Showing Compound beta-Carotene (FDB014613)

Record Information

Version

1.0

Creation date

2010-04-08 22:11:22 UTC

Update date

2019-11-26 03:10:27 UTC

Primary ID

FDB014613

Secondary Accession Numbers

FDB030672

Chemical Information

FooDB Name

beta-Carotene

Description

beta-Carotene, also known as b-karotin or β-carotene, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as carotenes. These are a type of unsaturated hydrocarbons containing eight consecutive isoprene units. They are characterized by the presence of two end-groups (mostly cyclohexene rings, but also cyclopentene rings or acyclic groups) linked by a long branched alkyl chain. Carotenes belonging form a subgroup of the carotenoids family. Thus, beta-carotene is considered to be an isoprenoid. Based on a literature review a significant number of articles have been published on beta-Carotene.

CAS Number

7235-40-7

Structure

MOL SDF PDB SMILES InChI

Synonyms

Synonym	Source
1,1'-[(1E,3E,5E,7E,9E,11E,13E,15E,17E)-3,7,12,16-Tetramethyloctadeca-1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17-nonaene-1,18-diyl]bis(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohexene)	ChEBI
all-trans-beta-Carotene	ChEBI
beta-Karotin	ChEBI
all-trans-b-Carotene	Generator
all-trans-Β-carotene	Generator
b-Karotin	Generator
Β-karotin	Generator
b-Carotene	Generator
Β-carotene	Generator
(all-e)-1,1'-(3,7,12,16-Tetramethyl-1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17-octadecanonaene-1,18-diyl)bis	HMDB
(all-e)-1,1'-(3,7,12,16-Tetramethyl-1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17-octadecanonaene-1,18-diyl)bis[2,6,6-trimethyl-cyclohexene	HMDB
all-e-b-Carotene	HMDB
all-epsilon-beta-Carotene	HMDB
Betacarotene	HMDB
BetaVit	HMDB
Carotaben	HMDB
Carotene base 80S	HMDB
FOOD Orange 5	HMDB
KPMK	HMDB
Lucaratin	HMDB
Lucarotin	HMDB
Lurotin	HMDB
Provatene	HMDB
Provatenol	HMDB
Rovimix b-carotene	HMDB
Serlabo	HMDB
Solatene	HMDB
Hermal brand OF betacarotene	HMDB
Max-caro	HMDB
Merck brand OF betacarotene	HMDB
Roche brand OF betacarotene	HMDB
BellaCarotin	HMDB
Betacarotene roche brand	HMDB
Betacarotene solgar brand	HMDB
Marlyn brand OF betacarotene	HMDB
Betacarotene hermal brand	HMDB
Max caro	HMDB
Solgar brand OF betacarotene	HMDB
3m Brand OF betacarotene	HMDB
Betacarotene 3m brand	HMDB
Betacarotene marlyn brand	HMDB
Betacarotene merck brand	HMDB
Carotene, beta	HMDB
MaxCaro	HMDB
Vetoron	HMDB
beta Carotene	HMDB
b Carotene	HMDB
Β carotene	HMDB
beta-Carotene	HMDB
β-Carotene	biospider
β,β-Carotene	biospider
1,1'-[(1e,3e,5e,7e,9e,11e,13e,15e,17e)-3,7,12,16-Tetramethyloctadeca-1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17-nonaene-1,18-diyl]bis(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohexene)	ChEBI
all-trans-β-carotene	Generator
b,b-Carotene	db_source
Betacarotene, INN, USAN	db_source
C.I. Food Orange 5	biospider
E160a	db_source
Food Orange 5	biospider
Phenoro	db_source
trans-b-carotene	biospider
β-carotene	Generator
β-karotin	Generator

