Record Information |
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Version | 1.0 |
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Creation date | 2010-04-08 22:11:19 UTC |
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Update date | 2020-09-17 15:30:27 UTC |
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Primary ID | FDB014512 |
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Secondary Accession Numbers | Not Available |
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Chemical Information |
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FooDB Name | 5-Isopropyl-2-methylphenol |
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Description | Carvacrol or 5-isopropyl-2-methylphenol is a naturally occurring organic compound classified as an alkylphenol (containing at least one aromatic ring) although biochemically, it is a monoterpenoid synthesized from isoprene units. Carvacrol is an isoprenoid lipid molecule that is very hydrophobic, practically insoluble in water, and relatively neutral. Carvacrol has a camphor, spice, and thymol taste with a characteristic pungent, warm odor of oregano. Carvacrol is found in highest concentrations in pot marjorams, common thymes, and black walnuts and in lower concentrations in rosemaries, common oregano, and sweet marjorams. Carvacrol was detected in pepper (spice), tamarinds, peppermints, lovages, and sweet basils making carvacrol a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. It has been added as a flavoring agent, preservative and fragrance in products. Its bioactivity and toxicological properties have been reviewed (PMID: 24915411). As a constituent of many essential oils, carvocrol was demonstrated to have anti-biofilm and anti-microbial properties (PMID: 30067078) and acts as an anti-viral against the norovirus (PMID: 24779581). |
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CAS Number | 499-75-2 |
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Structure | |
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Synonyms | Synonym | Source |
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1-Hydroxy-2-methyl-5-isopropylbenzene | ChEBI | 1-Methyl-2-hydroxy-4-isopropylbenzene | ChEBI | 2-Hydroxy-p-cymene | ChEBI | 2-Methyl-5-(1-methylethyl)phenol | ChEBI | 2-Methyl-5-isopropylphenol | ChEBI | 2-p-Cymenol | ChEBI | 3-Isopropyl-6-methylphenol | ChEBI | 5-Isopropyl-O-cresol | ChEBI | 2-Hydroxy-4-isopropyl-1-methylbenzene | HMDB | 2-Hydroxycymene | HMDB | 2-Methyl-5-(1-methylethyl)-phenol | HMDB | 3-Isopropyl-6-methyl-phenol | HMDB | 5-Isopropyl-2-methyl-phenol | HMDB | 6-Methyl-3-isopropylphenol | HMDB | Antioxine | HMDB | BENZENE,2-hydroxy,4-isopropyl,1-methyl carvacrol | HMDB | Carvacrol | HMDB | Cymenol | HMDB | Cymophenol | HMDB | FEMA 2245 | HMDB | Hydroxy-P-cymene | HMDB | Isopropyl-O-cresol | HMDB | Isothymol | HMDB | Isothymol (=2-isopropyl-4-methyl phenol) | HMDB | Karvakrol | HMDB | Methyl-5-(1-methylethyl)phenol | HMDB | O-Thymol | HMDB | Oxycymol | HMDB | P-Cymen-2-ol | HMDB | P-Cymene-2-ol | HMDB | P-Mentha-1,3,5-trien-2-ol | HMDB | 5-Isopropyl-2-methylphenol | ChEBI | 5-Isopropyl-o-cresol | db_source | 6-methyl-3-isopropylphenol | biospider | BENZENE,2-HYDROXY,4-ISOPROPYL,1-METHYL CARVACROL | biospider | Cymene-2-ol, p- | biospider | Hydroxy-p-cymene | biospider | Isopropyl-o-cresol | biospider | Isothymol (=2-Isopropyl-4-methyl phenol) | biospider | o-Cresol, 5-isopropyl- | biospider | O-thymol | biospider | p-Cymen-2-ol | db_source | p-Cymene, 2-hydroxy- | biospider | p-Mentha-1,3,5-trien-2-ol | db_source | Phenol, 2-methyl-5-(1-methylethyl)- | biospider | Phenol, 3-isopropyl-6-methyl- | biospider | Phenol, 5-isopropyl-2-methyl- | biospider |
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Predicted Properties | |
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Chemical Formula | C10H14O |
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IUPAC name | 2-methyl-5-(propan-2-yl)phenol |
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InChI Identifier | InChI=1S/C10H14O/c1-7(2)9-5-4-8(3)10(11)6-9/h4-7,11H,1-3H3 |
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InChI Key | RECUKUPTGUEGMW-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
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Isomeric SMILES | CC(C)C1=CC(O)=C(C)C=C1 |
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Average Molecular Weight | 150.221 |
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Monoisotopic Molecular Weight | 150.104465071 |
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Classification |
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Description | Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as aromatic monoterpenoids. These are monoterpenoids containing at least one aromatic ring. |
