increases the levels of peptides like natriuretic peptides, enhancing vasodilation and diuresis. Therapeutically, it is used to treat heart failure, hypertension, and edema, by reducing blood pressure and fluid retention. | DUKE |
| Neuroprotective | 63726 | An agent that protects nerve cells from damage or degeneration, reducing the risk of neurodegenerative diseases. Therapeutically, it helps manage conditions like Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and stroke, promoting neuronal survival and function. | DUKE |
| NF-kappa-B inhibitor | 35222 | An agent that blocks the activity of NF-kappa-B, a protein complex involved in inflammation and immune responses, reducing inflammation and cell proliferation. Therapeutically, it is used to treat conditions such as cancer, autoimmune disorders, and inflammatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis and asthma. | DUKE |
| Nitric-oxide inhibitor | 35222 | An agent that blocks the production of nitric oxide, reducing inflammation and vascular relaxation. Therapeutically, it's used to treat conditions like hypertension, angina, and septic shock, by constricting blood vessels and improving blood pressure. Key medical uses include cardiovascular and critical care applications. | DUKE |
| Nitric-oxide-synthase inhibitor | 23924 | An agent that blocks the activity of nitric oxide synthase, reducing nitric oxide production. It has therapeutic applications in managing hypertension, septic shock, and cerebral vasospasm, and is used to treat conditions such as erectile dysfunction and angina. | DUKE |
| Ornithine-decarboxylase inhibitor | 23924 | An agent that blocks the activity of ornithine decarboxylase, an enzyme involved in cell growth and proliferation. It reduces polyamine synthesis, inhibiting tumor growth and proliferation. Therapeutically, it is used to treat cancer, particularly in combination with other therapies, and has potential applications in managing parasitic infections and skin disorders. | DUKE |
| Pesticide | 25944 | An agent that kills or repels pests, playing a biological role in controlling insect, weed, and fungal populations. Therapeutically, pesticides have limited applications, but some are used to treat ectoparasitic infestations, such as lice and scabies. Key medical uses include topical treatments for head lice and scabies, highlighting their role in managing parasitic infections. | DUKE |
| Prostaglandin-E2 inhibitor | 35222 | An agent that blocks the activity of prostaglandin-E2, reducing inflammation and pain. Therapeutically, it's used to manage conditions like arthritis, cancer, and neurological disorders, by inhibiting prostaglandin-E2's role in promoting inflammation, cell growth, and pain signaling. | DUKE |
| Phospholipase inhibitor | 23924 | An agent that blocks phospholipase enzymes, reducing inflammation and cell damage. Therapeutically, it's used to treat conditions like pancreatitis and sepsis, and has potential in managing neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases by inhibiting phospholipid breakdown and modulating immune responses. | DUKE |
| Protein kinase C inhibitor | 37700 | An agent that blocks protein kinase C activity, reducing cell signaling and inflammation. Therapeutically, it's used to treat cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and neurological disorders, with key medical applications in managing Alzheimer's disease, diabetes, and stroke. | DUKE |
| Plasmodicide | | An agent that kills malaria parasites, playing a crucial role in treating and preventing malaria. Therapeutically, it targets Plasmodium species, and its key medical uses include prophylaxis and treatment of malaria, particularly in endemic areas, helping to reduce transmission and alleviate disease burden. | DUKE |
| Proliferant | | A mildly irritating substance used in sclerotherapy to strengthen weakened connective tissues, promoting tissue growth and repair, commonly used to treat varicose veins, hemorrhoids, and other vascular conditions. | DUKE |
| Prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor | 35222 | An agent that blocks the production of prostaglandins, reducing inflammation and pain. Therapeutically, it's used to treat conditions like arthritis, menstrual cramps, and fever, commonly found in nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). | DUKE |
| Protein-tyrosine-kinase inhibitor | 23924 | An agent that blocks the activity of protein-tyrosine kinases, enzymes involved in cell signaling and growth. Therapeutically, it reduces abnormal cell proliferation, commonly used in managing cancer, particularly leukemia and solid tumors, by inhibiting tumor growth and angiogenesis. | DUKE |
| Quinone-reductase inducer | | An agent that stimulates quinone reductase enzymatic activity, enhancing cellular antioxidant defenses and protecting against carcinogens, with therapeutic applications in cancer chemoprevention and potential uses in managing oxidative stress-related diseases. | DUKE |
| Teratologic | | Pertaining to the study of congenital deformities or abnormalities, either genetic or environmentally induced. Its biological role involves understanding embryonic development and birth defects. Therapeutically, teratologic research informs preventive measures and treatments for congenital disorders, with key medical uses in prenatal care, genetic counseling, and pediatric medicine. | DUKE |
| TNF-alpha inhibitor | 35222 | An agent that blocks the activity of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, a pro-inflammatory cytokine, reducing inflammation and immune responses. Therapeutically used to treat autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and Crohn's disease, by decreasing inflammation and slowing disease progression. | DUKE |
| Topoisomerase-II inhibitor | 50750 | An agent that blocks the activity of topoisomerase-II, an enzyme involved in DNA replication. It prevents cancer cell growth by disrupting DNA structure, commonly used in chemotherapy to treat various types of cancer, including leukemia and lymphoma. | DUKE |
| Topoisomerase-I inhibitor | 50276 | An agent that blocks the activity of topoisomerase I, an enzyme involved in DNA replication. It is used therapeutically in cancer treatment, particularly for solid tumors, by inducing DNA damage and inhibiting cancer cell growth, with key medical uses in colorectal, lung, and breast cancers. | DUKE |
| Tumorigenic | 50903 | An agent or factor that promotes tumor formation and growth, playing a key role in cancer development. Therapeutically, understanding tumorigenic mechanisms informs cancer treatment strategies, with applications in oncology for developing targeted therapies to inhibit tumor growth and progression. | DUKE |
| Tyrosinase inhibitor | 59997 | An agent that blocks the activity of tyrosinase, an enzyme involved in melanin production, reducing skin pigmentation. Therapeutically used to treat hyperpigmentation disorders, such as melasma and vitiligo, and as a skin-lightening agent in dermatology. | DUKE |
| Tyrosine-kinase inhibitor | 23924 | An agent that blocks tyrosine kinase enzymes, reducing cell signaling and proliferation. Therapeutically, it's used to treat cancers, such as leukemia and breast cancer, by inhibiting tumor growth, and also has applications in managing certain autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. | DUKE |
| Vasodilator | 35620 | An agent that widens blood vessels, reducing blood pressure and increasing blood flow. It plays a biological role in regulating cardiovascular function. Therapeutically, vasodilators are used to treat conditions such as hypertension, angina, and heart failure, improving oxygen delivery and reducing cardiac workload. | DUKE |
| VEGF inhibitor | 35222 | An agent that blocks the activity of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF), reducing angiogenesis. Therapeutically, it's used to treat cancer, age-related macular degeneration, and diabetic retinopathy by inhibiting tumor growth and abnormal blood vessel formation. | DUKE |
| Xanthine oxidase inhibitor | 35634 | An agent that blocks xanthine oxidase, an enzyme involved in uric acid production, reducing inflammation and oxidative stress. Therapeutically, it's used to treat gout, hyperuricemia, and prevent kidney stones, with key applications in managing cardiovascular disease and improving kidney function. | DUKE |
| Protein kinase inhibitor | 37699 | An agent that blocks the activity of protein kinases, enzymes involved in cell signaling. It reduces abnormal cell growth and inflammation, commonly used in treating cancer, autoimmune disorders, and inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and leukemia. | CHEBI |