Predicted Properties

Property	Value	Source
Water Solubility	0.00039 g/L	ALOGPS
logP	9.72	ALOGPS
logP	11.12	ChemAxon
logS	-6.1	ALOGPS
Physiological Charge	0	ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count	0	ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count	0	ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area	0 Å²	ChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count	10	ChemAxon
Refractivity	191.61 m³·mol⁻¹	ChemAxon
Polarizability	72.05 Å³	ChemAxon
Number of Rings	2	ChemAxon
Bioavailability	No	ChemAxon
Rule of Five	No	ChemAxon
Ghose Filter	No	ChemAxon
Veber's Rule	Yes	ChemAxon
MDDR-like Rule	No	ChemAxon

Chemical Formula

C40H56

IUPAC name

1,3,3-trimethyl-2-[(1E,3E,5E,7E,9E,11E,13E,15E,17E)-3,7,12,16-tetramethyl-18-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl)octadeca-1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17-nonaen-1-yl]cyclohex-1-ene

InChI Identifier

InChI=1S/C40H56/c1-31(19-13-21-33(3)25-27-37-35(5)23-15-29-39(37,7)8)17-11-12-18-32(2)20-14-22-34(4)26-28-38-36(6)24-16-30-40(38,9)10/h11-14,17-22,25-28H,15-16,23-24,29-30H2,1-10H3/b12-11+,19-13+,20-14+,27-25+,28-26+,31-17+,32-18+,33-21+,34-22+

InChI Key

OENHQHLEOONYIE-JLTXGRSLSA-N

Isomeric SMILES

C\C(\C=C\C=C(/C)\C=C\C1=C(C)CCCC1(C)C)=C/C=C/C=C(\C)/C=C/C=C(\C)/C=C/C1=C(C)CCCC1(C)C

Average Molecular Weight

536.888

Monoisotopic Molecular Weight

536.438201803

Classification

Description

Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as carotenes. These are a type of unsaturated hydrocarbons containing eight consecutive isoprene units. They are characterized by the presence of two end-groups (mostly cyclohexene rings, but also cyclopentene rings or acyclic groups) linked by a long branched alkyl chain. Carotenes belonging form a subgroup of the carotenoids family.

Kingdom

Organic compounds

Super Class

Lipids and lipid-like molecules

Class

Prenol lipids

Sub Class

Tetraterpenoids

Direct Parent

Carotenes

Alternative Parents

Substituents

Carotene
Branched unsaturated hydrocarbon
Cycloalkene
Cyclic olefin
Unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbon
Unsaturated hydrocarbon
Olefin
Hydrocarbon
Aliphatic homomonocyclic compound

Molecular Framework

Aliphatic homomonocyclic compounds

External Descriptors

cyclic carotene (CHEBI:17579 )
C40 isoprenoids (tetraterpenes) (C02094 )
Carotenoids (C02094 )
C40 isoprenoids (tetraterpenes) (LMPR01070000 )

Ontology

No ontology term

Physico-Chemical Properties

Physico-Chemical Properties - Experimental

Property	Value	Reference
Physical state	Solid
Physical Description	Not Available
Mass Composition	C 89.49%; H 10.51%	DFC
Melting Point	Mp 183° (sealed tube)	DFC
Boiling Point	Not Available
Experimental Water Solubility	0.0006 mg/mL	GREEN,FJ (1991)
Experimental logP	Not Available
Experimental pKa	Not Available
Isoelectric point	Not Available
Charge	Not Available
Optical Rotation	Not Available
Spectroscopic UV Data	520 () (CS2)	DFC
Density	Not Available
Refractive Index	Not Available

Spectra

EI-MS/GC-MS

Type	Description	Splash Key	View
EI-MS	Mass Spectrum (Electron Ionization)	splash10-05mx-9810010000-9a261fb8602890c2481e	2015-03-01	View Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Carotene, non-derivatized, Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - 70eV, Positive	splash10-00di-3211290000-f968c686d39ae0f0fc50	Spectrum