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Kingdom | Organic compounds |
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Super Class | Lipids and lipid-like molecules |
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Class | Prenol lipids |
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Sub Class | Monoterpenoids |
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Direct Parent | Aromatic monoterpenoids |
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Alternative Parents | |
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Substituents | - P-cymene
- Aromatic monoterpenoid
- Monocyclic monoterpenoid
- Cumene
- Phenylpropane
- O-cresol
- 1-hydroxy-4-unsubstituted benzenoid
- 1-hydroxy-2-unsubstituted benzenoid
- Phenol
- Toluene
- Benzenoid
- Monocyclic benzene moiety
- Hydrocarbon derivative
- Organic oxygen compound
- Organooxygen compound
- Aromatic homomonocyclic compound
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Molecular Framework | Aromatic homomonocyclic compounds |
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External Descriptors | |
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Ontology |
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Disposition | Route of exposure: Source: Biological location: |
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Process | Naturally occurring process: |
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Role | Industrial application: Biological role: |
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Physico-Chemical Properties |
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Physico-Chemical Properties - Experimental | Property | Value | Reference |
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Physical state | Liquid | |
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Physical Description | Not Available | |
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Mass Composition | C 79.96%; H 9.39%; O 10.65% | DFC |
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Melting Point | Mp 3.5° | DFC |
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Boiling Point | Bp10 113° | DFC |
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Experimental Water Solubility | 1.25 mg/mL at 25 oC | YALKOWSKY,SH & DANNENFELSER,RM (1992) |
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Experimental logP | 3.49 | GRIFFIN,S ET AL. (1999) |
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Experimental pKa | Not Available | |
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Isoelectric point | Not Available | |
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Charge | Not Available | |
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Optical Rotation | Not Available | |
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Spectroscopic UV Data | Not Available | |
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Density | Not Available | |
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Refractive Index | Not Available | |
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Spectra |
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Spectra | |
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EI-MS/GC-MS | Type | Description | Splash Key | View |
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EI-MS | Mass Spectrum (Electron Ionization) | splash10-000i-3900000000-33df3527bcfd42c1888b | 2015-03-01 | View Spectrum | GC-MS | 5-Isopropyl-2-methylphenol, non-derivatized, GC-MS Spectrum | splash10-000i-1900000000-ef32f1d484b3c21ba134 | Spectrum | GC-MS | 5-Isopropyl-2-methylphenol, non-derivatized, GC-MS Spectrum | splash10-000i-0900000000-b0006c01682dd3cd5032 | Spectrum | GC-MS | 5-Isopropyl-2-methylphenol, non-derivatized, GC-MS Spectrum | splash10-000i-6900000000-b77d2bc899f0364b95e6 | Spectrum | GC-MS | 5-Isopropyl-2-methylphenol, non-derivatized, GC-MS Spectrum | splash10-000i-1900000000-ef32f1d484b3c21ba134 | Spectrum | GC-MS | 5-Isopropyl-2-methylphenol, non-derivatized, GC-MS Spectrum | splash10-000i-0900000000-b0006c01682dd3cd5032 | Spectrum | GC-MS | 5-Isopropyl-2-methylphenol, non-derivatized, GC-MS Spectrum | splash10-000i-6900000000-b77d2bc899f0364b95e6 | Spectrum | Predicted GC-MS | 5-Isopropyl-2-methylphenol, non-derivatized, Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - 70eV, Positive | splash10-0k9i-3900000000-3be7e2bf4cdcc1a3e998 | Spectrum | Predicted GC-MS | 5-Isopropyl-2-methylphenol, 1 TMS, Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - 70eV, Positive | splash10-0ab9-9770000000-bfcdd12ac3af31af5d4d | Spectrum | Predicted GC-MS | 5-Isopropyl-2-methylphenol, non-derivatized, Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - 70eV, Positive | Not Available | Spectrum |
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MS/MS | Type | Description | Splash Key | View |
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MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - QTOF 3V, positive | splash10-0udi-0900000000-712524634787b6273922 | 2020-07-22 | View Spectrum | MS/MS | LC-MS/MS Spectrum - n/a 10V, positive | splash10-0a4i-0900000000-68880fe4b40d01db1716 | 2020-07-22 | View Spectrum | Predicted MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive | splash10-0udi-0900000000-8a9c632983ea0192ea86 | 2016-06-03 | View Spectrum | Predicted MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive | splash10-0udi-2900000000-4025c9fcbf16ad5dc869 | 2016-06-03 | View Spectrum | Predicted MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive | splash10-0lec-9500000000-d3d61486758aa2c087bd | 2016-06-03 | View Spectrum | Predicted MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative | splash10-0002-0900000000-15cb932418fd2314ac11 | 2016-08-03 | View Spectrum | Predicted MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative | splash10-0002-0900000000-d2de9111b421bbc52608 | 2016-08-03 | View Spectrum | Predicted MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative | splash10-00ls-3900000000-cae7a0406163986d258d | 2016-08-03 | View Spectrum | Predicted MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative | splash10-0002-0900000000-22917433edc8ad9dbc2e | 2021-09-23 | View Spectrum | Predicted MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative | splash10-0002-0900000000-ec9ac6baa6857dfd0b60 | 2021-09-23 | View Spectrum | Predicted MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative | splash10-05o3-7900000000-102f2168cf41515b9d4d | 2021-09-23 | View Spectrum | Predicted MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive | splash10-0k96-6900000000-a06e5e505d76cfe47ff1 | 2021-09-24 | View Spectrum | Predicted MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive | splash10-0006-9400000000-97275967d77e94a70074 | 2021-09-24 | View Spectrum | Predicted MS/MS | Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive | splash10-004l-9100000000-623acc544c8c7c8ef29a | 2021-09-24 | View Spectrum |
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NMR | Type | Description | | View |
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1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 25.16 MHz, CDCl3, experimental) | | Spectrum | 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, H2O, predicted) | | Spectrum | 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, H2O, predicted) | | Spectrum | 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, H2O, predicted) | | Spectrum | 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, H2O, predicted) | | Spectrum | 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, H2O, predicted) | | Spectrum | 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, H2O, predicted) | | Spectrum | 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, H2O, predicted) | | Spectrum | 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, H2O, predicted) | | Spectrum | 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, H2O, predicted) | | Spectrum | 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, H2O, predicted) | | Spectrum | 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, H2O, predicted) | | Spectrum | 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, H2O, predicted) | | Spectrum | 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, H2O, predicted) | | Spectrum | 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, H2O, predicted) | | Spectrum | 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, H2O, predicted) | | Spectrum | 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, H2O, predicted) | | Spectrum | 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, H2O, predicted) | | Spectrum | 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, H2O, predicted) | | Spectrum | 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, H2O, predicted) | | Spectrum | 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, H2O, predicted) | | Spectrum |
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External Links |
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ChemSpider ID | 21105867 |
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ChEMBL ID | CHEMBL281202 |
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KEGG Compound ID | C09840 |
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Pubchem Compound ID | 10364 |
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Pubchem Substance ID | Not Available |
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ChEBI ID | Not Available |
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Phenol-Explorer ID | 672 |
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DrugBank ID | Not Available |
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HMDB ID | HMDB35770 |