MS/MS

Type	Description	Splash Key	View
MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 10V, Positive (Annotated)	splash10-0016-2794670000-c5bc2a4dbcd0f12cbf7f	2012-07-24	View Spectrum
MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 25V, Positive (Annotated)	splash10-0002-2687970000-782d048d873c21fc6b82	2012-07-24	View Spectrum
MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 40V, Positive (Annotated)	splash10-05ai-1009510000-585581456b10671692bd	2012-07-24	View Spectrum
MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - FAB-EBEB (JMS-HX/HX 110A, JEOL) , Positive	splash10-05mx-2920010000-471219f3e66bafb29bee	2012-08-31	View Spectrum
MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - , positive	splash10-0006-0144900000-2fa7b609c7300ff8aba3	2017-09-14	View Spectrum
Predicted MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive	splash10-000i-0434190000-0f2f0f2c4af76e6c3322	2016-09-12	View Spectrum
Predicted MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive	splash10-000b-0679100000-6f4450c8ade1963f9201	2016-09-12	View Spectrum
Predicted MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive	splash10-000j-1789100000-6f2a7024e42303e7737a	2016-09-12	View Spectrum
Predicted MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative	splash10-000i-0000090000-cdea7c2d939f0c68b905	2016-09-12	View Spectrum
Predicted MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative	splash10-000i-0000090000-530c81799c9daabdc9bf	2016-09-12	View Spectrum
Predicted MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative	splash10-014i-0968170000-ec71ee19e546088e3b05	2016-09-12	View Spectrum
Predicted MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive	splash10-000j-0277960000-5b1eef16ffbc2ccd4b1e	2021-09-24	View Spectrum
Predicted MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive	splash10-0081-0449400000-e362d306c4b151321fb6	2021-09-24	View Spectrum
Predicted MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive	splash10-0iki-0149200000-5b858e5700ff1d750a4e	2021-09-24	View Spectrum
Predicted MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative	splash10-000i-0001090000-b0a4df7c3417e82842d7	2021-09-24	View Spectrum
Predicted MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative	splash10-000j-0135090000-fb91b96b3605a056f12f	2021-09-24	View Spectrum
Predicted MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative	splash10-0apj-0229000000-23e454829ef21fbedf66	2021-09-24	View Spectrum

NMR

Type	Description	View
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, H₂O, predicted)	Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, H₂O, predicted)	Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, H₂O, predicted)	Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, H₂O, predicted)	Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, H₂O, predicted)	Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, H₂O, predicted)	Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, H₂O, predicted)	Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, H₂O, predicted)	Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, H₂O, predicted)	Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, H₂O, predicted)	Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, H₂O, predicted)	Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, H₂O, predicted)	Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, H₂O, predicted)	Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, H₂O, predicted)	Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, H₂O, predicted)	Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, H₂O, predicted)	Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, H₂O, predicted)	Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, H₂O, predicted)	Spectrum
1D NMR	¹³C NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, H₂O, predicted)	Spectrum
1D NMR	¹H NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, H₂O, predicted)	Spectrum
2D NMR	[¹H, ¹³C]-HSQC NMR Spectrum (2D, 600 MHz, CDCl₃, experimental)	Spectrum