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CRC / DFC (Dictionary of Food Compounds) ID | JRM60-H:JRM60-H |
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EAFUS ID | 545 |
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Dr. Duke ID | ISOTHYMOL|CARVACROL |
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BIGG ID | Not Available |
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KNApSAcK ID | C00000156 |
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HET ID | Not Available |
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Food Biomarker Ontology | Not Available |
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VMH ID | Not Available |
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Flavornet ID | Not Available |
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GoodScent ID | rw1027311 |
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SuperScent ID | Not Available |
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Wikipedia ID | Not Available |
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Phenol-Explorer Metabolite ID | Not Available |
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Duplicate IDS | Not Available |
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Old DFC IDS | Not Available |
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Associated Foods |
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Food | Content Range | Average | Reference |
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Food | | | Reference |
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Biological Effects and Interactions |
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Health Effects / Bioactivities | Descriptor | ID | Definition | Reference |
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Allergenic | 50904 | A substance that triggers an immune response, causing allergic reactions. Its biological role is to stimulate the immune system, but it has no therapeutic applications. Key medical uses include diagnosing allergies and developing immunotherapies to desensitize patients to specific allergens, reducing the risk of severe reactions. | DUKE | Anesthetic | | A drug that induces a reversible loss of sensation, used to prevent pain and discomfort during medical procedures, surgeries, and diagnostic tests, promoting patient comfort and facilitating treatment. | DUKE | Anti-helmintic | 33281 | An agent that kills or expels parasitic worms, treating helminthic infections. Therapeutically, it targets intestinal parasites, reducing infection symptoms. Key medical uses include treating roundworm, hookworm, and tapeworm infections. | DUKE | Anti-Alzheimeran | 52217 | An agent that inhibits the progression of Alzheimer's disease, reducing beta-amyloid plaque formation and neuroinflammation. Therapeutically, it improves cognitive function and memory, commonly used in managing mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders. | DUKE | Anti-atherosclerotic | 38070 | An agent that prevents or slows the formation of atherosclerosis, a condition characterized by plaque buildup in arteries. It reduces inflammation, improves lipid profiles, and inhibits platelet aggregation, commonly used to manage cardiovascular diseases, such as coronary artery disease, and prevent heart attacks and strokes. | DUKE | Anti bacterial | 33282 | An agent that inhibits the growth of or destroys bacteria, playing a crucial role in preventing and treating infections. Therapeutically, it is used to combat bacterial infections, with key medical applications including treating pneumonia, tuberculosis, and skin infections, as well as preventing surgical site infections and sepsis. | DUKE | Anti cholinesterase | 37733 | An agent that inhibits acetylcholinesterase, increasing acetylcholine levels, and enhancing cholinergic transmission. Therapeutically, it's used to treat myasthenia gravis, glaucoma, and Alzheimer's disease, improving muscle strength, reducing eye pressure, and enhancing cognitive function. | DUKE | Anti diuretic | 52217 | An agent that reduces urine production, regulating water balance in the body. It plays a biological role in conserving water and electrolytes. Therapeutically, it is used to treat conditions like diabetes insipidus, nocturnal enuresis, and SIADH, helping to manage fluid balance and prevent dehydration. | DUKE | Anti-inflammatory | 35472 | An agent that reduces inflammation, playing a biological role in suppressing immune responses and therapeutic applications in managing pain, swelling, and redness. Key medical uses include treating arthritis, allergies, and autoimmune disorders, as well as relieving symptoms of conditions such as asthma and dermatitis. | DUKE | Anti-melanomic | 35610 | An agent that inhibits melanin production, reducing melanoma cell growth. It has therapeutic applications in treating skin cancers, particularly melanoma, and key medical uses include preventing tumor progression and metastasis, as well as managing pigmentation disorders. | DUKE | Anti-oxidant | 22586 | An agent that neutralizes free radicals, reducing oxidative stress and cell damage. Its biological role involves protecting cells from harm, and it has therapeutic applications in managing chronic diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, and neurodegenerative disorders, with key medical uses including anti-aging, anti-inflammatory, and cardio protective effects. | DUKE | Anti-plaque | | An agent that removes or prevents the formation of dental plaque, a biofilm of bacteria, to prevent tooth decay and gum disease, commonly used in oral care products and therapeutic applications for periodontal health. | DUKE | Anti prostaglandin | 49020 | An agent that inhibits prostaglandin production, reducing inflammation and pain. Therapeutically, it's used to treat conditions like arthritis, menstrual cramps, and post-surgical pain, by blocking prostaglandin-mediated responses, providing relief from inflammation and discomfort. | DUKE | Anti radicular | | An agent that relieves inflammation or irritation of the nerve root of a tooth, reducing pain and discomfort. Its biological role is to target and alleviate radicular pain, with therapeutic applications in endodontics and key medical uses in root canal treatments and tooth sensitivity management. | DUKE | Anti septic | 33281 | An agent that prevents or reduces the growth of microorganisms, such as bacteria, fungi, or viruses, to promote wound healing and prevent infection. Therapeutically, anti septics are used to treat minor cuts, scrapes, and burns, and are commonly applied topically to reduce the risk of infection and promote tissue repair. Key medical uses include wound care, surgical site preparation, and skin infection management. | DUKE | Anti-spasmodic | 52217 | An agent that relaxes smooth muscle, reducing muscle spasms and cramps. It plays a biological role in regulating muscle tone and is therapeutically applied to treat conditions such as irritable bowel syndrome, menstrual cramps, and muscle spasms, providing relief from abdominal pain and discomfort. | DUKE | Anti-staphylococcic | 33282 | An agent that combats Staphylococcus infections, playing a crucial role in preventing bacterial growth. Therapeutically, it is used to treat skin and soft tissue infections, respiratory tract infections, and bloodstream infections. Key medical uses include treating methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and other staphylococcal infections, reducing the risk of infection and promoting wound healing. | DUKE | Anti-streptococcic | 33282 | An agent that targets and combats Streptococcus bacteria, reducing infection and inflammation. Therapeutically, it is used to treat streptococcal infections, such as strep throat and skin infections, and to prevent complications like rheumatic fever. | DUKE | Anti-tussive | 52217 | An agent that suppresses coughing, reducing the frequency and severity of coughs. It works by targeting the brain's cough center, providing therapeutic relief for dry, irritating coughs. Key medical uses include managing coughs associated with colds, flu, and other respiratory conditions. | DUKE | Candidicide | | An agent that kills Candida species, such as Candida albicans, reducing fungal infections. Therapeutically, it is used to treat candidiasis, with key medical applications in managing oral thrush, vaginal yeast infections, and other fungal diseases. | DUKE | Carminative | | An agent that prevents or relieves gas in the gastrointestinal tract, facilitating its expulsion and combating flatulence, commonly used to soothe digestive issues and alleviate symptoms of bloating and discomfort. | DUKE | Cyclooxygenase inhibitor | 35544 | An agent that blocks the activity of cyclooxygenase enzymes, reducing inflammation and pain. Therapeutically, it is used to treat conditions such as arthritis, headaches, and menstrual cramps, by decreasing prostaglandin production, a key mediator of inflammation. | DUKE | Enterorelaxant | | An agent that reduces or inhibits the movement of intestinal muscles, relieving spasms and cramps. Therapeutically, it's used to treat irritable bowel syndrome, diarrhea, and other gastrointestinal disorders, providing relief from abdominal pain and discomfort. | DUKE | Expectorant | 52217 | An agent that thins and loosens mucus, making it easier to cough up, reducing congestion. It aids in clearing respiratory tract secretions, commonly used to relieve coughs, colds, and bronchitis, promoting easier breathing and soothing irritated airways. | DUKE | Name | 48318 | flavor | DUKE | Fungicide | 24127 | An agent that kills or inhibits the growth of fungi, playing a biological role in preventing fungal