External Links

ChemSpider ID

ChEMBL ID

KEGG Compound ID

Pubchem Compound ID

Pubchem Substance ID

Not Available

ChEBI ID

17579

Phenol-Explorer ID

Not Available

DrugBank ID

Not Available

HMDB ID

HMDB00561

CRC / DFC (Dictionary of Food Compounds) ID

JSX51-P:JSX51-P

EAFUS ID

531

Dr. Duke ID

BETA-BETA-CAROTENE|BETA-CAROTENE

BIGG ID

2264935

KNApSAcK ID

C00000919

HET ID

BCR

Food Biomarker Ontology

Not Available

VMH ID

Not Available

Flavornet ID

Not Available

GoodScent ID

Not Available

SuperScent ID

Not Available

Wikipedia ID

beta-Carotene

Phenol-Explorer Metabolite ID

Not Available

Duplicate IDS

Pubchem compound: 5356616

Old DFC IDS

Not Available

Associated Foods

Food	Content Range	Average	Reference
Food			Reference

Biological Effects and Interactions

Health Effects / Bioactivities

Descriptor	ID	Definition	Reference
Allergenic	50904	A substance that triggers an immune response, causing allergic reactions. Its biological role is to stimulate the immune system, but it has no therapeutic applications. Key medical uses include diagnosing allergies and developing immunotherapies to desensitize patients to specific allergens, reducing the risk of severe reactions.	DUKE
Androgenic		An agent that stimulates male characteristic development and maintenance by binding to androgen receptors, used therapeutically to treat conditions like hypogonadism, androgen deficiency, and certain types of anemia, as well as for hormone replacement therapy and fertility treatment.	DUKE
Anti-acne	50177	An agent that reduces acne symptoms, commonly used in managing acne vulgaris by minimizing oil production, preventing clogged pores, and decreasing bacterial growth, thereby reducing inflammation and promoting healthy skin.	DUKE
Anti-aging	52217	An agent that slows or reverses cellular aging, promoting youthful function. Its biological role involves protecting against oxidative stress and DNA damage. Therapeutically, it has applications in dermatology, gerontology, and regenerative medicine, with key medical uses including skin rejuvenation, reducing age-related diseases, and improving overall healthspan.	DUKE
Anti-arthritic	52217	An agent that reduces joint inflammation and alleviates symptoms of arthritis, commonly used in managing rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and other inflammatory joint disorders, to improve mobility and quality of life.	DUKE
Anti-asthmatic	49167	An agent that relieves bronchospasm and inflammation, commonly used to manage asthma symptoms, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and other respiratory disorders, improving lung function and overall respiratory health.	DUKE
Anti-cancer	35610	An agent that inhibits the growth and proliferation of cancer cells, used to treat and manage various types of cancer, including chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy, to reduce tumor size, prevent metastasis, and improve patient survival.	DUKE
Anti carcinomic	35610	An agent that inhibits the growth and proliferation of cancer cells, playing a crucial role in cancer prevention and treatment. Therapeutically, it is used to manage and treat various types of cancer, reducing tumor size and slowing disease progression, with key medical uses in oncology and chemotherapy.	DUKE
Anti-cervicaldysplasic	52217	An agent that prevents or treats cervical dysplasia, a precancerous condition. It helps maintain normal cell growth, reducing the risk of cervical cancer. Therapeutically, it is used to manage abnormal cell changes in the cervix, often caused by HPV infection, and is a key component in cervical cancer prevention and treatment strategies.	DUKE
Anti coronary	52217	An agent that reduces the risk of coronary artery disease, lowering blood pressure and cholesterol levels. It helps prevent heart attacks, strokes, and other cardiovascular events, commonly used in managing hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and atherosclerosis.	DUKE
Anti hyperkeratotic		An agent that relieves severe flaking and cracking of the skin, reducing hyperkeratosis by inhibiting excessive skin cell growth. Therapeutically, it's used to treat skin conditions like eczema, psoriasis, and ichthyosis, promoting smoother skin and reducing discomfort.	DUKE
Anti ichythyotic		An agent that reduces or alleviates itching sensations, commonly used in managing pruritic conditions such as eczema, psoriasis, and dermatitis, providing therapeutic relief from itchiness and discomfort.	DUKE
Anti leukoplakic		An agent that treats leukoplakia, characterized by white patches in the oral cavity, gastrointestinal tract, urinary tract, and genitals, reducing abnormal cell growth and promoting mucosal healing, commonly used in managing precancerous lesions and oral mucosal disorders.	DUKE
Anti lipoperoxidant		An agent that prevents peroxidation of lipids, reducing oxidative stress and cell damage. Its biological role involves protecting cell membranes from degradation. Therapeutically, it has applications in managing conditions related to oxidative stress, with key medical uses including neuroprotection, anti-inflammation, and antioxidant therapy.	DUKE
Anti-lupus	52217	An agent that suppresses the immune system, reducing inflammation and autoimmune responses, commonly used to manage systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and other autoimmune disorders.	DUKE
Anti-maculitic		An agent that reduces macular inflammation, commonly used in managing age-related macular degeneration and diabetic macular edema, promoting vision preservation and reducing disease progression.	DUKE
Anti-mastitic		An agent that treats mastitis, reducing inflammation and infection in breast tissue, commonly caused by S. aureus in nursing mothers, promoting healing and relieving symptoms.	DUKE
Anti-mutagenic		An agent that interferes with the mutagenicity of a substance, preventing DNA damage and mutations. Its biological role is to protect cells from genetic alterations, and it has therapeutic applications in cancer prevention and treatment, as well as key medical uses in reducing the risk of genetic disorders and birth defects.	DUKE
Anti-oxidant	22586	An agent that neutralizes free radicals, reducing oxidative stress and cell damage. Its biological role involves protecting cells from harm, and it has therapeutic applications in managing chronic diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, and neurodegenerative disorders, with key medical uses including anti-aging, anti-inflammatory, and cardio protective effects.	DUKE
Anti-ozenic		An agent that reduces or prevents ozone-induced damage, commonly used in managing respiratory disorders, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), by mitigating oxidative stress and inflammation in the lungs.	DUKE
Anti-papillomic	22587	An agent that targets and inhibits the formation of papillomas, reducing the growth of abnormal cells. Therapeutically, it is used to treat and prevent human papillomavirus (HPV) related diseases, such as cervical cancer and genital warts, by boosting the immune system to fight off the virus.	DUKE
Anti photophobic	52217	An agent that reduces light sensitivity, commonly used in managing photophobia-related conditions such as migraines, headaches, and eye disorders, promoting comfort and relief in individuals with abnormal sensitivity to light.	DUKE
Anti-pityriasic		An agent that relieves symptoms of skin diseases, such as pityriasis, characterized by fine, branny scales, reducing inflammation and itching, commonly used in treating conditions like seborrheic dermatitis and psoriasis.	DUKE
Anti premenstrual syndrome	52217	An agent that alleviates symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (PMS), reducing physical and emotional discomfort. Its biological role involves regulating hormonal fluctuations, and its therapeutic applications include managing mood swings, bloating, and breast tenderness. Key medical uses include treating PMS, premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), and other menstrual-related disorders.	DUKE
Anti-porphyric		An agent that lowers porphyrin levels by catalyzing consuming reactions, used to manage porphyria disorders, reducing symptoms such as abdominal pain and neurological issues.	DUKE
Anti proliferant		An agent that prevents or inhibits cell growth and division, used therapeutically to treat cancer, manage tumor growth, and prevent restenosis after angioplasty, reducing abnormal cell proliferation.	DUKE
Anti-psoriac	52217	An agent that reduces psoriasis symptoms, commonly used in managing plaque psoriasis, scalp psoriasis, and other inflammatory skin conditions, by inhibiting cell growth, reducing inflammation, and modulating the immune system.	DUKE
Anti radicular		An agent that relieves inflammation or irritation of the nerve root of a tooth, reducing pain and discomfort. Its biological role is to target and alleviate radicular pain, with therapeutic applications in endodontics and key medical uses in root canal treatments and tooth sensitivity management.	DUKE
Anti-rheumatic	52217	An agent that reduces inflammation and alleviates symptoms of rheumatic diseases, such as arthritis. It plays a biological role in modulating the immune system and inhibiting pro-inflammatory pathways. Therapeutically, anti-rheumatics are used to manage conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and osteoarthritis, reducing pain, swelling, and joint damage. Key medical uses include slowing disease progression and improving quality of life for patients with chronic rheumatic conditions.	DUKE
Anti-stress	52217	An agent that reduces stress symptoms, commonly used in managing anxiety disorders, promoting relaxation, and mitigating the biological effects of stress on the body, such as hypertension and immune suppression, with therapeutic applications in mental health and key medical uses in cardiology and neurology.	DUKE
Antitumor	35610	An agent that inhibits tumor growth and proliferation, playing a crucial role in cancer treatment. Therapeutically, antitumors are used to manage various types of cancer, including chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy, helping to reduce tumor size, prevent metastasis, and improve patient outcomes.	DUKE