infections. Therapeutically, it is used to treat fungal diseases, with key medical applications including athlete's foot, ringworm, and candidiasis, as well as agricultural uses to protect crops from fungal damage. | DUKE | Insectifuge | 24852 | A substance that repels insects, playing a biological role in plant defense. Therapeutically, it has applications in preventing insect-borne diseases. Key medical uses include topical repellents for malaria, dengue fever, and other vector-borne illnesses, reducing the risk of transmission. | DUKE | Irritant | | An agent that causes slight inflammation or discomfort, stimulating a biological response. Therapeutically, it can be used to increase blood flow or stimulate healing. Key medical uses include treating wounds, skin conditions, and respiratory issues, such as congestion, by inducing a mild inflammatory response to promote recovery. | DUKE | Nematicide | 25491 | An agent that kills nematodes, a type of parasitic worm, used to control infestations in crops and animals, with therapeutic applications in veterinary medicine to treat parasitic infections and promote livestock health. | DUKE | Pesticide | 25944 | An agent that kills or repels pests, playing a biological role in controlling insect, weed, and fungal populations. Therapeutically, pesticides have limited applications, but some are used to treat ectoparasitic infestations, such as lice and scabies. Key medical uses include topical treatments for head lice and scabies, highlighting their role in managing parasitic infections. | DUKE | Prostaglandin inhibitor | 49023 | An agent that blocks the production or action of prostaglandins, reducing inflammation and pain. Therapeutically, it's used to treat conditions like arthritis, menstrual cramps, and fever, by decreasing prostaglandin-mediated responses, providing relief from symptoms. | DUKE | Tracheorelaxant | | An agent that relaxes tracheal smooth muscle, easing breathing by reducing airway resistance, commonly used to treat respiratory conditions such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). | DUKE | Trichomonicide | | An agent that kills Trichomonas organisms, used to treat Trichomonas vaginalis infections, commonly causing vaginitis, and other related genital tract infections. | DUKE | Vermifuge | 25944 | An agent that expels or destroys intestinal parasites, such as worms, by paralyzing or killing them, commonly used to treat parasitic infections like hookworm, roundworm, and tapeworm infestations. | DUKE |
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Enzymes | Not Available |
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Pathways | Not Available |
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Metabolism | Not Available |
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Biosynthesis | Not Available |
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Organoleptic Properties |
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Flavours | Flavor | Citations |
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spice |
- The Good Scents Company (2009). Flavor and fragrance information catalog. <http://www.thegoodscentscompany.com/allprod.html> Accessed 15.10.23.
| woody |
- The Good Scents Company (2009). Flavor and fragrance information catalog. <http://www.thegoodscentscompany.com/allprod.html> Accessed 15.10.23.
| camphor |
- The Good Scents Company (2009). Flavor and fragrance information catalog. <http://www.thegoodscentscompany.com/allprod.html> Accessed 15.10.23.
| thymol |
- The Good Scents Company (2009). Flavor and fragrance information catalog. <http://www.thegoodscentscompany.com/allprod.html> Accessed 15.10.23.
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Files |
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MSDS | Not Available |
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References |
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Synthesis Reference | Not Available |
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General Reference | Not Available |
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Content Reference | — Duke, James. 'Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases. United States Department of Agriculture.' Agricultural Research Service, Accessed April 27 (2004). — Rothwell JA, Pérez-Jiménez J, Neveu V, Medina-Ramon A, M'Hiri N, Garcia Lobato P, Manach C, Knox K, Eisner R, Wishart D, Scalbert A. (2013) Phenol-Explorer 3.0: a major update of the Phenol-Explorer database to incorporate data on the effects of food processing on polyphenol content. Database, 10.1093/database/bat070. — Shinbo, Y., et al. 'KNApSAcK: a comprehensive species-metabolite relationship database.' Plant Metabolomics. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. 165-181.
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