Anti ulcer	49201	An agent that reduces stomach acid and protects the mucous lining, preventing ulcer formation. It is used to treat conditions like gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcers, and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, promoting healing and relieving symptoms.	DUKE
Anti xerophthalmic	52217	An agent that prevents or treats dryness of the eyes (xerophthalmia), often caused by vitamin A deficiency. It plays a biological role in maintaining corneal and conjunctival health. Therapeutically, it is used to treat night blindness, corneal ulcers, and dry eye syndrome, with key medical uses including vitamin A supplementation and ophthalmic lubricants.	DUKE
Cancer preventive	35610	An agent that inhibits the development and progression of cancer, reducing tumor formation and growth. It plays a biological role in blocking carcinogenic pathways, and has therapeutic applications in chemoprevention. Key medical uses include reducing the risk of cancer in high-risk individuals and preventing cancer recurrence.	DUKE
Chemopreventive	35610	An agent that prevents or delays the development of cancer, reducing the risk of tumor formation and progression. It plays a biological role in inhibiting carcinogenesis, and has therapeutic applications in cancer prevention, with key medical uses including reducing the risk of colorectal, breast, and prostate cancers.	DUKE
Colorant	37958	A substance that imparts color, with no inherent biological role. Therapeutically, colorants are used to enhance visual appeal and identification of medications. Medically, they are used in diagnostic imaging, such as contrast agents, and in ophthalmic applications to aid in vision correction and protection.	DUKE
Cyclooxygenase-1 inhibitor	50630	An agent that blocks the activity of cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1), reducing inflammation and pain. Therapeutically, it is used to manage conditions like arthritis, and as a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) to relieve pain, fever, and inflammation, while minimizing gastrointestinal side effects.	DUKE
Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor	50629	An agent that blocks the activity of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), reducing inflammation and pain. Therapeutically, it is used to manage conditions such as arthritis, menstrual cramps, and other inflammatory disorders, providing relief from symptoms with reduced gastrointestinal side effects compared to non-selective NSAIDs.	DUKE
Gastroprotective	55324	An agent that protects the stomach and intestinal lining, reducing inflammation and preventing damage. It has therapeutic applications in managing gastrointestinal disorders, such as ulcers and gastritis, and is commonly used to prevent NSAID-induced stomach damage and treat acid reflux disease.	DUKE
Immunostimulant	50847	An agent that stimulates the immune system, enhancing its response to infections and diseases. Therapeutically, it boosts the body's natural defenses, commonly used to treat immunodeficiency disorders, prevent infections, and support cancer treatment, as well as manage chronic conditions like hepatitis and HIV.	DUKE
Interferon-synergist		An agent that enhances the effects of interferons, boosting the immune system's response to infections and diseases. It has therapeutic applications in treating viral infections, cancers, and autoimmune disorders, with key medical uses including antiviral and anticancer therapies.	DUKE
Mucogenic		An agent that promotes mucus formation, playing a biological role in protecting and lubricating epithelial surfaces. Therapeutically, mucogenics are used to treat dryness and irritation in respiratory, gastrointestinal, and ocular systems, with key medical applications in managing conditions like dry eye, coughs, and gastrointestinal ulcers.	DUKE
Phagocytotic		An agent that engulfs and internalizes solid particles or cells through phagocytosis, playing a key role in immune defense. Therapeutically, it aids in removing pathogens and debris, with medical applications in treating infections and inflammatory disorders.	DUKE
Prooxidant		An agent that induces oxidative stress by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) or inhibiting antioxidant systems, playing a role in cell damage and disease progression. Therapeutically, prooxidants have applications in cancer treatment, as they can selectively kill cancer cells. Key medical uses include cancer therapy and antimicrobial treatments.	DUKE
Thymoprotective		An agent that protects the thymus, supporting immune function and development. It alleviates or prevents thymus-related conditions, with therapeutic applications in immunodeficiency and autoimmune disorders, and key medical uses in treating thymus-related diseases and enhancing immune system health.	DUKE
Ubiquiot		An antioxidant that protects cells from damage, playing a crucial role in energy production. Therapeutically, it has applications in managing neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases, with key medical uses including reducing oxidative stress and improving mitochondrial function.	DUKE